5.thermodynamics and Statistical Physics NET-JRF VKS

fiziks
InstituteforNET/JRF,GATE,IITJAM,JEST,TIFRandGREinPHYSICALSCIENCES

THERMODYNAMICS AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS
NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
Q1. Consider the transition of liquid water to steam as water boils at a temperature of 100oC
under a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Which one of the following quantities does not change
discontinuously at the transition?
(a) The Gibbs free energy (b) The internal energy
(c) The entropy (d) The specific volume
Ans: (a)
Solution: In first order transition Gibbs free energy is continuous.
Q2. A particle is confined to the region x 0 by a potential which increases linearly as
u (x ) = u 0 x . The mean position of the particle at temperature T is
k BT k BT
(b) (k B T ) / u 0
2
(a) (c) (d) u 0 k B T
u0 u0
Ans: (a)
p2 u x
1 2 mkBT 0
Solution: Partition function Z = e dp e kBT dx and x = xp ( x )dxdpx
h
0 x 2
p2 u0 x k BT
xe te
k BT t

dx u dt
xe
2 mk BT k BT
dp e dx k BT
x = = 0
x = 0 0

=
k BT
2

p

u0x 0 u0
e e
t
e dt
k BT
2 mk BT
dp e k BT
dx dx u
0 0 0
Q3. A cavity contains blackbody radiation in equilibrium at temperature T. The specific heat
per unit volume of the photon gas in the cavity is of the form CV = T 3 , where is a
constant. The cavity is expanded to twice its original volume and then allowed to
equilibrate at the same temperature T. The new internal energy per unit volume is
T 4
(a) 4T 4 (b) 2T 4 (c) T 4 (d)
4
Ans: (d)
T 4
Solution: du = C v dT = T dT u = 3
4

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Q4. Consider a system of N non-interacting spins, each of which has classical magnetic
moment of magnitude . The Hamiltonian of this system in an external magnetic field H
N
is i .H , where i the magnetic moment of the ith spin. The magnetization per spin at
i =1
temperature T is
2H H k B T
(a) (b) coth
k BT k B T H
H H
(c) sinh (d) tanh
k BT k BT
Ans: (b)
2
H cos
cos exp kT
sin d d
Solution: For classical limit M = 0 0
H cos
exp kBT sin d d
H k B T
M = coth
k B T H
Q5. Consider an ideal Bose gas in three dimensions with the energy-momentum relation
p s with s > 0 . The range of s for which this system may undergo a Bose-Einstein
condensation at a non-zero temperature is
(a) 1 < s < 3 (b) 0 < s < 2 (c) 0 < s < 3 (d) 0 < s <
Ans: (a)
NET/JRF (DEC-2011)
bS 3
Q6. The internal energy E of a system is given by E = , where b is a constant and other
VN
symbols have their usual meaning. The temperature of this system is equal to
2
bS 2 3bS 2 bS 3 S
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d)
VN VN V N N
Ans: (b)
E 3bS 2
Solution: TdS = dE + PdV dE = TdS PdV = T T =
S V VN





fiziks

Q7. Consider a Maxwellian distribution of the velocity of the molecules of an ideal gas. Let
Vmp and Vrms denote the most probable velocity and the root mean square velocity,
respectively. The magnitude of the ratio Vm / Vrms is
(a) 1 (b) 2/3 (c) 2/3 (d) 3 / 2
Ans: (c)
2kT 3kT V 2
Solution: For Maxwellian distribution Vmp = , Vrms = mb =
m m Vrms 3
Q8. If the number density of a free electron gas in three dimensions is increased eight times,
its Fermi temperature will
(a) increase by a factor of 4 (b) decrease by a factor of 4
(c) increase by a factor of 8 (d) decrease by a factor of 8
Ans: (a)
2
3N 3 2 N
Solution: Fermi energy E F = where is number density and g is degeneracy
4Vg 2m V
2 2
n 3 2 TF n 3 n1
E F = TF K TF TF (n ) 3 1 = 1 = 4 since = 8.
V TF2 n2 n2
1
Q9. A system of N non-interacting spin - particles is placed in an external magnetic field H.
2
The behavior of the entropy of the system as a function of energy is given by
(a) S (b) S
E
BH BH B H E B H
S
(c) S (d)
B H E BH B H E





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Ans: (a)
S N + U N + U N U N U
Solution: = ln ln where = H . S is symmetrical
Nk 2N 2 2 N 2N
about E.
Q10. A gas of N non-interacting particles is in thermal equilibrium at temperature T. Each
particle can be in any of the possible non-degenerate states of energy 0, 2 and 4. The
average energy per particle of the gas, when << 1 , is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 2 / 3 (d)
Ans: (a)
Solution: E1 = 0, E 2 = 2 , E 3 = 4 , Z = e 0 + e 2 + e 4
0 e o + 2e 2 + 4 e 4
E =
e 0 + e 2 + e 4
2e 2 + 4e 4 2 (1 2....) + 4 (1 ( 4 ) ....) 2 + 4 6
E = = = = = 2
1 + e 2 + e 4 1 + (1 2....) + (1 4.....) 1+1+1 3
where << 1 .
Q11. A one-dimensional chain consists of a set of N rods each of length a. When stretched by a
load, each rod can align either parallel or perpendicular to the length of the chain. The
energy of a rod is when perpendicular to it. When the chain is in thermal equilibrium
at temperature T, its average length is
(a) Na / 2 (b) Na
(
(c) Na / 1 + e 2 / k BT ) (
(d) Na 1 + e 2 / k BT )
Ans: (c)
Solution: Let n1 no. of rods are parallel and n2 no. of rods are perpendicular.
Energy of rod when it is perpendicular =
Energy of rod when it is parallel is .
e ( ) e e
P( ) = = and P ( ) =
e ( ) + e e + e e + e





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n ae + n2 ae

Nae Na
Average n1 aP( ) + n2 aP( ) = 1
=
=
e +e e +e 1 + e 2
Since P( ) >> P( ) so n1 N , n2 0 .
Q12. The excitations of a three-dimensional solid are bosonic in nature with their frequency
and wave-number k are related by k 2 in the large wavelength limit. If the chemical
potential is zero, the behavior of the specific heat of the system at low temperature is
proportional to
(a) T1/2 (b) T (c) T3/2 (d) T3
Ans: (c)
Solution: If dispersion relation is k s ,
At low temperature specific heat T 3/ s
Q13. Gas molecules of mass m are confined in a cylinder of radius R and height L
(with R >> L ) kept vertically in the Earths gravitational field. The average energy of the
gas at low temperatures (such that mgL >> k BT ) is given by
(a) NkBT / 2 (b) 3NkBT / 2 (c) 2NkBT (d) 5NkBT / 2
Ans: (d)
1 H
h3
Solution: Z = e dpx dp y dpz dxdydz
p x2 p 2y p 2y L mgz

Z= e dpx e e dpz dx dy e
2 mk BT 2 mk BT 2 mk BT k BT
dp y dz
0
3
mgL
3
mgz
mk T 2 L
2 mk B T 1 e
2
k BT

2

Z = R
2
e k BT
dz Z = R
mg
2
0
k BT
ZN = ZN ,
ln z 5 Nk BT
E = k BT 2 = since mgL > > kT .
T 2





fiziks

NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)
Q14. Consider a system of non-interacting particles in d dimensional obeying the dispersion

relation = Ak s , where is the energy k is the wave vector; s is an integer and A
constant. The density of states, N(), is proportional to
s d d s
1 1 +1 +1
(a) d (b) s
(c) s
(d) d
Ans: (b)
Solution: We can solve this problem with intuition for example = Ak 2
1 3
1
Density of state in 3dimensional N() =
2 2
2
1
Density of state in 2dimensional N() =
0 2
1 1
1
Density of state in one dimensional N() =
2 2
d
1
Density of state in d dimenstional where = Ak N ( )
s s
Q15. The number of ways in which N identical bosons can be distributed in two energy levels,
is
N ( N 1) N ( N + 1)
(a) N + 1 (b) (c) (d) N
2 2
Ans: (a)
Solution: Number of boson = N, Number of energy level = g
N + g 1
So number of ways to distribute N boson into g level is, W = cN = N + 1 since
g = 2.
Q16. The free energy of gas of N particles in a volume V and at a temperature T is
[
F = Nk B T ln a0V (k B T )
5/ 2
]
/ N , where a 0 is a constant and k B denotes the Boltzmann
constant. The internal energy of the gas is
3 5
(a) Nk B T (b) Nk B T
2 2
[
(c) Nk B T ln a 0V (k B T )
5/ 2
/N ] 3
2
Nk B T (d) Nk B T ln a0V / (k BT ) [ 5/ 2
]





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Ans: (b)
Solution: F = Nk B T ln a0V (k B T ) [ 5/ 2
]
/ N , F = U TS , U = F + TS
F F F
dF = SdT pdV = S or S = U = F T
T V T V T V
a 0Vk B5 / 2
F = Nk B T ln (C T 5/ 2
) where C =
N
F F
= Nk B ln (CT ) + Nk B T = Nk B T ln (CT ) + Nk B T
C 5 3/ 2 5

5/ 2
T T 5/ 2
T V T V
5/ 2
CT 2 2
F 5 F 5
T = F + Nk B T U = F T = Nk B T .
T V 2 T V 2
Q17. A system has two normal modes of vibration, with frequencies 1 and 2 = 21 . What is
the probability that at temperature T, the system has an energy less than 4 1 ?
[In the following x = e 1

and Z is the partition function of the system.]
(a) x 3 / 2 (x + 2 x 2 ) / Z (b) x 3 / 2 (1 + x + x 2 ) / Z
(c) x 3 / 2 (1 + 2 x 2 ) / Z (d) x 3 / 2 (1 + x + 2 x 2 ) / Z
Ans: (d)
Solution: There is two normal mode so there is two degree of freedom.
1 1
Energy of harmonic oscillator is E = n1 + 1 + n2 + 2 .
2 2
1 1
E = n1 + 1 + n2 + 21 where n1 = 0,1,2,3.... and n 2 = 0,1,2,3....
2 2
3 1 5 1
Ground state energy E = , first excited state energy E = . Second excited state
2 2
7 1
energy E = which is doubly degenerate state so g = 2 , other state have more
2
energy than 4 1 .
3 1 5 1 7 1
P(E < 4 1 ) =
e

2
+e

2
+ 2e

2
=
x
3
2
(1 + x + 2 x )
2
where x = e 1
.
Z Z





fiziks

4
Q18. Bose condensation occurs in liquid He kept at ambient pressure at 2.17 K. At which
temperature will Bose condensation occur in He4 in gaseous state, the density of which is
1000 times smaller than that of liquid He4? (Assume that it is a perfect Bose gas.)
(a) 2.17 mK (b) 21.7 mK (c) 21.7 K (d) 2.17 K
Ans: (b)
2
N 3
Solution: For bosons T
V
Q19. Consider black body radiation contained in a cavity whose walls are at temperature T.
The radiation is in equilibrium with the walls of the cavity. If the temperature of the walls
is increased to 2T and the radiation is allowed to come to equilibrium at the new
temperature, the entropy of the radiation increases by a factor of
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 16
Ans: (c)
8 5 k B4T 4 F 32 5 k B4 3
Solution: For Black Body Energy is given by F = V , S = = VT .
T V 45 C
3 3
45 2C 3
S T 3 , If temperate increase from T to 2T then entropy will incase S to 8S.
NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
Q20. The entropy of a system, S, is related to the accessible phase space volume by
S = k B ln (E , N , V ) where E, N and V are the energy, number of particles and volume
respectively. From this one can conclude that
(a) does not change during evolution to equilibrium
(b) oscillates during evolution to equilibrium
(c) is a maximum at equilibrium
(d) is a minimum at equilibrium
Ans: (c)
Solution: Entropy is maximum at equilibrium.





fiziks

Q21. Let W be the work done in a quasistatic reversible thermodynamic process. Which of
the following statements about W is correct?
(a) W is a perfect differential if the process is isothermal
(b) W is a perfect differential if the process is adiabatic
(c) W is always a perfect differential
(d) W cannot be a perfect differential
Ans: (b)
Solution: Work done is perfect differential in adiabatic process.
Q22. The free energy difference between the superconducting and the normal states of a
2 4
material is given by F = f S f N = + where is an order parameter and
2
and are constants s.t. > 0 in Normal and < 0 in the super conducting state, while
> 0 always, minimum value of F is
2 2 3 2 5 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2
Ans: (b)
2 4 F 4 3
Solution: F = + = 2 +
2 2
3 2
2 + 2 = 0 =

2 2 2
Putting the value, F = + F =
2 2 min
2
Q23. A given quantity of gas is taken from the state A C reversibly, by two paths, A C
directly and A B C as shown in the figure.
P
During the process A C the work done by the gas is 100 J and the A
heat absorbed is 150 J. If during the process A B C the work

done by the gas is 30 J, the heat absorbed is
B C
(a) 20 J (b) 80 J
V
(c) 220 J (d) 280 J





fiziks

Ans: (b)
Solution: During path AC dU = dQ dW = 150 100 = 50 J
Hence internal energy is point function dU will same in all path
In path ABC dQ = dU + dW = 50 + 30 = 80 J .
NET/JRF (JUNE-2013)
Q24. Ten grams of ice at 0C is added to a beaker containing 30 grams of water at 25C. What
is the final temperature of the system when it comes to thermal equilibrium? (The
specific heat of water is 1 cal/gm/C and latent heat of melting of ice is 80 cal/gm)
(a) 0C (b) 7.5C (c) 12.5C (d) -1.25C
Ans: (a)
Solution: The amount of heat required to melt the ice of mass 10gm at 00C is
Q = m L = 10 80 = 800Cal . Where L is the latent heat of melting of ice and m is the
mass of the ice. The amount of heat available in water of mass 30gm at 250C is
Q = m Cv T = 30 1 25 = 750Cal
Since the heat available is less than the heat required to melt the ice therefore ice will not
melt as a result the temperature of the system will be at 00C only.
Q25. A vessel has two compartments of volume V1 and V2 , containing an ideal gas at pressures
p1 and p 2 , and temperatures T1 and T2 respectively. If the wall separating the
compartments is removed, the resulting equilibrium temperature will be
p1T1 + p 2T2 V1T1 + V2T2
(a) (b)
p1 + p 2 V1 + V2
p1V1 + p 2V2
(d) (T1T2 )
1/ 2
(c)
( p1V1 / T1 ) + ( p 2V2 / T2 )
Ans: (c)





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pV p V
Solution: V = V1 + V2 , n = n1 + n2 = 1 1 + 2 2 , U1 + U 2 = U , n1CvT1 + n2CvT2 = nCvT ,
T1 T2
p1V1 + p2V2
n1T1 + n2T2 = nT T =
p1V1 p2V2
+
T1 T2
Q26. For temperature T1 > T2 , the qualitative temperature dependence of the probability
distribution F (v ) of the speed v of a molecule in three dimensions is correctly
represented by the following figure:
T2
T1
F(v)
F(v)
T1 T2
(a) (b)
v v
T1
T2 T1
F(v)
F(v)
T2
(c) (d)
v v
Ans: (a)
Solution: Area under the F ( v ) is conserve and the mean velocity shift towards right for higher
temperature.
Q27. A system of non-interacting spin- 1/ 2 charged particles are placed in an external magnetic
field. At low temperature T , the leading behavior of the excess energy above the ground
state energy, depends on T as: ( c is a constant)
(a) cT (b) cT 3 (c) e c / T (d) c (is independent of T )
Ans: (c)
kTB H H
B
B H e e kT
Solution: U = B H tanh = B H B H BH
kT e kT + e kT





fiziks

Excess energy from the ground level
kTB H H
B B H H
B H
B
e e e e 2 e
= B H B H ( H ) = H 1 = H
kT kT kT kT
B H B B B H B H B B H B H
e kT + e kT e kT + e kT e kT + e kT

C
For lower value U e T
where C = B H .
Q28. Consider a system of two Ising spins S1 and S 2 taking values 1 with interaction energy
given by = JS1 S 2 , when it is in thermal equilibrium at temperature T . For large T , the
average energy of the system varies as C / k B T , with C given by
(a) 2J 2 (b) J 2 (c) J 2 (d) 4 J

Ans: (b)
Solution: The interaction energy is given by E = J S1 S 2 where S1 and S 2 taking values 1 .
Possible values of the Energy of the system are
E1 = J 11 = J , E 2 = J ( 1) (1) = + J
E3 = J (1) ( 1) = + J , E 4 = J ( 1) ( 1) = J

Er
J J
Er g r e kT
2 Je
J
+ 2 Je

J
kTJ
e e

J
kT
1 + kT 1
kT

= J J = J
kT kT
U = r
= J
E
r
J

J
e kT + e kT J J
g e
r
r
kT
2e kT
+ 2e kT
1+
kT
+1

kT
J2 J
U = C = J 2 (For large T , << 1 )
kT kT
Q29. Consider two different systems each with three identical non-interacting particles. Both
have single particle states with energies 0 ,3 0 and 5 0 , ( 0 > 0) . One system is populated
1
by spin fermions and the other by bosons. What is the value of E F E B where E F
2
and EB are the ground state energies of the fermionic and bosonic systems respectively?
(a) 6 0 (b) 2 0 (c) 4 0 (d) 0

Ans: (b)
Solution: Energy of Fermion = 2 1 0 + 3 0 = 5 0





fiziks

Energy of boson = 3 1 0 = 3 0
E F E B = 5 0 3 0 = 2 0
NET/JRF (DEC-2013)
1
Q30. Three identical spin- fermions are to be distributed in two non-degenerate distinct
2
energy levels. The number of ways this can be done is
(a) 8 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
Ans: (b)
Solution: Total number of degeneracy
g = (No. of energy state (n)) (No. of degeneracy due to spin ( 2 s + 1 ))
1 1
n = 2, s = , g = 2 (2. + 1) = 4
2 2
No. of particle N = 3 so no. of ways g
cN = 4 c3 = 4
Q31. Consider the melting transition of ice into water at constant pressure. Which of the
following thermodynamic quantities does not exhibit a discontinuous change across the
phase transition?
(a) Internal energy (b) Helmholtz free energy (c) Gibbs free energy (d) entropy
Ans: (c)
Solution: Ice to water: 1st order place transition
So Gibbs free energy is continuous so it doesnt exhibit discontinuous change.
Q32. Two different thermodynamic systems are described by the following equations of state:
1 3RN (1) 1 5 RN (2 )
(1) = (1) and (2 ) = ( 2 ) where T
(1, 2 )
, N (1, 2 ) and U (1, 2 ) are respectively, the
T 2U T 2U
temperatures, the mole numbers and the internal energies of the two systems, and R is
the gas constant. Let U tot denote the total energy when these two systems are put in
U (1)
contact and attain thermal equilibrium. The ratio is
U tot
5 N (2 ) 3N (1) N (1) N (2 )
(a) (b) (c) (1) (d) (1)
3N (1) + 5 N (2 ) 3N (1) + 5 N (2 ) N + N (2 ) N + N (2 )





fiziks

Ans: (b)
1 3RN (1) 1 5RN (2 )
Solution: = and =
T (1) 2U (1) T (2 ) 2U (2 )
3 5
Now utot = U (1) + U ( 2) = RN (1)T (1) + RN ( 2)T ( 2)
2 2
1
3RN (1)T (1)
U (1) 2 3 N (1)T (1)
= =
U tot 1 3N (1)T (1) + 5 RN ( 2)T ( 2) 3N (1)T (1) + 5 N ( 2)T ( 2)
2
(1) ( 2) 3N (1)
At thermal equilibrium T = T , thus
3N (1) + 5 N (2 )
Q33. The speed v of the molecules of mass m of an ideal gas obeys Maxwells velocity
distribution law at an equilibrium temperature T . Let (v x , v y v z ) denote the components
( )
2
of the velocity and k B the Boltzmann constant. The average value of vx v y , where
and are constants, is

(a) ( 2 2 )k B T / m (b) ( 2 + 2 )k B T / m
(c) ( + ) k B T / m (d) ( ) k B T / m
2 2
Ans: (c)
Solution: Ideal gas obeys Maxwell velocity distribution law at equilibrium temperature. Then
( )
2
average value of vx v y
( v )
2
Now x vy = 2 v x2 + 2 v y2 2 v x v y
k BT
v x = 0, v y = 0 and vx2 = = v y2 = vz2
m
( v )
2
Then x v y = 2 v x2 + 2 v y2 2 v x v y
( v x v y )
2
= 2
k BT
m
k T
+ 2 B = 2 + 2
m m
(
kT
)





fiziks

Q34. The entropy S of a thermodynamic system as a function of energy E is given by the
following graph S
C
B
A
E
The temperatures of the phases A, B and C , denoted by T A , TB and TC , respectively,
satisfy the following inequalities:
(a) TC > TB > T A (b) T A > TC > TB (c) TB > TC > T A (d) TB > T A > TC
Ans: (c)
Solution: Now temperature of phase TA , TB , TC C
S
dS 1 B
Now =
dE T A
dS
Now will be slope then it will be zero for B - phase
dE E
So TB = and in C and A phases internal energy of C phase is more so TC > T A
Now TB > TC > T A
Q35. A system of N classical non-interacting particles, each of mass m , is at a temperature T

1 2
and is confined by the external potential V (r ) = Ar (where A is a constant) in three
2
dimensions. The internal energy of the system is
3 A k BT
(c) N (2mA)
3/ 2
(a) 3 Nk B T (b) Nk B T k BT (d) N ln
2 m m
Ans: (a)





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1
2
1
( )
Solution: V (r ) = Ar 2 = A x 2 + y 2 + z 2 it is harmonic oscillator so it partition function will
2
3N
1 kT
be z N =
N
ln Z N
Internal energy U = kT 2 then internal energy will be 3 NkT
T
Q36. A Carnot cycle operates as a heat engine between two bodies of equal heat capacity until
their temperatures become equal. If the initial temperatures of the bodies are T1 and T2 ,
respectively and T1 > T2 then their common final temperature is
1
(a) T12 / T2 (b) T22 / T1 (c) T1T2 (d) (T1 + T2 )
2
Ans: (c)
Solution: For heat Carnot engine the change in entropy for source and sink
TF dT T TF dT T
dS1 = = log F and dS 2 = = log F
T1 T T1 T1 T
T2
TF T
S = dS1 + dS 2 = log + log F .
T1 T2
(T )
2
Hence carnot engine is reversible in nature log F = 0 TF = T1T2

T1T2





fiziks

NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)
Q37. Which of the graphs below gives the correct qualitative behaviour of the energy density
E r ( ) of blackbody radiation of wavelength at two temperatures T1 and T2 (T1 < T2 ) ?
(a) (b)
T2
T2
Er ( )
Er ( )
T1

(c) (d)
T2
T2
Er ( ) Er ( )
T1
T1
Ans: (c)
Q38. A system can have three energy levels: E = 0, . The level E = 0 is doubly
degenerate, while the others are non-degenerate. The average energy at inverse
temperature is
(e e )
(a) tanh ( ) (b)
(1 + e
+ e )

(c) zero (d) tanh
2
Ans: (d)
Solution: E = 0, , E = 0 doubly degenerate
z = gi e Ei 2 e 0 + e + e
z = 2 + e + e ln z = ln 2 + e + e ( )





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1
Now E = ln ( z ) = ln ( 2 + e + e ) = ( e e )

2+ e + e

e 2
e 2

e e
E = = E = tanh
2
2
e 2 + e 2 e + e 2
2

Q39. The free energy F of a system depends on a thermodynamic variable as
F = a 2 + b 6
with a, b > 0 . The value of , when the system is in thermodynamic equilibrium, is
(b) (a / 6b ) (c) (a / 3b ) (d) (a / b )

1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4
(a) zero
Ans: (c)
Solution: Frequency F = a 2 + b 6 a, b > 0
2 F
F is equilibrium i.e. >0
2
F
Now = 2a + 6b 5

1/ 4
F a a
= 0 2a = 6b 5 = 4 =
3b 3b
Q40. For a particular thermodynamic system the entropy S is related to the internal energy U
and volume V by
S = cU 3 / 4V 1 / 4
where c is a constant. The Gibbs potential G = U TS + pV for this system is
3 pU cU US
(a) (b) (c) zero (d)
4T 3 4V
Ans: (c)





fiziks

Solution: S = cU V , dU = TdS pdV
3/4 1/4
S 1 S 1 c 3 1/ 4 1/ 4 4 U 1/ 4
= = = U V T =
U V T U V T 4 3c V 1/ 4
1
U S V 5 / 4U 4 S V 5/ 4 1/ 4
= P = P = U
V S c 3 c 3
4 U 1/ 4 S V 5/ 4 1/4 4 1
G =U 1/ 4
cU 3/ 4 1/ 4
V + U V G = U U + U = 0
3c V c 3 3 3
Q41. The pressure of a nonrelativistic free Fermi gas in three-dimensions depends, at T = 0 ,
on the density of fermions n as
(a) n 5 / 3 (b) n1 / 3 (c) n 2 / 3 (d) n 4 / 3
Ans: (a)
2
Pressure P = nEF
3
EF n 2 / 3 at T = 0
2 2
P= n n 2 / 3 P = n 5 / 3 P n5 / 3
3 3
Q42. The van der Waals equation of state for a gas is given by
a
P + 2 (V b ) = RT
V
where P, V and T represent the pressure, volume and temperature respectively, and a
and b are constant parameters. At the critical point, where all the roots of the above
cubic equation are degenerate, the volume is given by
a a 8a
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3b
9b 27b 2 27bR
Ans: (d)
a
Solution: P + 2 (V b ) = RT
V





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P P
2
For critical volume = 0, 2 = 0
V V
a ab
PV + pb 2 = RT
V V
P a 2ab 2 P 2a 6ab 2a 6ab
= 0 P 2 + 3 = 0, = 0 3 4 = 0 3 = 4 Vc = 3b
V V V V 2
V V V V
NET/JRF (DEC-2014)
Q43. The pressure P of a fluid is related to its number density by the equation of state
P = a + b 2
where a and b are constants. If the initial volume of the fluid is V0 , the work done on
the system when it is compressed so as to increase the number density from an initial
value of 0 to 2 0 is
(a) a 0V0 (b) (a + b 0 ) 0V0
3a 7 b
(c) + 0 0V0 (d) (a ln 2 + b 0 ) 0V0
2 3
Ans: (d)
n n2 n
Solution: P = a + b 2 P = a +b 2 =
V V V
V2 dV V2 dV n n
W = P dV = an + bn 2 where V1 = , V2 =
V1 V V1 V 2 0 2 0
W = n ( a ln 2 + b 0 ) = 0V0 ( a ln 2 + b0 ) n = 0V0
Work done on the system = W = ( a ln 2 + b0 ) 0V0





fiziks

Q44. An ideal Bose gas is confined inside a container that is connected to a particle reservoir.
Each particle can occupy a discrete set of single-particle quantum states. If the probability
that a particular quantum state is unoccupied is 0.1 , then the average number of bosons
in that state is
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 11
Ans: (b)
Q45. In low density oxygen gas at low temperature, only the translational and rotational modes
of the molecules are excited. The specific heat per molecule of the gas is
1 3 5
(a) kB (b) k B (c) kB (d) kB
2 2 2
Ans: (d)
Solution: Total D.O.F. = 3 transition + 2 rotation i.e. f = 5
k B T 5k B T U 5
U= f = CV = = kB
2 2 T 2
Q46. When a gas expands adiabatically from volume V1 to V2 by a quasi-static reversible
process, it cools from temperature T1 to T2 . If now the same process is carried out
adiabatically and irreversibly, and T2 is the temperature of the gas when it has
equilibrated, then
(a) T2 = T2 (b) T2 > T2
V V T2V1
(c) T2 = T2 2 1 (d) T2 =
V2 V2
Ans: (b)
Q47. A random walker takes a step of unit length in the positive direction with probability 2 / 3
and a step of unit length in the negative direction with probability 1 / 3 . The mean
displacement of the walker after n steps is
(a) n / 3 (b) n / 8 (c) 2n / 3 (d) 0
Ans: (a)





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2 1
Solution: P ( +1) = P ( 1) =
3 3
2 1 1 n
For one step = +1 = , for n step =
3 3 3 3
Q48. A collection N of non-interacting spins S i , i = 1, 2, ....., N , (S i = 1) is kept in an
external magnetic field B at a temperature T . The Hamiltonian of the system is
B
H = B i S i . What should be the minimum value of for which the mean value
k BT
1
Si ?
3
1 1
(a) N ln 2 (b) 2 ln 2 (c) ln 2 (d) N ln 2
2 2
Ans: (c)
B B

e kT
e kT
Solution: P ( Si = +1) = B B
, P ( Si = 1) = B B

e kT
+e kT e kT
+ e kT
B B
+
+1e kT
e kT
B
Si = Si = tanh

B B
kT
e kT
+ e kT
B
For N particle Si = N tanh
kT
According to question
Si 1 B 1 B 1
tanh = = ln 2
N 3 kT 3 kT 2
NET/JRF (JUNE-2015)
Q49. A system of N non-interacting classical particles, each of mass m is in a two
dimensional harmonic potential of the form V ( r ) = ( x 2 + y 2 ) where is a positive
1
constant. The canonical partition function of the system at temperature T is = :
k BT





fiziks

N
2 2m
2N
(a) (b)
2m
N N
2m 2
(c) (d) 2
2m
Ans. (d)
Solution: V ( r ) = ( x 2 + y 2 )
px2 p 2y x 2 y 2
1 + + + +
z1 = 2
h
e 2 mkT
dpx e

2 mkT
dp y e

kT
dx e

kT
dy
2 mkT 2 mkT 1 1 1
z1 = . .2 x .2
h 2
h 2
2 2
kT kT
N
2 2 m 2 2 m
z1 = 2 ( kT ) z N = 2
2

h h
Q50. A system of N distinguishable particles, each of which can be in one of the two energy
levels 0 and , has a total energy n , where n is an integer. The entropy of the system
is proportional to
(a) N ln n (b) n ln N
N ! N!
(c) ln (d) ln
n! n !( N n ) !

Ans. (d)
Solution: No of ways for above configuration is = N Cn
N
W =
n N n
N
Entropy=k ln
n N n





fiziks

Q51. The condition for the liquid and vapour phases of a fluid to be in equilibrium is given by
dP Q
the approximate equation 1 (Clausius-Clayperon equation) where vvap is the
dT Tvvap
volume per particle in the vapour phase, and Q1 is the latent heat, which may be taken to
be a constant. If the vapour obeys ideal gas law, which of the following plots is correct?
(a) ln P (b) ln P
O T O T
(c) ln P (d) ln P
O T O T
Ans. (c)
dP Q
Solution: = l
dT Tvap
RT dP Ql P dP Ql dT
vap =
P
=
dT RT 2

P
=
R T 2
C
ln P = +
T
Q52. Consider three Ising spins at the vertices of a triangle which interact with each other with
a ferromagnetic Ising interaction of strength J . The partition function of the system at
1
temperature T is given by = :
k BT
(a) 2e3 J + 6e J (b) 2e 3 J + 6e J
(d) ( 2 cosh J )
3
(c) 2e3 J + 6e 3 J + 3e J + 3e J





fiziks

Ans. (b)
Solution: H = J ( S1S 2 + S1S3 + S 2 S3 )
S1 S2 S3 E
1 1 1 3J
1 1 1

1 1 1 J
1 1 1
1 11

1 1 1 J
1 1 1
1 1 1} 3J
z = 2e3 J + 6e J
Q53. A large number N of Brownian particles in one dimension start their diffusive motion
from the origin at time t = 0 . The diffusion coefficient is D . The number of particles
crossing a point at a distance L from the origin, per unit time, depends on L and time t
as
L2 4 Dt
N NL
(a) e ( 4 Dt ) (b) e L2
4 Dt 4 Dt
L2 4 Dt
N ( 4 Dt ) L2
(c) e (d) Ne
16 Dt 3
Ans. (a)
Solution: From Einstein Smoluchowski theory
dx x2
p ( x ) dx = exp
4 Dt 4 Dt
N L2
No of particle passing from point L at origin = .exp
4 Dt 4 Dt





fiziks

Q54. An ideal Bose gas in d -dimensions obeys the dispersion relation k = Ak s , where A ( )
and s are constants. For Bose-Einstein condensation to occur, the occupancy of excited
states
(d s)

s
Ne = c ( ) 1
d
0 e
where c is a constant, should remain finite even for = 0 . This can happen if
d 1 1 d 1
(a) < (b) < <
s 4 4 s 2
d 1 d
(c) >1 (d) < <1
s 2 s
Ans. (c)
(d s)
s
Solution: Ne = c d
0
e ( ) 1
B.E. condensation is possible in 3-D
1
d S 1 d 3
For materlistic particle g () 2 = =
S 2 S 2
d S d
For massless particle g () 2 =2 =3
S S
d
In both case >1
S





fiziks

NET/JRF (DEC-2015)
Q55. The heat capacity of (the interior of a refrigerator is 4.2 kJ / K . The minimum work that
must be done to lower the internal temperature from 18o C to 17o C when the outside
temperature is 27o C will be

(a) 2.20 kJ (b) 0.80 kJ (c) 0.30 kJ (d) 0.14 kJ
Ans.: (b)
Q56. For a system of independent non interacting one-dimensional oscillators, the value of the
free energy per oscillator, in the limit T 0 , is
1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
2 2
Ans.: (a)
N

Solution: For the given system Z N = 2sinh F = kT ln Z N = NkT ln 2sinh
2kT 2kT

2e e
2 kT 2 kT

= NkT ln = NkT ln e 2 kT
1 e kT
= NkT ln e 2 kT
+ NkT ln 1 e kT

2

F F
= + kT ln 1 e kT = +0 ( kT 0 )
N 2 N 2
F
=
N 2
Q57. The partition function of a system of N Ising spins is Z = 1N + 2N where 1 and 2 are
functions of temperature, but are independent of N . If 1 > 2 , the free energy per spin
in the limit N is

(a) k BT ln 1 (b) k BT ln 2 (c) k BT ln ( 12 ) (d) k BT ln 1
2





fiziks

Ans.: (d)
Solution: Z = 1N + 2N
( )
F = kT ln 1N + 2N it is given 1 >> 2
N 2
F = kT ln 1N 1 + 2 0
1 1

F
F = kT ln 1N F = NkT ln 1 = kT ln 1
N
1
Q58. The Hamiltonian of a system of N non interacting spin - particles is H = 0 B i Siz ,
2
where Siz = 1 are components of i th spin along an external magnetic field B . At a
0 B
temperature T such that e kBT = 2 . the specific heat per particle is

16 8 16
(c) k B ( ln 2 ) k B ( ln 2 )
2 2
(a) kB (b) k B ln 2 (d)
25 25 25
Ans.: (d)
0 B
Solution: For the given system E = 0 B tanh
kT
2
B B
CV = 0 Nk sec 2 h 0
kT kT
2 0 B
CV 0 B 4 0 B
= k 2
e kT = 2 = ln 2
N kT 0 B B
0 kT
e + e kT
kT

2 2
CV 0 B 4 B 16 2 16k
= k 2
= 0 k = ( ln 2 )
N kT 1 kT 25 25
2 +
2
CV 16
k ( ln 2 )
2
=
N 25





fiziks

1
Q59. An ensemble of non-interacting spin - particles is in contact with a heat bath at
2
temperature T and is subjected to an external magnetic field. Each particle can be in one
of the two quantum states of energies 0 . If the mean energy per particle is 0 / 2 ,
then the free energy per particle is
(a) 2 0
(
ln 4 / 3 ) (b) 0 ln ( 3 / 2 ) (c) 2 0 ln 2 (d) 0
ln 2
ln 3 ln 3
Ans.: (a)
Solution: For the given system portion function
0
Z n = 2 N cosh
kT
0
mean energy per unit partical is = 0 tanh 0
2 kT
0 1 e e 1
put = tanh = =
kT 2 e + e 2
1 1 2 0
e 2 = 3 = ln 3 0 = ln 3 kT =
2 kT 2 ln 3
F
it is given = kT ln 2 cosh 0
N kT
F e + e
= kT ln ( 2 cosh ) 8
N 8
e + e
= kT ln 2
2
= kT ln e e + 1
2
( )

= kT ln e ( 3 + 1) = kT ln e 4 = kT ln e + ln 4
= kT kT ln 4
F 2
= kT 0 kT ln 4 0 30 ln 4
N kT ln





fiziks

3 16
ln ln 3
ln 3 2 ln 4 16
0 0 0
ln 3 ln 3 ln 3

4 2 4
ln ln
0
3
2 0
3
ln 3 ln 3

4
ln
F
= 2 0
3

N ln 3
Q60. Which of the following graphs shows the qualitative dependence of the free energy
f ( h, T ) of a ferromagnet in an external magnetic field h , and at a fixed temperature
T < TC , where TC is the critical temperature?

f
(a) f (b)
h
h
f f
(c) (d)
h h
Ans.: (c)
Solution: For super conductor state one will find two local minima
f
h Option (c) is correct.






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fiziks

Q14. Consider a system of non-interacting particles in d dimensional obeying the dispersion

[In the following x = e 1

S T 3 , If temperate increase from T to 2T then entropy will incase S to 8S.

heat absorbed is 150 J. If during the process A B C the work

(a) 2J 2 (b) J 2 (c) J 2 (d) 4 J

(a) 6 0 (b) 2 0 (c) 4 0 (d) 0

and are constants, is

Now TB > TC > T A

Q35. A system of N classical non-interacting particles, each of mass m , is at a temperature T

Hence carnot engine is reversible in nature log F = 0 TF = T1T2

(b) (a / 6b ) (c) (a / 3b ) (d) (a / b )

(a) a 0V0 (b) (a + b 0 ) 0V0

Work done on the system = W = ( a ln 2 + b0 ) 0V0

temperature is 27o C will be

temperature T such that e kBT = 2 . the specific heat per particle is

T < TC , where TC is the critical temperature?

h Option (c) is correct.

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