Grundfos - Ashrae Oryx - 14th Jan 2017

OptimizingPumpingSchemes
InAirConditioning
ByGRUNDFOS
RonakMonga
ProductManager HVAC,GreaterMiddleEast(GME)
14th January2017
Doha,Qatar
CHILLEDWATERPLANTS
WOULDYOULIKETO?
Simplifyyourchilledwatersystemandsavemoneyat
thesametime?
EnsurethatlowTwillnotbeaproblem?
Leaveoutcomponents,saveinitialcostandstillkeep
upgoodcomfort?
Investlessandgetloweroperationcost?
AGENDA
EfficientChilledWaterPlants
Chilledwaterplantenergysplit
1 Characteristicsofanefficientchilledwaterplant&chilledwatersystemdesign
Roleofpumpsinairconditioning
WaysOfOptimizingPumpSchemesInAirConditioning
Constantflowsystems
2 Constantprimary/variableflowsecondarysystems
Primary/secondary/tertiarypumpingsystems
Variableprimaryflowsystems
OpenLoopSystems
3 Designingopenloopsystems&considerationsforcondenser
waterdistribution
Optimizingcoolingtowerdesign
DistrictCoolingSystems
4 Alookintodistrictcoolingsystems
Typicalcomponentsofdistrictcooling
Whychoosedistrictcooling
AGENDA
PassiveSystemsInAirConditioning
Radiantcoolingsystems(Floorcooling&Wallcoolingsystems)
5
TrendsInAirConditioningPumping
6
GRUNDFOSCOMMERCIALBUILDINGS
EFFICIENT CHILLED WATER PLANTS

ENERGYSPLITINATYPICALCOMMERCIALBUILDING
44%ofacommercialbuildingsenergyconsumption
isattributedtoHVACsystems
1%
2% 7%
HVAC
4%
Lighting
Ofc. Equipment
14% 44%
Water Heat
Refrigeration
Cooking
28% Other
Source: Bluehatmechanical
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EFFICIENT
CHILLER PLANT:
Efficient design concepts
Efficient components
Proper installation, commissioning

and operation
EFFICIENT CHILLER PLANT DESIGN:
Focus on chiller part load efficiency
Design efficient pumping systems
Proper selection of cooling tower
Integrate chiller controls
Commissioning of system
HVACISAPARTLOADINDUSTRY!
EFFICIENT CHILLER PLANT DESIGN:
Focus on chiller part load efficiency
Design efficient pumping systems
Proper selection of cooling tower
Integrate chiller controls
Commissioning of system
LOOKATAIRCONDITIONINGASASYSTEM,NOTIN
ISOLATION..
CoolingTower HeatRecovery FanCoils CoolingCeiling/Floors
Pressure
Holding
CoolingSurface
Primary
Chiller Pump
Secondary
Buffer Pumps
Tank
PerformanceOfTheSystemDependsOnEachIndividualComponent
SystemKnowledgeIsVitalForEnsuringTheOptimalPerformance
MoreImportantThanLookingAtIndividualKWRatingsIsTheKW/TonRatingOfThePlant
ROLEOFPUMPSINAIRCONDITIONING
ACentrifugalpumpistheworkhorseofanyHVACsystem,inchillers,boilers,coolingtowers,make
upwatersystemsandhydronicdistributionsystems.
Changesincentrifugalpumptechnologyhasbeenevolutionaryratherthanrevolutionaryover
theyears.
Butwiththeconvergenceofpowerelectronicsandcontroltechnology,thewaythesepumpsare
controlledhavebecomethedifferentiatingfactorsamongthemanufacturers.
INTRODUCTION TO CHILLED WATER PIPPING SCHEMES

INTRODUCTION TO CHILLED WATER

PIPING SCHEMES:
Constant flow system
Constant primary/variable flow

secondary systems
Primary/secondary/tertiary
pumping systems
Variable primary flow systems

CONSTANTFLOWSYSTEMS
3way
controlvalves
High Pump
Chiller - 3
Chiller - 2
Chiller - 1
Power
Consumption
CoolingLoads
Loss of
Cooling
PrimaryPumps
Performance
Constant
CONSTANTFLOWSYSTEMS
Chilled water is pumped at a constant

flow rate which is independent of the 3Way
cooling load Control
Valves
Chiller 3
Chiller 2
Chiller 1
During part load conditions, which occurs
op to 80% of the time, three way control
Cooling
valves at cooling coils are used to bypass Loads
the chilled water back to return line
Primary
Chilled water mixes with return water Pumps
from the cooling coils and this results in
lower chilled water return temperature to
plant
Constant
This lower return water temperature
reduces the temperature differential (T)
across the chillers
This method of chilled water pumping,

results in a significant waste of energy
and loss of performance of the main
chiller plant due to low T syndrome.
CONSEQUENCEOFLOW DTSYNDROME
FlowTemperature:7C
ReturnTemperature:14C
DT:7C
NORMAL DT
=1.800kW
Q=F x0,86=1.800kWx0,86=221m3/h
DT 7C Performance
Constant ReductionBy
FlowTemperature:7C 29%
ReturnTemperature:12C
DTreduced:5C
LOW DT
Q=221m3/h
Freduced =221m3/h x5C=1.285kW

0,86 Constant
CONSTANTPRIMARY/VARIABLEFLOWSECONDARY
SYSTEMS
Secondary
Pumps
Constant
Chiller - 3
Chiller - 2
Chiller - 1
PrimaryFlow
Secondary Variable
ControlPanel DP
Primary Secondary
Pumps Flow
Decoupler
2way
control
MoreEnergy
valves Efficient
ConstantVariable
CONSTANTPRIMARY/VARIABLEFLOWSECONDARYSYSTEMS
Aprimarysecondarypumpingschemedividesthe
chilledwatersystemintotwodistinctcircuitsthat
arehydraulicallyseparatedbyadecoupler(neutral
bridge)
Inprimary/secondarysystems,chilledwaterflows
throughthechillerprimaryloopataconstantflow
rate,whereasinsecondaryloop,flowrateisvaried
usingacontrolsystem.Thehydraulicindependence
ofeachlooppreventsvariableflowinthesecondary
loopfrominfluencingtheconstantflowinthe
primaryloop
Thisisawellproventraditionalschemewhichisstill
inuse
Primarypumpsareofconstantspeedandsizedfor
head&flowrequiredinthe(production)primary
loopalone
Secondarypumpsareofvariablespeedandsizedto
deliverchilledwaterthroughthedistribution
networktoconnectedloads
Whentheflowthroughdecouplerhappens,the
directionoftheflowgivesanindicationofplant
capacity,totriggerastart/stopofchillerintheplant
CONSTANTPRIMARY/VARIABLEFLOWSECONDARYSYSTEMS
WHERETOUSE:
Chillerscannothandlevariableflow:
Ifthechillerevaporatorcoilcannotaccept/
operatewithvaryingchilledwaterflow
Loadsandflowsdonotvary:
SystemhassteadyprocessloadsorTES
systems.Investmentinvariableflowsystems
isnoteconomicallyviablesolution
Familiarityofoperationsteam:
Facilityowners,operatorsandcontractors
arefarmorecomfortablewithprimary
secondarysystemsandunderstandthe
nuancesbetterthancomplexsystems
DECOUPLERSIZING
Thedecouplershouldbesizedfortheflow
rateofthelargestprimarypumporlargest
chillerintheplantroom.Forsimplicityof
designandinstallation,thecommonpipeis
oftenthesamediameterasdistribution.
Themaximumpressuredropinthede
couplerpipeshallnotexceed4.5kPa (1.5ft).
Establishthepressuredropinthecommon
pipebyassumingtheflowofthelargest
chillerpumpispassingthroughthecommon
pipe.Theresultantpressuredropshouldnot
exceed4.5kPA (1.5ft.)
Whenthepressuredropinthedecoupleris
restrictedto4.5kPa (1.5ft),chilledwater
willnotenterintothesecondaryloopuntil
thepumpisswitchedon.Higherpressure
dropinthedecouplerlinemakesthe
primaryandsecondarylooptobeinseries.
DECOUPLERSIZING
DistancebetweentheT jointsbetween
secondaryandprimaryheaderswherethis
decouplerlineislocatedmustbeatleastof
3pipediameters.Lengthypipesmayresult
inexcessivepressuredropgreaterthan4.5
kPa resultinginadverseeffectsasindicated
above.
LengthofdecouplerTjointfromthefirst
chillershouldbeofminimum10pipe
diameterstoavoidpossibilityof
stratificationinthechilledwaterreturnline
header.Sincethetemperaturetransmitters
arefixedclosetothese,properlengthsare
tobeprovidedforpropermixingandcorrect
temperaturereadingtoavoidchillercycling.
PRIMARY/SECONDARY/TERTIARYFLOWSYSTEMS
ChillerPlantRoom Tertiary
Room Pump
Building1
Secondary
Pumps
Chiller 3
Chiller 2
Chiller 1
Tertiary
Pump
Building2
Decoupler
Primary
Pumps ZoneDivided
IncreasedEnergy
Efficiency
Tertiary Tertiary
Pump Pump
Building4 Building3
Constant Variable Variable
PRIMARY/SECONDARY/TERTIARYFLOWSYSTEM
P
CoolingLoads
Pump
Controller
Proportional
Tertiary
Tertiary Pump Pressure
pump Control Based
On P
Supply7oC
P
Return13oC
ConstantVariableVariable Signaltosecondarypumpcontroller
Whenthebuildingsaredistributedtolargerarea,
theseprimarysecondarytertiaryschemeshelpto
reducethepumppressuresinthesystem.By
splittingthesystemheadbetweenthesecondary
andtertiarypumps,excessivepressurizationin
zoneswhichdonotneedhighpressurearereduced.
Primarypumpsareofconstantspeedandsizedfor
head&flowrequiredinthe(production)primary
loopalone
Secondarypumpsareofvariablespeedandsizedto
deliverchilledwaterthroughthedistribution
networkalone
Atertiarysystemateachofthebuildingstakecare
oflocalizedpumpingneeds.Tertiarypumpsare
sizedfortheflowandheadforthatbuildingpipe
net.
Amixingloopcontrollerwith3temperaturesensors
controltheblendingofreturnchilledwaterwiththe
supplywheneverthereislessloadatthebuilding,
therebycontrollingthereturnchilledwater
temperaturetothemainplant.Thisincreasesthe
plantefficiencyasthereturnchilledwater
temperatureismaintainedclosetothedesign
therebyminimizingthelowdeltaTsyndrome.
MIXINGLOOPCONTROL
Tertiary
pump
WHERETOUSE:
Tohavelocalizedcontrolwithin
buildings:
Thisgivesflexibilityinsizingthelocalor
tertiarypumpstosuitcustomersneeds
Lowerdistributionpumpingenergy:
Centralizeddistributionpumpsmust
producetheheadrequiredtoservethemost
hydraulicallydistantcustomer
Toimproveplantefficiencyinlarge
campussystems:
Bycontrollingtheblendingofreturnchilled
waterwithsupplythroughamixingloopat
tertiaryzone,plantefficiencyisimproved
VARIABLEPRIMARYFLOWSYSTEMS
Flow
meters
Cooling
Loads
Chiller - 1
Chiller - 2
Chiller - 3
Minimum flow
bypass valve
normally closed
De-coupler
2way control
valves
Primary
Pumps
Variable
Withtheadventofmoresophisticatedcontrol
systemsandimprovementinchillertechnologyover
thepastfewdecades,variableprimaryflowsystems
arewidelyusednow,intheairconditioning
industry.Ithasafirstcostsavingsstraightaway,asit
eliminatessecondarydistributionpumps,associated
pipes&accessoriesfromthecircuit.
Heretheprimarypumpissizedforcirculatingchilled
waterthroughthechillerevaporatorcoilandfurther
tothecoolingcoilloads.Thesepumpsareequipped
withvariablefrequencydrivestovarytheflow
withinthesystemtomeettheoperatingconditions.
TherearecertainlimitationswithinwhichVPF
systemshastobedesigned:
DESIGNLIMITATIONS
1. Chillermanufacturersrecommendasafeminimum
flowbeyondwhichflowshouldnotbereduced.
2. Velocityofflowthroughevaporatortobe
maintainedbetween1to3m/s(variesbetween
manufacturers)tocontaintubeerosion.
3. Rateofchangeofflowthroughthechillershouldbe
asdescribedbytherespectivechillermanufacturer.
4. Chillersinparallelconfigurationaretobeofequal
capacity.
5. Systemshouldbetolerantontemperature
variations.
FLOW&VELOCITYLIMITATIONS
1. Everychillermanufacturerrecommendsthe
minimumflowrangewhichcanbepumped
throughtheevaporatorcoil.Turndownratio
dependsonchillertypealso.Normallythe
minimumevaporatorcoilflowis40to60%
ofthedesignflow.
2. Anyoperationofthechillerlessthanthe
safeminimumflowwillresultinice
formationinthetubesleadingtotubeburst
potentiallydamagingthewholeequipment
itself.
3. Lowvelocitylimitsof1m/s,istoprevent
laminarflowandalsotokeeptheevaporator
tubesclean.
4. Highvelocitylimitof3m/sistoavoid
evaporatorerosion.
5. Systemshouldbetolerantontemperature
variations.
MINIMUMFLOWBYPASSVALVE
20M3/H 12M3/H
Controller 8M3/H
Cooling
Loads
Chiller
MinimumFlow
BypassValve
NormallyClosed
2WayControl
Valves
20M3/H 12M3/H
Variable
InVPFsystems,thebypassvalveincommon
lineisgenerallyclosedtoallowthevariable
speedprimarypumpstocatertoload
requirementdirectly.Butwhenthecooling
loadrequirementfallstoalevelwherethe
necessaryflowislessthanthesafeminimum
flowthatneedstobepumpingthroughthe
evaporatorcoils(asperchiller
manufacturersrecommendation),thereis
excesspumpinginvolvedinthechillerplant.
Selectinganappropriatevalveactuatoris
criticaltoensuretheproperfunctioningof
thebypassfunction.Onewhichmaintainsa
linearrelationshipbetweenthevalve
positionandflowratewilldo.
CanbypassvalvesbeavoidedinVPFsystems
? Yes,ifthebuildingloaddoesnotfalltoa
levellowerthanthechillersafeminimum
flowassuggestedbychillermanufacturers.
I.e.,thebaseloadofthebuildingstayswell
above.
BYPASSVALVECONTROL
Whenthecoolingloadsarereducing,apoint
comeswheretheactivechillerreachesit
safeminimumflowwhichismuchgreater
thanwhatisneededatthecoolingcoils.
Closingof2wayvalvesatcoolingcoilsmakes
thedifferentialpressuretoincreaseinthe
system,butsincethepumpflowislimitedby
chillersafeminimumflow,theincreasein
pressuremakesthepumpoperatingpointto
shifttoitsleft.
Iftheexcessflowisnotdivertedinthe
bypassline,duetodropinflow,system
mighttripowingtolowflowcondition.
Forexample,sayifthecoolingcoilsneed
only12m3/hwhereastheminimumsafe
recommendedevaporatorcoilflowinthe
activechilleritselfis20m3/h,theexcess8
m3/hisdivertedthroughbypassline.
CONTROLOFVARIABLEPRIMARYFLOWSYSTEM
SYSTEM FLOW
METER
FLOW TT
METERS
CHILLER PLANT MANAGER

MIN FLOW
C C C BYPASS
H H H VALVE
AHUs
AHUs
AHUs
I I I
DP
DP
DP
L L L
DP
L L L
E E E
R R R
Inthisscheme,flowisallowedtovary
throughthechillerdownwardsupto40%of
design.
Variableprimaryflowsystemsuse2540%
lessenergythantraditionalconstant
primary/variablesecondarypumping
scheme.
Secondarydistributionpumpsaretotally
eliminatedandprimarypumpsaresizedfor
theflowandheadtocateruptothebuilding
loadsthroughthechillerplant.
Aminimumflowbypasscontrolvalveis
placedindecouplerline,whichbypasses
flowbacktoplantwhentheproductionflow
ishigherthanbuildingdemand.
WHERETOUSE:
Systemswherecoolingloadandflow
varies:
Systemdesignedforvariableflowespecially
inhotels&commercialestablishments
Wherefootprintisapremium:
Withlessernoofpumpsandaccessories,it
givestheinvestormoresellablespace
Wheretemperaturevariationis
acceptable:
Therewillbeaslightraiseinsupply
temperaturewheneverchillersarestaging
in.Processcoolingdoesnotpermitthisraise
ashumiditycontrolwillbelostaffectingthe
product.
LOCATIONOFDIFFERENTIALPRESSURESENSOR
Locationofdifferentialpressuresensoriscriticalintheperformanceofvariablevolumepumpingsystembeit
primary/secondaryorvariableprimaryflowsystem.
OnlyiftheDPsensorislocatedatthemostcriticalzones,itcansensetheloadchangeseffectivelytomodulate
thedistributionpumps.
Fordirectreturnpipingschemeliketheoneshownbelow,loadclosesttotheplanthavingtheshortestpathwill
experienceentirepumphead.Pressuredropisminimalneartotheplantanditissubstantialattheendofthe
piping.Herebalancingvalvesarerequiredtoensurerightflowtoeachcircuit.
LOCATIONOFDIFFERENTIALPRESSURESENSOR
Forreversereturnpipingscheme,pressuredropistheoreticallythesameacrossallloadpointsduetoequal
lengthofpipingfromthechillerplanttothecoolingloads.Pressuredropisnearlythesamefromtheplanttothe
endofthepiping.
Decisiontousedirectreturnorreversereturnpipingisbasedonsystemoperabilityvsfirstcost,anditisleftto
thedesignerandtheownertodecide.
SINGLEDPSENSORORMULTIPLESENSORS?
Alwaysthereisaquestiononwhethertouse
singlesensorinthesystemorneedtouse
multiplesensortoascertaintheloadchanges.
OneDPsensorisgoodenoughforclosedloop
applicationaschangeinloadaffectscomplete
pipingsystemandiftheDPsensorislocated
correctlythenitcansensetheloadchanges.
Whenalargernumberofsensorsareused
unnec essarilyinthesmallerpipingsystem,
toomanysensingpointsincreasethescantime
andatanypointoftime,ifoneortheother
sensorishavingadeviationfromthesetpoint,
thepumpcontrollerwilltrytorespond
makingthesystemunstable.
Keyistoavoidtoomanysensors,haveeither
oneormaximumtwointhesystemandlocate
itproperlyinthepipingnetwork.
A CONCLUSION ON PUMPING SCHEMES

WAYSOFOPTIMIZINGPUMPINGSCHEMESINAIR
CONDITIONING
ConstantFlow Chiller
Load Load Load
ThreeWayValves
Load Load Load
ConstantSpeedPumps Chiller
Chiller Load Load Load

IMPROVEDPERFORMANCE
ConstantFlow(Primary) Chiller
Load Load Load
VariableFlow(Secondary)
TwoWayValves Common
Constant/VariableSpeedPumps Chiller Pipe Load Load Load
ConstantFlow(Primary) Chiller
Load Load Load
VariableFlow(Secondary)
Load Load Load
TwoWayValves Chiller
Constant/VariableSpeedPumps Chiller BufferTank Load Load Load
VariableFlow Chiller
Load Load Load
TwoWayValves
Load Load Load
VariableSpeedPumps Chiller

DESIGNCONSIDERATIONINCHILLEDWATERDISTRIBUTION
POINTSTONOTE:
Designofchilledwaterpumping
systemistomovethewaterwiththe
highestefficiencyandlowestenergy
consumptionpossible.
Chilledwaterdistributionsystems
shouldbeconfiguredtoavoid
interferencewiththeefficient
operationofchillers.
Complicatedpumpingsystemstosave
pumpingenergyattheexpenseof
chillerenergyconsumptiontobe
avoided.
OPEN LOOP SYSTEMS

CONDENSER WATER DISTRIBUTION
OPENLOOPSYSTEMS
Opensystemsaresystems,wherethe
pumpisusedtotransportliquidfrom
onepointtoanother.
Condenserwaterpumpingsystemin
airconditioningapplicationare
consideredtobeopenloopsystemas
themedia(water)isopento
atmosphereatcoolingtower.
Pleasenotethatinopenloopsystem
staticheadrequirementisdifferent
fromthatofaclosedloopchilledwater
circulationsystem.
OPENLOOPSYSTEMS
Thatmeans,whenthecondenser
waterpumpisstopped,watergets
filledinthepipesuptothelevel
maintainedinthecoolingtowerpond.
Sowhenthepumpisrestartedagain,it
hastoworkadditionallytoliftthe
waterfromthepondtocoolingtower
nozzlesinadditiontoworkingagainst
thefrictionalresistanceinthepipes
andassociatedfittingsinthesystem.
Flowofacondenserwatercircuitas
perARIstandardsisconsideredtobe
between3to4GPM/ton
Headisthesummationofstatichead+
frictionallosscomponentinthepiping
CHALLENGESONTHECONDENSERWATERLOOP
PUMPCAVITATION
AlwayslocatetheCWPclosetocooling
towers.
EnsuresufficientNPSHa
NPSH(NetPositiveSuctionHead)
availableatsitehastobekept
sufficientlymorethantherequiredfor
thepumpduty,bydesigningthepiping
systemNPSHavailableissuppliedfrom
thesystemanditissolelyafunctionof
thesystemdesignonthesuctionside
ofthepump
Toavoidcavitation,theNPSHavailable
fromthesystemmustbegreaterthan
theNPSHrequiredbythepump
Avoidusinghighpressuredropstrainer,
checkvalveandbalancingvalvein
suctionline
Avoidoverheadsuctionpiping
CHALLENGESONTHECONDENSERWATERLOOP
AIRENTRYATBASIN
Vortexatcollectionbasiniscreated
when,thereisinsufficientwaterlevel
abovethecollectionbasinexitforthe
velocitythatthewaterisexiting
Factscontributingtoformationof
vortex:
Suddendecreaseinexitpipesize
(suctionline)causesthewater
velocitiesabovethemaximum
allowablelimit,vortexcreated.
Oversizingofpumpsduetoover
estimationoffrictionallosses.
PIPINGSCHEMESFORCONDENSERWATER
INDEPENDENTCONDENSER&
COOLINGTOWER
ADVANTAGES
Equipmentscanbeofunequal
sizes
Equalizationlinenotrequired
Controllingandbalancing
DISADVANTAGE
Highinitialcost
Equalization Line
INDIVIDUALPUMPFOR
CONDENSER
Cooling Tower Cooling Tower
ADVANTAGES
Lesserinitialcost
DISADVANTAGE
Equalizationlinerequired
Morecomplicatedbalanceand Condenser
Pumps
controlling
Higherpotentialofpumps
cavitation Chillers
EqualizationLine
INDIVIDUALPUMPFOR
COOLINGTOWER CoolingTower
CoolingTower
ADVANTAGES
Lesserinitialcost
Lesspotentialonpumpcavitation Condenser
problem Pumps
DISADVANTAGES Chillers
Allpumpsandcondensermustbe
ofequalsizes
Balancingandcontrol
COMMONHEADERFORALL
EQUIPMENTS EqualizationLine
ADVANTAGES
CoolingTower
Lesserinitialcost CoolingTower
Easierforequipmentmaintenance
DISADVANTAGES
Allpumpsandcondensermustbe Condenser
ofequalsizes Pumps
Balancingandcontrol
Chillers
Chillers
DESIGNCONSIDERATIONINCHILLEDWATERDISTRIBUTION
POINTSTONOTE:
Itsalwaysrecommendedtousemore
coolingtowerstolowerthecondenser
coilenteringtemperaturewhichgives
betterenergyperformanceofthe
entireplant.
Equalizinglinesandbaffleplatesareto
beconsideredwithduecaretoavoid
coolingtoweroverflowandvortex
formationwhichwilladverselyaffect
theperformance
DISTRICT COOLING
DISTRICTCOOLINGANOVERVIEW
WHATISDISTRICTCOOLING?
ADistrictCoolingSystem(DCS)distributesthermalenergyintheformofchilledwaterorothermedia
fromacentralsourcetomultiplebuildingsthroughanetworkofundergroundpipesforuseinspace
andprocesscooling.
DCSeliminatestheneedforseparatesystemsinindividualbuildingsasthecoolingorheatrejectionis
usuallyprovidedfromacentralcoolingplant.
ADCSconsistsofthreeprimarycomponents:thecentralplant,thedistributionnetworkandthe
consumersystem.
Thecentralplantmayincludethecoolingequipment,powergenerationandthermalstorage.
ThedistributionorpipingnetworkisoftenthemostexpensiveportionoftheDCSandwarrants
carefuldesigntooptimizeitsuse.
Theconsumersystemwouldusuallycompriseofairhandlingunitsandchilledwaterpipinginthe
building.
TYPICALCOMPONENTSOFDISTRICTCOOLINGPLANT
Chillers
Pumps
EnergyTransferStations
PipeNetwork&Insulation
CoolingTowers
MakeUpWaterSystems
ForChilled&Condenser
Water
PlantControlAnd
Automation
Metering&Billing
WHYDISTRICTCOOLING?
Tooutsourceoperationsto
specialistcompaniesthatcan
providethecoolingservices
moreefficiently
Environmentalpoliciesto
reduceairpollution,noise
pollution,greenhousegas
emissionsandtoreduce
ozonedepletingrefrigerants
Toreducepeakelectricity
demandinthepowergrid
Moresellablespaceforthe
builder
Increasedsystemreliability
LessCO2emissions
WHYDISTRICTCOOLING?
In Building Equipment, Chilled Water Central District Cooling Plant
0,34 kW/kW (COP: 2,9) 0,24 kW/kW (COP: 4,1)*
Air Coolied, In Building Equipment District Cooling , Elecrical Driven With

TES
0,47 kW/kW (COP: 2,1) 0,20 kW/kW (COP: 5,0)
*Under less then optimal design/operation Source: 2012 ASHRAE Handbook, HVAC Systems and Equipment
CHALLENGESINDISTRICTCOOLING
Nonexistenceofdualpowertariff.
Shortageinpowersupply.
Statutoryclearanceslike
environmentalclearances,NOCs
&Permitsetc.
CapitallockupfortheDCservice
provider.
Delayinconnectingpromised
coolingloadbythecustomer.
Metering&billing(Flat Sq.feet
based/BTUusagebased?).
Poormaintenanceofcustomer
sideresultinginLowDeltaT.
TESwaterusagehasbeenmade
mandatorybyGovernments,but
drainageisstillachallengedueto
highTDSvalue
PASSIVE SYSTEMS IN AIR-CONDITIONING

WHATISRADIANTCOOLING? WHYRADIANTCOOLING? BENEFITSOFRADIANTCOOLING

Bodiesofahighertemperature Watercanstore3,400times ADVANTAGE1
radiatesheattoabodyoflower morethermalenergyperunit
temperature. volumethanair. Chilleroutlettemperaturecanbe16deg C
insteadofconventional7deg C straight
awayreductioninchillerenergyspent.
Ourbodiesradiateheattoany
surfaceinlineofsightwhichis
coolerthanourbodiessurface ADVANTAGE2
temperatureof29~32deg C.
Less energy required to transport water
than air. Refer below chart.
Thisreducesthesizeoftheair
systemwhichisonlyrequiredto
dehumidifythespace.
Inotherwords,sensibleheat
loadisaddressedbyradiant
systemandlatentheatloadis
addressedbyDedicatedOutdoor
AirSystem(DOAS)
RADIANTHEATTRANSFER TYPESOFRADIANTSYSTEMS
Heatwillflowfromobjects, CHILLEDSLABS
occupants,equipmentand
lightsinaspacetoacooled Thesedelivercoolingthroughthe
surfaceaslongastheir buildingstructure,usuallyslabs,andis
temperaturesarewarmerthan alsoknowas thermallyactivated
thatofthecooledsurfaceand buildingsystems(TABS).
theyarewithinthelineofsight
InTABSwaterpipesareintegratedintoa
ofthecooledsurface. concreteslaborascreedinthesurface
offloororceilingduringconstruction.
Theprocessofradiantexchange
Waterinlettemperatureisusually
hasanegligibleeffectonair around14 18degCandthereforethe
temperature,butthroughthe surfacetemperatureis1721degC.
processof convection,theair
temperaturewillbelowered Coolingdeliveredthroughthefloor
whenaircomesincontactwith makesthemostsensewhenthereisa
highamountofsolargainsfromsun
thecooledsurface.
penetration,asthecoolfloorcanmore
easilyremovethoseloadsthanthe
ceiling.Chilledslabs,comparedto
panels,offermoresignificantthermal
massandthereforecantakebetter
advantageofoutsidetemperatures
swings.Chilledslabscostlessperunitof
surfacearea,andaremoreintegrated
withstructure.
LIMITATIONSOFRADIANTCOOLING TYPESOFRADIANTSYSTEMS
Condensationcausedby humidity isa

limitingfactorforthecoolingcapacity COOLINGPANELS
ofaradiantcoolingsystem.
Radiantcoolingpanelsareattachedto
Thesurfacetemperatureshouldnot ceilings,ortowalls.Theyareusually
beequalorbelowthe dewpoint suspendedfromtheceiling,butcanalso
temperature inthespace. bedirectlyintegratedwithcontinuous
droppedceilings.Modularconstruction
Anairtemperatureof26C(79F) offersincreasedflexibilityintermsof
wouldmeanadewpointbetween placementandintegrationwithlighting
17Cand20C(63Fand68F). orotherelectricalsystems.
Chilledpanelsarealsobettersuitedto
Decreasingthesurfacetemperature
buildingswithspacesthathaveagreater
tobelowthedewpointtemperature
varianceincoolingloads.Perforated
forashortperiodoftimemaynot
panelsalsoofferbetteracoustical
cause condensation.
dampeningthanchilledslabs.
Also,theuseofanadditionalsystem, Ceilingpanelsarealsoverysuitablefor
suchasadehumidifier,canlimit retrofitsastheycanbeattachedtoany
humidityandallowforincreased ceiling.Chilledceilingpanelscanbe
coolingcapacity.surface. moreeasilyintegratedwithventilation
suppliedfromtheceiling.
Ceilingpanelstendtocostmoreperunit
ofsurfaceareathanchilledslabs..
CHILLEDWATERDISTRIBUTIONINRADIANTSYSTEMS
Fromchillers,branchheadersare
separatedtofeedindividualbuilding
loops.
Eachindividualfloorplateor
installationwillbeconnectedto
manifoldswhichfurtherdistributesit
tothePEXpipeseitherburiedor
fittedontheceiling.
Eachpipehasdefinitespacing
betweenthemtoensureproperheat
transfertotheadjoiningthermal
mass.
Needfortemperatureregulationof
supplychilledwater:
1. Maintainingsupplytemperature
abovedewpointtemperatureofthe
conditionedareatoavoid
condensation
2. Tocutoffchilledwatersupplypump/
systemwhenzoneconditionson
humidityanddewpointgetadverse
TRENDS IN AIR-CONDITIONING PUMPS

TRENDSINAIRCONDITIONINGPUMPS
Pumpswithintegratedcontrols,
variablefrequencydrivesand
sensorsthatmakeamore
efficientoverallsolutionwith
smallerfootprint.
Smarterwayofcontrolling
pumpsandintelligent
communicationpossibilitiesare
helpingbuildingmanagersrun
systemsefficiently.
Buildinginformationmodelling
ismakingitmuchmoreeasier
tobuildandcommission
systemsthewaytheywere
meanttobe.
Controllingpumpsandpumping
systemsremotelythrough
remotemanagementservicesis
becomingmoreandmore
popularduetolowercoststhan
conventionalBMSsystems.
THANKYOU
RonakMonga
ProductManager HVAC,GreaterMiddleEast(GME)
Email:rmonga@grundfos.com

Grundfos - Ashrae Oryx - 14th Jan 2017

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OptimizingPumpingSchemes

EFFICIENT CHILLED WATER PLANTS

Efficient design concepts

Proper installation, commissioning

EFFICIENT CHILLER PLANT DESIGN:

Focus on chiller part load efficiency

Design efficient pumping systems

Proper selection of cooling tower

Integrate chiller controls

EFFICIENT CHILLER PLANT DESIGN:

Focus on chiller part load efficiency

Design efficient pumping systems

Proper selection of cooling tower

Integrate chiller controls

INTRODUCTION TO CHILLED WATER PIPPING SCHEMES

INTRODUCTION TO CHILLED WATER

Constant flow system

Constant primary/variable flow

Variable primary flow systems

Chilled water is pumped at a constant

This method of chilled water pumping,

Freduced =221m3/h x5C=1.285kW

CHILLER PLANT MANAGER

A CONCLUSION ON PUMPING SCHEMES

Chiller Load Load Load

Constant/VariableSpeedPumps Chiller BufferTank Load Load Load

Chiller Load Load Load

OPEN LOOP SYSTEMS

Air Coolied, In Building Equipment District Cooling , Elecrical Driven With

PASSIVE SYSTEMS IN AIR-CONDITIONING

WHATISRADIANTCOOLING? WHYRADIANTCOOLING? BENEFITSOFRADIANTCOOLING

Condensationcausedby humidity isa

TRENDS IN AIR-CONDITIONING PUMPS

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