Unit 9

Unit 9.1 : Energy changes in Chemical reactions

1. All chemicals have energy called chemical energy

2. This chemical energy can be changed into heat energy, light energy,
sound energy or electrical energies during a chemical reaction.
3. Eg:
Burning fuel: chemical energy to heat and light energy
Firing fire cracker: chemical energy to sound and light energy
Chemical cells: chemical energy to electrical energy
4. The unit for energy is ________ (J) / _____________ (kJ)

Energy Changes
1. Chemical reactions can be divided into ________ major types
a) ______________ reaction
b) ______________ reaction
2. Example of surrounding in chemical reaction
a) _______ in the room
b) _______ in a solution
3. ______ is heat change of a reaction

Exothermic Reactions

1. A reaction that ______________ heat energy to the surroundings.

2. Surrounding temperature _______________
3. The total energy of the ____________ is __________ than the
reactants
4. H is ___________
5. Example:
a) Combustion of carbon
C (s) + O2 (g) CO2 (g) H = 400 kJ mol 1
2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l) H = 486 kJ mol 1

b) Respiration
c) __________________ reactions
d) Converting anhydrous salt to hydrated salt
e) __________ process
f) __________ process
g) Formation of hydrogen chloride

Endothermic Reactions

1. A reaction that ____________ heat energy from the surroundings.

2. Surrounding temperature ____________
3. The total energy of the product is ____________ than the reactants
4. H is ____________
5. Example:
a) ______________________ of carbonate salts
b) Thermal decomposition of nitrate salts
c) ______________________ salts crystals in water
 d) Dissolving ammonium salts in water
e) Dissolving potassium salts in water
f) Atomization

Unit 9.2: Explaining Energy Changes

Making and breaking of bonds

1. When bonds are broken, energy is absorbed
2. When bonds are formed, energy is released
3. The difference between this two energies determine the type of reaction,
exothermic or endothermic

Bond energies
1. Bond energy is the amount of energies needed to break a bond or released
during bond formation.
 2. Examples

Bond Bond energy (kJ/mol) Bond Bond energy (kJ/mol)

HH 436 CH 413
Cl Cl 242 O=O 498
H Cl 431 OH 464
CC 346 NN 946
C=C 612 NH 391
CO 358

Bond energies can be used to

_______________ how stable a compound is

how easily it is to break a bond.

Bond energies (enthalpy) can be used to estimate the ___________ (enthalpy) of

a reaction

H = H (reactant bonds broken) H ( product bonds formed )

Calculating the energy changes in reactions

1. Example

H2 + Cl2 2HCl H

N2 + 3H2 2NH3 H

Unit 9.3: Energy from fuels

What is a fuel?
1. Fuel is a form of _________________
2. When fuels are burnt, heat energy is _______________
3. There are two major types of fuels
a) _______________ fuels
b) _______________ fuels
4. Fossil fuels can be classified into
a) _________________
b) _________________
c) _________________
5. ________________ of any fuels is an ______________ reaction
6. Nuclear fuels releases energy when __________________ decompose
7. Nuclear fuels are used in nuclear power station to generate electricity.