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A three-phase system can be used to supply three-phase loads, or individual single-phase loads.
Loads having identical impedances per phase result in balanced loads. What are the chances of
such a condition occurring in actual practice? Three-phase equipment, such as motors , are
balanced loads, but when we add lights, appliances and other single phase loads on the system
the balance is lost. Homes are generally supplied with single-phase service. The power
company tries to obtain a balanced load by equalizing the number of homes on each phase of
the three-phase supply. Industrial consumers are generally supplied with all three lines and
neutral. The internal wiring is then planned to attempt to distribute the single-phase loads
equally between neutral and each of the three lines. However, any such measures, no matter
how carefully planned, can prevent only drastic unbalance. While dealing with unbalanced
circuits, careful attention must be paid to phase sequence, and realize that the solutions to the
problems are more involved and tedious.
Unbalanced delta loads. Whenever dissimilar loads are connected across the lines of a
three-phase supply, an unbalanced delta load will result. The phase currents are the individual
load currents. Since the load currents in each load are not equal in magnitude and/or phase, the
three line currents will be unbalanced. Each load (phase) current can be found from the line
(phase) voltage and load impedance. The line currents can then be found from the phasor
addition of the appropriate load currents.
Example.
Three loads are connected across the lines of a 240 volt three-phase supply having a phase
sequence of L1 L2 L3.
Z1 = 31 resistance and 59 inductive reactance,
Z2 = 30 resistance and 40 capacitive reactance, and
Z3 = 80 resistance and 60 inductive reactance.
Find the line currents.
Solution:
1. Write down the three impedances in both polar and rectangular format.
Rectangular Polar
Z1 = 31 + j59 (Line 1 to Line 2) 66.7 62.3
Z2 = 30 + j40 (Line 2 to Line 3) 50 - 53.1
Z3 = 80 + j60 (Line 3 to Line 1) 100 36.87
Good idea!
At every stage in your calculations jot down answers in both rectangular and polar format so the
correct format can be grabbed straight away. This allows you to concentrate on the next stage of the
calculation without interruptions.
Underline these intermediate answers so that you can find them quickly.
1
2. Draw a diagram of the circuit, and a phasor diagram of the line voltages. Note, the delta load
is labelled in a clockwise direction and the phasor diagram by convention rotates in an anti-
clockwise direction.
E3-1 240120
E1-2
2400
E2-3 240-
3/ Calculate the delta phase currents. Use the phasor value of the voltages. See diagram
above
Rectangular Polar
2.88 + j 3.84
-1.67 + j 3.41
Rectangular Polar
1.92 j 1.44
- 2.88 j 3.84
Tutorial Exercise:
1. A delta-connected load is connected to a symmetrical 415-volt, 3-phase supply.
The impedances of the load are:-
Z1-2 = 100 +j0 Z2-3 = 50 + j50 Z3-1 = 100 j 50 .
Determine the current in each line.
Answers: IL1 = 7.25 - j2.05 (7.53 A), IL2 = -9.83 j1.52 (9.96 A) IL3 = 2.58 + j3.57 (4.4A)