Amplitude Modulation

Ang Man Shun

October 30, 2012

Reference

Hwei P. Hsu Analog and Digital Communication

Summary
Equation
General m(t)
Message
Monotone Am cos m t
Large Carrier Ac cos c t
Carrier
Unity cos c t

General (Ac + m(t)) cos c t = Ac cos c t + m(t) cos c t

Simple AM
DSB-LC mAc mAc
Monotone Ac cos c t + cos (c m ) t + cos (c + m ) t
2 2
General m(t) cos c t
DSB-SC mAc mAc
Monotone cos (c m ) t + cos (c + m ) t
2 2
mAc
SSB / VSB Monotone cos (c m ) t
2

Bandwidth Advantage Disadvantage

Simple AM
2m $ Low
DSB-LC
DSB-SC 2m High $$$
High
SSB/VSB m Small BW $$$$$

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1 Introduction
Message signal and Carrier Signal in time domain

Am jm t

1 jc t
+ ejc t )
Monotone Am cos m t = (e + ejm t ) Unity Carrier (e
cos c t =
2 2

General

m(t) Larger Carrier Ac cos c t = Ac (ejc t + ejc t )
2

2 frequency component in same amplitude

Negative frequency is not real, just mathematical

c > m , if not ,Aliasing

1.1 Continuous Wave Modulation

CW modulation is just a multiplication, for montone message and larger carrier :

(Am cos m t) (Ac cos c t)

cos (A + B) + cos (A B)
By identity cos A cos B =
2

Am Ac Am Ac { j(c m )t }
{cos (c m ) t + cos (c + m ) t} = e + ej(c m )t + ej(c +m )t + ej(c m )t
2 4
One cosine term has 2 frequency spectral line, so 2 cosine terms have 4 spectral line

Frequency spectra line translated

Negative frequency is not real, it is only mathematical, so although it has 4 spectra, it actually
has only 2 spectra

1.2 The signals Fourier Transfroms

For general message

F
m(t) M (jm )

CW Modulated signal of general message with large carrier

Ac ( ) F Ac
m(t)Ac cos c t = m(t) ejc t + ejc t [M (jm + jc ) + M (jm jc )]
2 2

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2 Amplitude Modulation

There are 3 to 4 basic types of AM modulation : Simple AM (DSB-LC) , DSB-SC, SSB, and VSB

2.1 Simple AM signal in Time Domain

AM : Message signal embed into the amplitude of carrier

Simple AM is also called : Double Sideband Large Carrier (DSB-LC) Modultion
For general message signal m(t) :

xAM (t) = (Ac + m(t)) cos c t

For simple monotone message signal m(t) = Am cos m t :

xAM (t) = (Ac + Am cos m t) cos c t = Ac cos c t + Am cos m t cos c t

Am
= Ac cos c t + Ac m cos m t cos c t where m =
Ac
cos (A + B) + cos (A B)
By cos A cos B =
2
mAc
= Ac cos c t + [cos (c + m ) t + cos (c m ) t]
2
mAc mAc
cos (c + m ) t +
= Ac cos c t + cos (c m ) t
2 2
Simple AM / DSB-LC modulated signal is thus

xAM (t) = (Ac + m(t)) cos c t = Ac cos c t + m(t) cos c t General

mAc mAc Monotone

xAM (t) = (Ac + m(t)) cos c t = Ac cos c t + cos (c + m ) t + cos (c m ) t

2 2 Message

Envelope of modulated signal will follow the message signal

Am
m= 100% m = 100% Am = Ac
Ac
m > 100% overmodulation Am > Ac

Requirements for AM / DSB-LC : Ac > Am , c m

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2.2 Simple AM signal in Frequency Domain

For general message signal

F
m(t) M (jm ) Bandwidth = [0 , m ] = m
The simple AM signal

xAM (t) = (Ac + m(t)) cos c t = Ac cos c t + m(t) cos c t

The AM signals Fourier Transform

F {xAM (t)} = F {Ac cos c t} + F {m(t) cos c t}

1 { ( )} 1 { } 1 { }
= Ac F {cos c t} + F m(t) ejc t + ejc t = Ac F {cos c t} + F m(t)ejc t + F m(t)ejc t
2 2 2

jt 1 j(c )t 1
= Ac cos c te dt + m(t)e dt + m(t)ej(+c )t dt
2 2

F F
As m(t) M (jm ) thus m(t)ejat M (j ja)

Ac ( ) 1 1
= ej(c )t + ej(+c )t dt + M (j jc ) + M (j jc )
2 2 2

Ac 1 1
XAM (j) = ( c ) + M (j jc ) + M (j jc )
2 2 2

Bandwidth is twice of original bandwidth : BWAM = 2W = 2m

AM wave contains 2 sideband with bandwidth of each band as WLSB = WU SB = W = m

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2.3 Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier Modulation DSBSC

Recall, simple AM / DSB-LC for m(t) = Am cos m t

xAM (t) = (Ac + m(t)) cos c t = Ac cos c t + m(t) cos c t General




mAc mAc Monotone


xAM (t) = Ac cos c t + 2 cos (c + m ) t + 2 cos (c m ) t Message

Carrier contains no info, so suppresse it to enhance power eciency

After dropping the carrier term,

xDSBSC (t) = m(t) cos c t = m(t) cos c t General




mAc mAc Monotone


xDSBSC (t) = 2 cos (c + m ) t + 2 cos (c m ) t Message
F
For general message signal m(t) M (t) , the Fourier Transform is

{ }
{ } ejc t + ejc t 1
F x(t)DSB-SC = F {m(t) cos c t} = F m(t) = [M (j jc ) + M (j + jc )]
2 2

2.4 Generation & Demodulation of DSB signal

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 For Simple AM / DSB-LC

After mixing : xAM (t) cos c t = [Ac + m(t)] cos2 c t

1 + cos 2c t Ac + m(t) A + m(t)
= [Ac + m(t)] = + c cos c t
2 2 2
Ac m(t)
After passing LPF : +
2 2
m(t)
After passing capacitor to block the DC :
2
Thus, with suitable amplier, the original signal can be recovered.

* Then this demodulator works Ac

Am
Since carrier is suppressed, so Am 0 , and thus m = so modulation index is meaningless
Ac
for DSB-SC signal.

2.5 Single-Sideband Suppressed Carrier

To improve power eciency, further dropping one sideband

For monotone signal, the DSB-SC signal is

mAc mAc
xDSBSC (t) = cos (c + m ) t + cos (c m ) t
2 2
After dropping one sideband


After LPF mAc

xSSBLSB (t) = cos (c m ) t

LSB 2




After HPF mAc

xSSBU SB (t) = cos (c + m ) t
HSB 2

Vestigial Sideband Signal

Since SSB require a very sharp cut-o lter to remove one sideband, such lter is not easy to
implement
Thus, the requirement is relaxed by allowing a vestige part : Vestigial Sideband signal
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3 Power of the AM Signal
3.1 Review of Root-Mean-Square value
For a function A cos t , the RMS value is :

T T
1 2 1 2
1 T 1 + cos 2t
RM S (A cos t) = (A cos t) dt = A cos tdt = A dt
T 0 T 0 T 0 2

Since cos is orthogonal to 1, so the second integral is zero

v T
u
u1 T 1 1 T A
= Au dt + cos 2tdt = A =
tT 0 2 2T 0 2T 2
| {z }
0
A
So the RMS value of a function of A cos t is
2
Then , recall that simple AM / DSB-LC signal of montone message has the form

Ac m Ac m
xAM (t) = (Ac + m(t)) cos c t = Ac cos c t + cos (c m ) t + cos (c + m ) t
2 2
Then the RMS value is
Ac Ac m Ac m
xAM,RM S = + +
2 2 2 2 2
A2
Thus the total power , by P = , is
R
A2c A2 m2 A2c m2
PT,AM = + c +
2R 8R 8R
The power used to transmitte information for simple AM is thus :

A2c m2 A2c m2 m2 m2
PInf o + + 2m2 m2
AM = = 2 8R 2 2 8R 2 2 = 4 4 = =
PT Ac Am Am m2 m2 4 + 2m2 2 + m2
+ c + c 1+ +
2R 8R 8R 4 4
When m = 1
1 2
AM = = 66.6%Power Lost
3 3
Therefore, simple AM signal is not power-ecienct.

AM < 33.3% = sup AM

In summary, for simple AM / DSB-LC signal,

The eciency is limited to 33%

The carrier signal is present even if nothing is being transmitted

The circuitary is relatively simple (only envelop detector is required ! )

Bandwidth is 2m
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For Dobule Sideband Suppressed Carrier of montone message , the wave form is

Ac m Ac m
xDSB (t) = xAM (Without Carrier) = cos (c m ) t + cos (c + m ) t
2 2
Thus, the RMS value is
Ac m Ac m
xDSB,RM S = +
2 2 2 2
Thus, the Total power is

A2c m2 A2c m2
PT,DSB = +
8R 8R
And hence, the power eciency is
PInf o PT
DSB = = = 100% (Ideal)
PT PT
The power eciency of DSB singal is very good, but the tradeo is it require relatively expensive
circuitry in the receiver

In summary, for DSB signal

It have must higher power eciency ( 100% )

But it has same bandwidth as simple AM , 2m

It require relatively expensive circuitry in the receiver

For SSB singal, a sideband lter, either high pass or low pass, is concatenated to the receiver circuit.
For Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier of montone message, the wave form is

Ac m
xSSB (t) = cos (c m ) t
2
Thus, the RMS value is
Ac m
xDSB,RM S =
2 2
Thus, the Total power is

A2c m2
PT,SSB =
8R
And hence, the power eciency is
PInf o PT
SSB = = = 100% (Ideal)
PT PT
In summary, for SSB signal,

It has high power eciency ( 100% )

It has relatively most expensive circuitry ( An extra sideband lter )

It cut bandwidth in half, BWSSB = m

EN D
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