FAME Document

Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology

Chemical Engineering Department
BASE-CATALYZED TRANSESTERIFICATION OF
GUYABANO (ANNONA MURICATA) SEED OIL DERIVED
THROUGH SOLVENT EXTRACTION FOR THE
PRODUCTION OF FATTY ACID METHYL ESTER
Submitted by:
DE DIOS, Mary Jane T.
GUY, Erick Kristonne R.
LIM, Kassandra Charmaine C.
LOVERES, Shania Faith R.
GROUP 3
BS ChE 3-1
Submitted to:
Engr. Milagros R. Cabangon
Date Submitted:
February 24, 2017
Project Study 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Base-Catalyzed Transesterification Of Guyabano Seed Oil Derived Through

Solvent Extraction For The Production Of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
I. Introduction
II. Statement of the Problem
III. Objectives
IV. Significance of the Study
V. Background of the Study
Review of Related Literature
Review of Related Studies
VI. Procedure
VII. Summary of Equivalent Unit Operations
VIII. Summary of Parameters
IX. Summary of Process Flow Diagram
X. Conclusion
XI. Recommendation
XII. References
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BASE-CATALYZED TRANSESTERIFICATION OF GUYABANO SEED OIL

DERIVED THROUGH SOLVENT EXTRACTION FOR THE PRODUCTION OF
FATTY ACID METHYL ESTER
I. INTRODUCTION
Soursop (Annona muricata L.), also known as graviola, guyabano,

guayabano guanabano and babana, is a shrub or small tree 3-10 meters in
height. It is adapted to warm, humid tropical climate, and can tolerate both
drought conditions and partial shade. The fruit consists of about 67.5% edible
white pulp with a pleasing fragrance and flavor. It is a good source of vitamins
B and C with some calcium and phosphorus. (Bareja, 2010)
Soursop continues flowering year around but the peak is May to June.
The fruits are harvested when fully developed and still green. They are
considered mature when their spines are set far apart and the shiny green
color turns dull-green or yellowish green. Selective harvesting is practiced
because the fruits on a tree do not mature at the same time.
The fruit contains significant amounts of vitamin C, vitamin B1 and

vitamin B2. The compound annonacin, which is contained in the seeds of
soursop, is a neurotoxin associated with neurodegenerative disease. The leaves
of Annona muricata contain annonamine, which is an aporphine-class alkaloid
featuring a quaternary ammonium group. (Philippine Medical Plants, 2016)
Soursop seeds constitute 20% - 25% mass of the fruit and have potential
to produced 33.87% oil with nutritional and functional properties highly
similar to those of edible oils (Okoro, 2013).
TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS
In the transesterification process a glyceride reacts with an alcohol in the

presence of a catalyst, forming a mixture of fatty acids esters and an alcohol.
Using triglycerides results in the production of glycerol.
The end products of the transesterification process are raw biodiesel and
raw glycerol. After a cleaning step biodiesel is produced. The purified glycerol
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can be used in the food and cosmetic industries, as well as in the oleochemical
industry (EBTP, 2011).
FATTY ACID METHYL ESTER
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) is produced from vegetable oils, animal
fats or waste cooking oils by transesterification. Transesterification is a
reversible reaction and is carried out by mixing the reactants. A strong base or
a strong acid can be used as a catalyst.
FAME characteristics include high boiling points, good lubricity and

excellent solubility in organic solvents. Fatty acid methyl esters are versatile
products covering a wide range of product uses including: lubricants,
metalworking fluids, solvents, fuels, agriculture, surfactants, polymers,
coatings and plasticizers.
Pure vegetable oils have been considered as alternatives for diesel fuel,
but the high viscosity at room temperature made them unsuitable for diesel
engines. However, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) have lower viscosity than the
pure oils, and as such are promising alternatives. While the focus has been
mostly on oils like soybean, rapeseed, and sunflower (Lang et al., 2001), which
are essentially edible in nature, biodiesel has also been produced from non-
edible sources such as used frying oil and greases (Alcantara et al.,2000;
Canakci and Gerpen, 2001; Mittelbach et al., 1992).
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II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Guyabano seeds are reported to be poisonous. Some toxicants are found

in the seeds and the seed coat of the guyabano. The seeds contain 45% of a
yellow non-drying oil which is an irritant poison, which can cause eye
inflammation. According to Fasakin et. al., the seeds are found to have 3.7 mg
of cyanide per kg of the seeds. The seeds also contain 620.5 mg phytate and
2.6 mg of tannin per 100 g sample seeds. Guyabano seed coat, however,
contain 4.9 mg tannin and 188 mg phytate per 100 g seeds and 10.8 mg
cyanide per kilogram seeds.
The US Federal Drug Administration has banned the import of certain

soursop juices as the suppliers did not properly separate the seeds from the
juice while pressing. Two studies done in the French West Indies suggested
that there may be a link between symptoms similar to acute Parkinsons
Disease and the consumption of graviola. In 2010 the French food safety
agency, Agence franaise de scurit sanitaire des produits de sant, concluded
that, based on the available research findings, "it is not possible to confirm that
the observed cases of atypical Parkinson syndrome ... are linked to the
consumption of Annona muricata," calling for further study on potential risks
to human health.
The United States Food and Drug Administration published an import

alert last July 2, 2014 regarding the detention without physical examination of
guanabana (soursop). In February 1990, thirty-four adults and children drank
"Rain Drop" Guanabana Drink from Mexico and within 15 minutes they began
vomiting. Dallas district laboratory performed microscopic examination of the
product and found some seed cells in all "suspect" codes examined. The
literature indicates the seeds are toxic and an oil expressed from the seeds has
been used as an insecticide and fish poison. According to the Mexican
authorities, the product is only manufactured for exportation and not
consumed in Mexico. Due to this incident, list of firms and their products
subject to detention without physical examination under this import alert were
released. Philippines was one of the countries listed under the said alert. In
July 2013, Profood International Corporation, located in Cebu City, was noted
that their aseptic guyabana puree contain toxic material from the fruit seed
was incorporated into the finished product during the manufacturing process.
In September 2009, Summer Fruit Inc. Marsman-Drysdale Group, both
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factories located at Cavite and Makati, were noted that the fruit juices or
concentrated of guanabana contain toxic material from the fruit seed
incorporated into the finished product during the manufacturing process.
In attempt to utilize the guyabano seeds without harming human health,

the researchers proposed the study entitled, Base-Catalyzed
Transesterification of Guyabano Seed Oil Derived Through Solvent
Extraction For The Production Of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester.
Project Study 6
III. OBJECTIVES
A. General Objective
To produce fatty acid methyl ester used in the production of biodiesel
under the process of transesterification of guyabano seed oil which will
conform to the properties of the standard fatty acid methyl ester.
Properties of Fatty Acid Methyl Acid

Standard Existing
Appearance Liquid Liquid
Color Yellow Yellow
Flash Point 120 deg C >101 deg C
Density 860-900 kg/m3 860-900 kg/m3
Viscosity 3.5-5.0 mm2/s 3.5-5.0 mm2/s
Lower Heating
- 37.1 MJ/kg
Value
*(For the existing properties, Shell 2014)
B. Specific Objectives
To determine the parameters which will provide the production its

properties that will conform to the properties of the standard fatty acid
methyl ester.
To identify the solvent and catalyst which will provide the highest
amount of seed oil.
To determine the ratio of methoxide to the seed oil that will produce the
highest yield of fatty acid methyl ester.
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IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study entitled Base-Catalyzed Transesterification Of Soursop

(Annona Muricata) Seed Oil Derived Through Solvent Extraction For The
Production Of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester is expected to be significant to the
following fields:
To the guyabano plantation owners
The study utilizes guyabano seeds as its major raw material for the
production of fatty acid methyl ester. This will provide guyabano tree plantation
owners a potential market for fatty acid methyl ester rather than ending up the
guyabano seeds as waste.
To the chemical industry
This study promotes an environment-friendly chemical industry as it will

provide bio-based routes in the production of fatty acid methyl ester. Also, it
promotes the establishment of local production that will potentially minimize
the volume of Philippine importation on fatty acid methyl ester.
To the business field
Both the materials and procedure of this study could be utilized and
developed by other institutions and could be a reason for a local production of
fatty acid methyl ester from the raw material. Moreover, this study would help
create jobs for local citizens since fatty acid methyl esters are versatile products
covering a wide range or industry like agriculture, fuels, solvents, polymers,
and food industry.
To the chemical engineering profession
This study may serve as an additional reference for related and similar
studies of fellow researchers. Chemical engineers could help in conducting
further research and study of the process involved in the production of fatty
acid methyl ester. With the help of this field, scientific and economic condition
in the country could be improved.
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V. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. RAW MATERIALS
Soursop (Guyabano)
The Soursop tree (Annona Muricata),

indigenous to the rainforest regions, is a
broadleaf, evergreen tree that produces flowers
and fruit. The trees grow in areas with high
humidity and warm temperate winters. (Bareja,
2010)
The Soursop designation is the name of the fruit produced by the

Soursop tree. The fruit appears in large, heart-shaped forms with a yellow-
green, spiky skin and white fleshy interior. Much like the name implies the
fruit is fairly acidic with a taste that resembles a mix of strawberry and
pineapple. (Philippine Medical Plants, 2016)
The nature green fruits are used as a vegetable and for making sweet
meats, while the ripe one is eaten off hand or as dessert. Its juice is used for
flavoring ice cream, sherbets, canning and for preparation of refreshing drinks.
It may also be processed intro preserve, candies, jam and jelly. Guyabano also
possess some medicinal properties. (Agribusiness, 2017)
Guyabano production in the Philippines from year 2010 to 2015
Guyabano SU Production
2010 6,922
2011 7,007
2012 7,305
2013 7,579
2014 7,150
2015 7,671
*SU Supply
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Guyabano production in the Philippines in the year 2015
Guyabano (2015) Amount in metric tons

SU Production 7,671
SU Gross Supply 7,671
UT Seeds 0
UT Feeds and Waste 460
UT Processing 0
UT Total Net Food Disposable 7,211
*SU Supply *UT Utilization
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)
Based on BAS crop statistics of 2003; a total land area of 3,016 has.
were planted to guyabano with the following as the five leading producing
regions: Western Visayas (705 has.); Region IV-A (643 has.); Cagayan Valley
(400 has.); Central Visayas (169 has.); and Central Luzon (165 has.).
Guyabano seeds
There are two strains presently grown.
1. Aguinaldo Fruit, 1kg; peel, yellow green; flesh,

juicy, sub-acid, 78% of fruit weight; seeds, 70 per fruit.
2. Davao Fruit, 1.7 kg; peel, light green; flesh,

moderately juicy, pleasantly sub-acid, 82% of fruit weight; seeds, 82 per fruit.
(Agribusiness, 2017)
For the dried seeds, they are tolerant of the moisture extraction, showing no
problems for long-term storage under reasonable
conditions.
The image shows a guyabano seed after

hammering. Guyabano seeds are tough. Automatic seed
remover and blenders force might be enough to break
the seed apart resulting to mixture to finish products in
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the guyabano processing plants. If teeth could tear a seed apart, the more the
heavy-duty machines can. (Foodrecap, 2013)
Figure 1 Compositional analyses of the seed of sour sop, Annona muricata L., as a potential
animal feed supplement (Fasakin, et.al. 2008)
B. PROCESS
Solvent Extraction
Being a conventional method, solvent extraction is the most widely used

technique owing to its high efficiency in oil recovery (Sharma, et.al.,2004). The
use of solvent extraction over other methods includes higher recovery, larger
processing capacity and gives oil that many considered to be of lower losses
(Lager, 2006; Robellen et. al., 1989).
Base Catalyzed Transesterification
Transesterification of vegetable or fruit seed oils is conventionally carried

out by subjecting the pre-extracted oil to the treatment with the appropriate
alcohol, in the presence of an alkaline catalyst. Selecting a suitable alcohol,
catalyst, amount of catalyst, oil to solvent ratio, reaction time (Refaat,2010).
Base-catalyzed transesterification which falls under homogenous

transesterification is the action of one alcohol from a strong base displacing
another from an ester, referred to as alcoholysis.
Transesterification is a reversible reaction and is carried out by mixing

the reactants. A strong base or a strong acid can be used as a catalyst. At the
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industrial scale, sodium or potassium methanolate is mostly used. The

following reaction occurs:
The production of biodiesel is relatively simple from a technical

standpoint, also allowing the construction of small decentralised production
units without excessive extra costs. This limits the need to transport raw
materials long distances and permits operations to start with modest-sized
installations. (EBTP, 2011)
C. PRODUCT
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) are esters of fatty acids. The physical
characteristics of fatty acid esters are closer to those of fossil diesel fuels than
pure vegetable oils, but properties depend on the type of vegetable oil. A
mixture of different fatty acid methyl esters is commonly referred to as
biodiesel, which is a renewable alternative fuel. FAME has physical properties
similar to those of conventional diesel. It is also non-toxic and biodegradable.
(EBTP, 2011)
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For the properties of FAME:
Figure 2 Shell. 2014.
FAME is produced from vegetable oils, animal fats or waste cooking oils
by transesterification. In the transesterification process a glyceride reacts with
an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst, forming a mixture of fatty acids esters
and an alcohol. Using triglycerides results in the production of glycerol. (EBTP,
2011)
Rapeseed, sunflower, soybean, palm oils, UCO and animal fat are the
most common raw materials being used for the production of biodiesel. Using
methanol in the transesterification process has the advantage that the
resulting glycerol can be separated simultaneously during the
transesterification process. When using ethanol during the process the ethanol
needs to be free of water and the oil needs to have a low water content as well
to achieve an easy glycerol separation. (EBTP, 2011)
The end products of the transesterification process are raw biodiesel and
raw glycerol. After a cleaning step biodiesel is produced. The purified glycerol
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can be used in the food and cosmetic industries, as well as in the oleochemical
industry. The glycerol can also be used as a substrate for anaerobic digestion.
(EBTP, 2011)
Uses of FAME
Fatty acid methyl esters are products that are produced by an alkali-
catalyzed reaction between fats or fatty acids and methanol. In biodiesel, fatty
acid methyl esters are the primary constituent, usually obtained from vegetable
oils by transesterification.
In solvent applications, they are known as green solvents because fatty

acid methyl esters are biodegradable, produce low volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), and are non-toxic to humans.
Characteristics include high boiling points, good lubricity and excellent

solubility in organic solvents. Fatty acid methyl esters are versatile products
covering a wide range of product uses including: lubricants, metalworking
fluids, solvents, fuels, agriculture, surfactants, polymers, coatings and food.
Project Study 14
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
A. PROCESS
Biodiesel Production Process Optimization from Soursop Seed Oil (Annona

Muricata) and Its Characterization (2014)
In the production process of biodiesel, the effects of process parameters

such as alcohol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and
reaction temperature have been studied and optimized. the fuel properties of
produced biodiesel have been investigated and compared with the standard
specifications for assessing their feasibility to substitute the petroleum fuels.
The emphasis of present work is to produce biodiesel from Soursop seed

oil by transesterification process using methanol and sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
as catalyst and to study the effect of process parameters such as alcohol to oil
molar ratio, reaction time, and reaction temperature on the yield of biodiesel.
Further the physicochemical properties of produced biodiesel are investigated
and compared with diesel and standard specifications of biodiesel to assess its
feasibility to replace the petroleum fuel.
The transesterification reaction mechanism is as shown in Figure below.
Figure 3 source: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jre/2015/148587/fig2/
And for the data gathered and the comparison for the standard and
commercially available properties of Biodiesel or FAME:
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Figure 4 source: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jre/2015/148587/tab3/
Solvent Extraction of Oil from Oil Seeds (1997)
In order to improve the yield of oil and the quality of remaining protein
various attempts have been made to alter the basic steps of cooking, pressing
and extracting the oil from oil bearing seeds and nuts. One approach is
disclosed in the patent to Drenning, U.S. Pat. No. 2,629,722 wherein it is
taught that if best results are to be achieved in oil production then the
moisture content of the cooked seeds must be closely controlled, evaporation
prevented, and the time and temperature of the cooking reduced. Thus, a
process is disclosed in which oil bearing seeds and nut meats are first flaked
and then treated prior to extraction of the oil by raising the moisture content of
the seeds to a value of between 12 and 20% by the addition of steam or water
and then cooking the seeds for a period of time between 7 and 20 minutes at a
temperature between 190 and 215 F under such conditions as to ensure that
Project Study 16
evaporation does not reduce the moisture in the seed nut meats below 12%.
The oil may then be extracted from the treated (cooked) seed by a combined
process involving mechanized presure followed by solvent extractions. This
process is said, among others, to produce a meal of high nutritional value
above that obtained from a standard high temperature processing and to
achieve higher oil yields.
Solvent Extraction of Oil from Soursop Oilseeds & Its Quality

Characterization (2014)
similar to those of edible oils (Okoro, 2013). Previous researchers applied
solvent extraction technique for the extraction of oils from different plant
oilseeds due to it cost effectiveness, simplicity, remarkable reduction in solvent
volume and short time needed for the extraction (Tan et al., 2009; Betiku and
Adepoju, 2012; Bimakr et al., 2012; Adepoju et al., 2013).
The study showed that the Soursop seed is a good source rich in oil.
Also, this work demonstrated Response Surface Methodology is a good tool for
optimization in oil extraction processes. The maximum seed oil yield of 34.
6074% (w/w) was established at the optimal condition of extraction time, 38.10
min, sample weight, 30.0 g and solvent volume, 100 ml. The optimized
condition was validated with the actual seed oil yield of 33.593% (w/w). The
fatty acid profile of the seed oil showed it is highly unsaturated (73.42%).
For the drying process:
According to Ebewele et al. (2010), the optimum moisture content of

soursop seed oil extraction is 12%. They also reported that higher oil yield was
observed at a lower moisture content of 7% up to 10 to 13% with exceptional to
very low or higher temperature. This is because, during the extraction process,
the moisture in the seeds acts as a heat transfer medium and helps in
coagulation of protein for oil yield. Therefore, too high or too low temperature
may disturb the function of the moisture in oilseed processing.
Project Study 17
And from the stated above study Solvent Extraction of Oil from Oil
Seeds by Ayres et al. (1997) a process is disclosed in which oil bearing seeds
and nut meats are first flaked and then treated prior to extraction of the oil by
raising the moisture content of the seeds to a value of between 12 and 20% by
the addition of steam or water and then cooking the seeds for a period of time
between 7 and 20 minutes at a temperature between 190 and 215 F under
such conditions as to insure that evaporation does not reduce the moisture in
the seed nut meats below 12%.
For the Solvent Extraction:
According to the study Biodiesel Production Process Optimization

from Soursop Seed Oil (Annona Muricata) and Its Characterization by
Hebbal et al., they also reported that easy solvent recovery from the meal is
also an important trait of an ideal solvent. The ideal solvent should be non-
flammable or has a narrower range of explosive limits to avoid or reduce the
possibility of fire or explosion during extraction. The extraction solvent also
should be non-reactive to the meal or oil, as well as the extraction equipment.
On the other hand, ideal solvents should also have high purity to exhibit more
uniform operating characteristics, as well as having low solubility in water for
easier separation. Ultimately, an ideal solvent should be easily available at low
prices.
For the Base-Catalyzed Transesterification:
Base catalyzed transesterification will be employed in the study due to

the fact that guyabano seed was reported to have high free fatty acid content of
17% (Pandey, 2008). Conventionally, it must undergo acid catalyzed
esterification before base catalyzed transesterification to reduce the FFA
content, which would yield greater amount of biodiesel (Ribeiro et al., 2011).
Since this study focuses more on yielding less ester and more glycerol, base
catalyzed transesterification will be employed in this study.
For transesterification, the usual base catalyst used are sodium

hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide. This catalyst has
varying effects in the yield of biodiesel and glycerol. Biodiesel with the best
properties was obtained using potassium hydroxide as catalyst in many studies
(Refaat et al., 2008). In the case of the alcohol, most of the time, methanol is
used as solvent for transesterification. Ethanol is less stable than methanol,
Project Study 18
being a hydrophilic this interferes in the reaction which leads to lesser yield if
the product. Among these solvents, methanol works best because it has the
least molecular weight. The molecular weight of methanol is 32.05g/gmol while
the molecular weight of ethanol and propanol are 46.08 and 60.11 g/gmol
respectively. Increasing the chain length of RO-(alcohol) group results in the
increase of reaction rate and causes steric hindrance which prolonged the
reaction.
B. PRODUCT
Biodiesel Quality, Standards and Properties. (2011)
The main criterion of biodiesel quality is the inclusion of its physical and
chemical properties into the requirements of the adequate standard. Quality
standards for biodiesel are continuously updated, due to the evolution of
compression ignition engines, ever stricter emission standards, reevaluation of
the eligibility of feedstocks used to produce biodiesel, etc.
The biodiesel standards in Brazil and the U.S. are applicable for both
fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), whereas the
current European biodiesel standard is only applicable for fatty acid methyl
esters (FAME).
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Figure 5 European Standard FAME Properties (EN 14214)
Biodiesel Production Process Optimization from Soursop Seed Oil (Annona

Muricata) and Its Characterization (2014)
In the production process of biodiesel, the effects of process parameters

such as alcohol to oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and
reaction temperature have been studied and optimized. the fuel properties of
produced biodiesel have been investigated and compared with the standard
specifications for assessing their feasibility to substitute the petroleum fuels.
The emphasis of present work is to produce biodiesel from Soursop seed

oil by transesterification process using methanol and sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
as catalyst and to study the effect of process parameters such as alcohol to oil
molar ratio, reaction time, and reaction temperature on the yield of biodiesel.
Further the physicochemical properties of produced biodiesel are investigated
and compared with diesel and standard specifications of biodiesel to assess its
feasibility to replace the petroleum fuel.
Project Study 20
The transesterification reaction mechanism is as shown in Figure below.
Figure 6 source: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jre/2015/148587/fig2/
And for the data gathered and the comparison for the standard and
commercially available properties of Biodiesel or FAME:
Figure 7 source: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jre/2015/148587/tab3/
Project Study 21
Solvent Extraction of Oil from Oil Seeds (1997)
In order to improve the yield of oil and the quality of remaining protein
various attempts have been made to alter the basic steps of cooking, pressing
and extracting the oil from oil bearing seeds and nuts. One approach is
disclosed in the patent to Drenning, U.S. Pat. No. 2,629,722 wherein it is
taught that if best results are to be achieved in oil production then the
moisture content of the cooked seeds must be closely controlled, evaporation
prevented, and the time and temperature of the cooking reduced. Thus, a
process is disclosed in which oil bearing seeds and nut meats are first flaked
and then treated prior to extraction of the oil by raising the moisture content of
the seeds to a value of between 12 and 20% by the addition of steam or water
and then cooking the seeds for a period of time between 7 and 20 minutes at a
temperature between 190 and 215 F under such conditions as to insure that
evaporation does not reduce the moisture in the seed nut meats below 12%.
The oil may then be extracted from the treated (cooked) seed by a combined
process involving mechanized pressure followed by solvent extractions. This
process is said, among others, to produce a meal of high nutritional value
above that obtained from a standard high temperature processing and to
achieve higher oil yields.
Solvent Extraction Of Oil From Soursop Oilseeds & Its Quality

Characterization (2014)
similar to those of edible oils (Okoro, 2013). Previous researchers applied
solvent extraction technique for the extraction of oils from different plant
oilseeds due to it cost effectiveness, simplicity, remarkable reduction in solvent
volume and short time needed for the extraction (Tan et al., 2009; Betiku and
Adepoju, 2012; Bimakr et al., 2012; Adepoju et al., 2013).
The study showed that the Soursop seed is a good source rich in oil.
Also, this work demonstrated Response Surface Methodology is a good tool for
optimization in oil extraction processes. The maximum seed oil yield of 34.
6074% (w/w) was established at the optimal condition of extraction time, 38.10
min, sample weight, 30.0 g and solvent volume, 100 ml. The optimized
Project Study 22
condition was validated with the actual seed oil yield of 33.593% (w/w). The
fatty acid profile of the seed oil showed it is highly unsaturated (73.42%).
For the drying process:
According to Ebewele et al. (2010), the optimum moisture content of

soursop seed oil extraction is 12%. They also reported that higher oil yield was
observed at a lower moisture content of 7% up to 10 to 13% with exceptional to
very low or higher temperature. This is because, during the extraction process,
the moisture in the seeds acts as a heat transfer medium and helps in
coagulation of protein for oil yield. Therefore, too high or too low temperature
may disturb the function of the moisture in oilseed processing.
And from the stated above study Solvent Extraction of Oil from Oil
Seeds by Ayres et al. (1997) a process is disclosed in which oil bearing seeds
and nut meats are first flaked and then treated prior to extraction of the oil by
raising the moisture content of the seeds to a value of between 12 and 20% by
the addition of steam or water and then cooking the seeds for a period of time
between 7 and 20 minutes at a temperature between 190 and 215 F under
such conditions as to insure that evaporation does not reduce the moisture in
the seed nut meats below 12%.
For the Solvent Extraction:
According to the study Biodiesel Production Process Optimization

from Soursop Seed Oil (Annona Muricata) and Its Characterization by
Hebbal et al., they also reported that easy solvent recovery from the meal is
also an important trait of an ideal solvent. The ideal solvent should be non-
flammable or has a narrower range of explosive limits to avoid or reduce the
possibility of fire or explosion during extraction. The extraction solvent also
should be non-reactive to the meal or oil, as well as the extraction equipment.
On the other hand, ideal solvents should also have high purity to exhibit more
uniform operating characteristics, as well as having low solubility in water for
easier separation. Ultimately, an ideal solvent should be easily available at low
prices.
Project Study 23
For the Base-Catalyzed Transesterification:

the fact that guyabano seed was reported to have high free fatty acid content of
17% (Pandey, 2008). Conventionally, it must undergo acid catalyzed
esterification before base catalyzed transesterification to reduce the FFA
content, which would yield greater amount of biodiesel (Ribeiro et al., 2011).
Since this study focuses more on yielding less ester and more glycerol, base
catalyzed transesterification will be employed in this study.
For transesterification, the usual base catalyst used are sodium

hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide. These catalyst has
varying effects in the yield of biodiesel and glycerol. Biodiesel with the best
properties was obtained using potassium hydroxide as catalyst in many studies
(Refaat et al., 2008). In the case of the alcohol, most of the time, methanol is
used as solvent for transesterification. Ethanol is less stable than methanol,
being a hydrophilic this interferes in the reaction which leads to lesser yield if
the product. Among these solvents, methanol works best because it has the
least molecular weight. The molecular weight of methanol is 32.05g/gmol while
the molecular weight of ethanol and propanol are 46.08 and 60.11 g/gmol
respectively. Increasing the chain length of RO-(alcohol) group results in the
increase of reaction rate and causes steric hindrance which prolonged the
reaction.
Project Study 24
VI. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
A. PREPARATION OF RAW MATERIALS

I. Raw Material
The main raw material, soursop (guyabano) seeds, is collected from

Cenmaco Inc located at Mariano Marcos Street,
San Juan Metro Manila.
II. Reagent
Table 2 presents the reagents that were used for the experimental
method. They were purchased from local chemical supplier Tough Stone
Lab Enterprises, which is located at Bambang, Manila; and was used
without further purification.
Table 2. Reagents Used in the Experimental Methodology
Reagent Chemical Molecular Boiling Density

Formula Weight Point
(g/mole) (C)
C6H14 86.18 68 655 kg/m3
Hexane
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CH4OH 32.04 64.7 792 kg/m3
Methanol
2.13
NaOH 39.997 1,388
g/cm3
Sodium Hydroxide
KOH 56.1056 1,327 2.12 g/cm
Potassium Hydroxide
2.21
Ca(OH)2 74.093 580
g/cm3
Calcium Hydroxide
Project Study 26
B. DRYING OF SOURSOP SEEDS
Drying the soursop moisture content before it proceeds to the next

process for maintaining control over the necessary quality. Under drying of
soursop seeds leads to reduction of percent yield or degrading the quality of
the acid. Over-drying it leads to energy losses.
1.1 Materials and Apparatus
Soursop Seeds Analytical Balance
Oven Timer
1.2 Procedure
1. Weigh the initial moist soursop seeds.
2. Dry the seeds until a constant weight or negligible change in mass.
3. Place the first set over the oven tray.
4. Dry the soursop seed for 30 minutes.
5. After drying, weigh the dried soursop seeds.
1.3 Data and Results
Mass of Soursop Seeds 82 grams
The mass of dried soursop came out 82 grams.
Equivalent Unit Operation
Unit Operation Lab Scale Plant Scale

Drying Oven Rotary Dryer
Project Study 27
C. Size Reduction of Soursop Seeds
After drying the soursop seeds, the next process is size reduction. It is
necessary to reduce the size of the seeds to increase the rate of reaction for
the next process.
Dried Soursop Seeds Timer
Blender
1.2 Procedure
1.From the drying process, place the dried seeds in the blender.
2. Grind the seeds for 3 minutes.
3. Weigh the ground soursop seeds.
Mass of Soursop 81.6 grams

Seeds
The mass of ground soursop came out 81.6 grams.

Size Reduction Blender Grinder
D. OIL EXTRACTION OF SOURSOP SEEDS
Being a conventional method, solvent extraction is the most widely used

technique owing to its high efficiency in oil recovery (Sharma, et.al.,2004).
The use of solvent extraction over other methods includes higher recovery,
larger processing capacity and gives oil that many considered to be of lower
losses (Lager, 2006; Robellen et. al., 1989).
Project Study 28
1. Determination of Time of Settling

Ground Soursop Seeds Funnel
Erlenmeyer Flask Filter Paper
Graduated Cylinder Distillation Set-up
Rubber Stopper Analytical Balance
Fume hood
1.2 Procedure
1. Weigh 25 g of dried crushed soursop seeds and place it on a

250-mL Erlenmeyer flask.
2. Add the 100-mL of hexane to the flask and put a rubber stopper
to prevent the hexane from evaporating.
3. Separate the filtrate (solvent containing oil) from the residue

(crushed seeds) using a filter paper and funnel rested on a 250-mL
Erlenmeyer flask.
4. Distill the solution to separate the oil from the hexane (B.P. 60-
70 C) with its temperature varying from 55, 65, and 75C. Note:
Recover the solvent and water to recycle.
5. Weigh the oil extracted and the hexane recovered.
6. Repeat procedure substituting hexane with a different solvent

per procedure: ethanol and methanol.
Project Study 29

Mass of seeds Mass of Solvent Time Weight of Oil
25 g 100 g 30 minutes 4.5 g
25 g 100 g 45 minutes 6.3 g
25 g 100 g 60 minutes 7.2 g
MASS OF OIL
7.5
MASS OF GUYABANO OIL,
7
6.5
6
GRAMS
5.5
5
4.5
4
30 45 60
SETTLING TIME, MINUTES
Mass of Oil
Figure 1. Mass of Oil Depending on the Settling Time
1.4 Conclusion
The amount of oil that can be extracted from the seed varies with the
time it takes for the solvent to fully absorb the oil present in the seed. At
60-minute mark, 7.2 grams of oil are extracted from 25 g of sample
crushed soursop seeds
Project Study 30
DOCUMENTATION

Filtration Funnel, Filter Paper Filter Press
Distillation Distillation Apparatus Distillation Column
Project Study 31
E. PREPARATION OF METHOXIDE
Transesterification of vegetable or fruit seed oils is conventionally carried

out by subjecting the pre-extracted oil to the treatment with the appropriate
alcohol, in the presence of an alkaline catalyst. Selecting a suitable alcohol,
catalyst, amount of catalyst, oil to solvent ratio, reaction time (Refaat,2010).
1. Determination of Catalyst Used
Soursop Seed Oil Watch Glass
100-mL Beaker Analytical Balance
1.2 Procedure
1.Weigh 10 g of methanol and place it in a 100-mL beaker.
2. Cover the beaker with a watch glass.
3. Prepare three sets of 0.15 grams of NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2)

separately.
4. Weigh 0.15 g of the first set of catalyst and add it on the

methanol. Note: This solution is toxic; use preventive measures to
limit exposure.
5. Repeat procedure for the remaining two sets.

Mass of Mass Mass of Tempe Mass of Methyl
Catalyst Time
catalyst of Oil Methanol rature Ester
30
NaOH 0.15 g 30 g 10 g 60 C 13.8 g
minutes
30
KOH 0.15 g 30 g 10 g 60 C 10.2 g
minutes
30
Ca(OH)2) 0.15 g 30 g 10 g 60 C 8.4 g
minutes
Project Study 32
Best Catalyst
14
MASS OF OIL, GRAMS
13
12
11
10
Best Catalyst
9
8
7
NaOH KOH Ca(OH)2)
CATALYSTS
Figure 2. Mass of Oil Depending on the Catalyst Used
1.4 Conclusion
The amount of methyl ester that can be obtained from oil depends
on the catalyst used and its type. Among three basic catalyst used,
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) yields the highest amount of oil weighing
13.8 grams of Methyl Ester using only soursop seeds.
2. Determination of Amount of Catalyst Used
Soursop Seed Oil Watch Glass
2.2 Procedure
1.Weigh 10 g of methanol and place it in a 100-mL beaker.
2. Cover the beaker with a watch glass.
3. Prepare three sets of NaOH with 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 grams
separately.
Project Study 33
4. Weigh the first set of catalyst and add it on the methanol. Note:
This solution is toxic; use preventive measures to limit exposure.
5. Repeat procedure for the remaining two sets.

Mass of Mass of Mass of Mass of Methyl
Temperature Time
NaOH Oil Methanol Ester
0.10 g 30 g 10 g 60 C 30 minutes 12.6 g
0.15 g 30 g 10 g 60 C 30 minutes 17.3 g
0.20 g 30 g 10 g 60 C 30 minutes 15.4 g
DETERMINATION OF AMOUNT OF
CATALYST
20
MASS OF OIL, GRAMS
19
18
17
16 DETERMINATION
15 OF AMOUNT OF
14 CATALYST
13
12
0.1 0.15 0.2
MASS OF CATALYST, GRAMS
Figure 3. Mass of Oil Depending on the Amount of Catalyst Used
2.4 Conclusion
Using same masses of methanol, the 0.15 g trial of NaOH

yielded the highest amount of Methyl Ester formed amounting to 17.3
grams per 30 grams of soursop seeds.
Project Study 34
3. Determination of Amount of Methanol Used

Soursop Oil Watch Glass
3.2 Procedure
1. Measure 10 g of Methanol and place it on a 100-mL beaker,
cover it with a watch glass.
2. Weigh 0.15 g of NaOH and add it on the Methanol. Take note
that this solution is toxic; use preventive measures to limit
exposure.
3. Weigh 30g of oil and place it on a 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask.
Preheat it to 60 C. Add the prepared Methanol-catalyst to the
preheated oil. Continue heating the oil with constant
temperature of 60 C with continuous stirring for 30 minutes.
4. Set the solution aside until warm to touch (about 25 30 C).
Transfer the solution to a separatory funnel to completely cool
and to settle the produced mixtures (soap and FAME).
5. Separate the solutions by discarding the formed soap and
keeping the produced Fatty Acid Methyl Ester.
6. Repeat steps 1-5 using 5 grams and 7.5 grams of Methanol.
Mass of Mass of Mass of Mass of Methyl

Temperature Time
NaOH Oil Methanol Ester
0.15 g 30 g 5g 60 C 30 minutes 15.1 g
0.15 g 30 g 7.5 g 60 C 30 minutes 17.4 g
0.15 g 30 g 10 g 60 C 30 minutes 16.9 g
Project Study 35
Department of Chemical Engineering
WEIGHT OF METHANOL
18
17.5
MASS OF OIL, GRAMS
17
16.5
16
15.5 WEIGHT OF
15 METHANOL
14.5
14
13.5
5 7.5 10
MASS OF METHANOL
Figure 4. Mass of Oil Depending on the Weight of Methanol Used
3.4 Conclusion
The 7.5 grams of methanol yielded the highest weight of Methyl
Ester using 0.15 g of the Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) catalyst.

Mixing Beaker Methoxide Mixing Tank
Project Study 36
F. TRANSESTERIFICATION OF METHOXIDE AND SOURSOP OIL

the fact that guyabano seed was reported to have high free fatty acid
content of 17% (Pandey, 2008). Conventionally, it must undergo acid
catalyzed esterification before base catalyzed transesterification to reduce
the FFA content, which would yield greater amount of biodiesel (Ribeiro et
al., 2011). Since this study focuses more on yielding less ester and more
glycerol, base catalyzed transesterification will be employed in this study.
1. Determination of Preheating and Constant Temperature
Soursop Oil Extract Stirring Rod
100- mL Beaker Erlenmeyer Flask
Electric Stove Separatory Funnel
Thermometer Timer
1.2 Procedure
1.Weigh 30 g of oil and place it on a 100-mL beaker.
2. Preheat the oil in a 60C temperature.
3. Add the prepared methoxide to the preheated oil.
4. Continue heating the oil with constant temperature of the same

temperature used in preheating with continuous stirring for 30
minutes.
5. Set the solution aside until warm to touch (about ambient).
6. Transfer the solution to a separatory funnel to completely cool

Project Study 37

keeping the produced Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME).
8. Weigh the FAME extracted.
9. Repeat procedure using different temperatures: 75 and 90 C.

Mass of Mass Mass of
Temperature Time Mass of Methyl Ester
NaOH of Oil Methanol
0.15 g 30 g 10 g 60 C 30 minutes 19.7 g
0.15 g 30 g 10 g 75 C 30 minutes 22 g
0.15 g 30 g 10 g 90 C 30 minutes 21.6 g
TEMPERATURE
22.5
MASS OF OIL, GRAMS
22
21.5
21
20.5
20 TEMPERATURE
19.5
19
18.5
60 75 90
HEATING TEMPERATURE, DEGREE CELCIUS
Figure 5. Mass of Oil Depending on the Preheating Temperature
1.4 Conclusion
As seen on the graph, at 75 C, the soursop seed oil will

produce the highest amount of methyl ester amounting to 22 g of
methyl ester. This means that at 75 C, the maximum yield of methyl
ester can be achieved.
Project Study 38
2. Determination of Heating Time
Soursop Oil Extract Stirring Rod
100- mL Beaker Erlenmeyer Flask
Electric Stove Separatory Funnel
Thermometer Timer
2.2 Procedure
1.Weigh 30 g of oil and place it on a 100-mL beaker.
2. Preheat it to 60C.
3. Add the prepared methoxide to the preheated oil.
4. Continue heating the oil with constant temperature of the same

temperature used in preheating with continuous stirring for three
sets of time, 30, 60, and 90 minutes.
4. Set the solution aside until warm to touch (about ambient).
5. Transfer the solution to a separatory funnel to completely cool


keeping the produced Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME).
7. Weigh the FAME extracted.
8. Repeat procedure for the remaining two sets of time.
Project Study 39
Mass of Mass Mass of

Temperature Time Mass of Methyl Ester
NaOH of Oil Methanol
0.15 g 30 g 10 g 75 C 30 minutes 18.3 g
0.15 g 30 g 10 g 75 C 60 minutes 22.6 g
0.15 g 30 g 10 g 75 C 90 minutes 26.7 g
HEATING TIME
29
MASS OF METHYL ESTEER
27
25
23
21
HEATING TIME
19
17
15
30 60 90
HEATING TIME, MINUTES
Figure 6. Mass of Oil Depending on the Heating Time
2.3 Conclusion
There is an increasing trend when heating the oil-alcohol

mixture from 30 to 90 minutes. At 90 minutes of heating with
constant temperature of 75 C, the highest yield that can be obtained
is 26.7 grams.
Project Study 40
Documentation

Separation Separatory Funnel, Centrifuge
Erlenmeyer Flask
Project Study 41
SUMMARY OF EQUIVALENT UNIT OPERATIONS
(Laboratory Scale to Industrial Scale)
Unit Laboratory Industrial

Purpose
Operation Scale Scale
To remove
excess
moisture that
Drying Oven Rotary Dryer
may affect
succeeding
processes
To reduce the
size of the
soursop seed
oil to increase
Size Reduction Blender Crusher
the rate of
reaction in the
conversion
processes.
To filter the
Funnel, Filter solid ground
Filtration Filter Press
Paper seeds to the
filtrate.
To separate the
Distillation Distillation hexane and the
Distillation
Apparatus Column seed oil from
each other.
To add up the
Methoxide methanol and
Mixing Beaker
Mixing Tank the catalyst
used.
Separation Separatory Centrifuge To separate the
Project Study 42
Funnel, soap and the

Erlenmeyer fatty acid
Flask methyl ester.
SUMMARY OF PARAMETERS
Unit Operations Parameters Values
Oil Extraction Time of Settling 60 minutes
Type of Catalyst to
NaOH
be Used
Mixing (Methoxide
Preparation) Amount of Catalyst
0.15 grams
Used
Amount of Methanol 7.5 grams

Preheating and
Constant 75 C
Separation Temperature
Time of Heating 90 minutes
Project Study 43
EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
100 g of peanut shells was placed evenly over the

oven tray. it was dried for 30 minutes to lower the
moisture content.
Drying
82 g of dried soursop seeds were size reduced

though a blender for 3 minutes.
Size
Reduction
82 g of the dried soursop are allowed to settle for

60 minutes. The ground seeds were weighed and
Oil filtered. 25 g is subjected to distillation for 60-
70C.
Extraction
0.15 g of the catalyst, NaOH, is added to the 7.5 g

methanol to be used for next process.
Methoxide
Preparation
30 g of oil is preheated to 75C. The methoxide

solution was then added and heated with the oil
using the same temperature. The solution was
Transesteri- transferred to the separatory funnel to separate
fication the soap to the fatty acid methyl ester.
Project Study 44
CONCLUSION
Before the extraction of oil process begins, the seeds (Soursop or

Guyabano) will be crushed to size reduce and increase the surface area
exposed to the solvent. The solvent used is Hexane which is a common solvent
and a strong solvent when extracting oils from seed or in fruits. Using 25
grams of crushed soursop seeds and bathing it to a 100 g of Hexane for 1 hour
(60 mins) will result to attraction of hexane molecules and oil molecules
present in the seeds. After settling it for 1 hour, the composition of oil and
hexane mixture will be distilled to separate different liquids condensing first
the solvent (b.p. 60-70) and can be recycled for future extraction. The
remaining solution in the distillate will be kept, this is the oil.
After extracting the oil, the methanol will be prepared for

transesterification process. Among three basic solutions, NaOH yielded the
most amount of methyl ester that can be obtained from the oil from solvent
extraction. This preparation needs 7.5 grams of methanol and 0.15 g of NaOH.
They will be mixed and be again mix with the preheated 30-gram soursop oil.
After 90 minutes of mixing and boiling the alcohol-oil mixture to 75 C, the
solution will be allowed to settle to form two visible liquids, one of which is the
glycerol and the other one is the Fatty Acid, Methyl Ester. Discard the glycerol
and the product will be kept.
Project Study 45
RECOMMENDATION
For the further improvement of the study, we suggest that:
1. For further efficiency of the final product, the researchers must use more
specific variations which do not rely only on numbers divisible by five
and ten.
2. The venue of the experiment must be fit for environment with standard
temperature and pressure so that in the manufacturing process for mass
production of this product is standardized.
3. As much as possible, the researchers must not rely on three to five
review of related literature and studies. This part must be plenty as
much as possible so that the best variation will be determined for the
experiment.
4. The researchers must determine and include the possible errors during
the experiment and make some assumptions on how it will be avoided.
Project Study 46
REFERENCES
Adepoju, T.F., Olatunji, E.M., Olawale, O., Okunola, A.A. 2014. Solvent
Extraction Of Oil From Soursop Oilseeds & Its Quality Characterization.
International Journal of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Research.
Retrieved from http://www.pakinsight.com/pdf-files/ene/13/IJSEER-2014-
3(2)-80-89.pdf
Agribusiness. 2017. Guyabano (Soursop) Production Guide. Retrieved from

http://businessdiary.com.ph/2258/guyabano-soursop-production-
guide/#ixzz4XYifVouT
Ayres, J.L., Barr, D.R., Hunt, C.T., Steele, B.C. (1997) Solvent Extraction of Oil
from Oil Seeds. US4008210 A.
Badrie, N. and Schauss A. G. 2010. Soursop (Annona muricata

L.):Composition, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Uses, and Toxicology, Bioactive
Foods in Promoting Health, pp.621-624.
Barabas, I., Todorut, I.A. 2011. Biodiesel Quality, Standards and Properties.
Technical University of Cluj-Napoca Romania. Retrieved from
http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/23666/InTech-
Biodiesel_quality_standards_and_properties.pdf
Bareja, B. 2010. Soursop is a Promising Cash Crop. Retrieved from

http://www.cropsreview.com/soursop.html
Comparison of Dietary Fats and Oils. (2010) Retrieved 2016 December 29 from
http://www.seniorscan.org/SeniorsCAN/Comparison_Fats_Oils.html
Desbois AP, Smith VJ. (2010) Antibacterial free fatty acids: activities,
mechanisms of action and biotechnological potential. Appl Microbiol
Biotechnol. 2010;85:16291642. doi: 10.1007/s00253-009-2355-3.
European Biofuel Technology Platform (EBTP). 2011. Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
(FAME): Biofuel Fact Sheet. Retrieved 2017 January 01 from
http://www.biofuelstp.eu/factsheets/fame-fact-sheet.pdf
Fasakin A. O., Fehintola E. O., Obijole O. A. and Oseni O. A. 2008. Scientific

Research and Essay Vol.3 (10), pp. 521-523.
Project Study 47
Foodrecap. 2017. Breaking the Toxic Guyabano Seed. Retrieved from

http://foodrecap.net/health/safety/breaking-soursop-seed/.
Furusawa H, Koyama N. 2004. Effect of fatty acids on the membrane potential

of an alkaliphilic bacillus. Curr Microbiol. 2004;48:196198. doi:
10.1007/s00284-003-4161-y.
Gerpen, J.V. 2005. Biodiesel Production and Fuel Quality, 17.06.2011,

Available from:
http://www.uiweb.uidaho.edu/bioenergy/biodieselED/publication/.
Hebbal, O.D., Hotti, S.R. 2014 Biodiesel Production Process Optimization from
Sugar Apple Seed Oil (Annona squamosa) and Its Characterization. Department
of Automobile Engineering, PDA College of Engineering, Gulbarga Karnataka
585102, India
Okpala, B. 2015. 15 Amazing Benefits os Soursop (Graviola|Aluguntugui).

Retrieved from https://globalfoodbook.com/benefits-of-soursop-graviola-
guyabano/
Philippine Medical Plants. 2016. Guyabano. Retrieved from

http://www.stuartxchange.org/Guyabano.html
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). Data from 2010-2014: Crops, Value of

Production. Retrieved 2017 January 01 from
https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Selected%20Statistics%20on%20Agricu
lture%202015.pdf
Separation of the Glycerol-Biodiesel Phases in an Ethyl Transesterification

Synthetic Route Using Water. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-
50532015000901745
Shell. 2014. FAME. Retrieved from http://www.shell.com/business-

customers/chemicals/safe-product-handling-and-transportation/marine-
cargo-chemicals-
handling/_jcr_content/par/textimage_1518884234.stream/1446733645091/3
f9da717da1f910850b2b6bf1128ea2e39c55a7a63be139e909bbd4dc75d74b5/c
hs-fatty-acid-methyl-esters-20150107.pdf
Project Study 48
Thomas, Alfred (2000). "Fats and Fatty Oils". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of

Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_173. ISBN 3-527-30673-0.
Transesterification Lab Procedure Using Alkali Catalyst and Methanol. (n.d.).

Retrieved from http://inside.mines.edu/~jobush/gk12/lessons/Biodiesel.pdf
Transesterification of Oil. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&%3Brct=j&%3Bq=&%3Besrc=s&%3Bsou
rce=web&%3Bcd=2&%3Bcad=rja&%3Buact=8&%3Bved=0ahUKEwiKv6i9pqPR
AhUMpJQKHXVLDv4QFgggMAE&%3Burl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biotech.iastat
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content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F11%2FTransesterificationofOilTBG.doc&%3B
usg=AFQjCNFPjZVY4bUC9AyWBrWioIZ7CwI3ZQ
Transesterification of Vegetable Oil. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://jbcs.sbq.org.br/imageBank/PDF/v9n3a02.pdf
U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (USNPGS). Retrieved 2016 December

28 from https://npgsweb.ars-
grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=3785
2010. (2009). Fatty acid methyl Ester, fatty acid, methyl esters exporters from
India. Retrieved February 23, 2017, from http://www.krishioils.com/fatty-
acid-methyl-ester.htm
Retrieved February 23, 2017, from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26551829_Prediction_of_cetane_nu
mber_of_biodiesel_fuel_from_the_fatty_acid_methyl_ester_FAME_composition
Authority, P. S. (2006). Fruits: Supply and utilization accounts. Retrieved

February 23, 2017, from
http://countrystat.psa.gov.ph/?cont=10&pageid=1&ma=I20FCSUA
Osakonor, G. S. (2017, January 11). Guyabano (Soursop) production guide |

business diary Ph. Retrieved February 23, 2017, from
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guide/#ixzz4ZWeZcoy0
Project Study 49

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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

College of Engineering and Technology

DE DIOS, Mary Jane T.

GUY, Erick Kristonne R.

LIM, Kassandra Charmaine C.

LOVERES, Shania Faith R.

Engr. Milagros R. Cabangon

February 24, 2017

Base-Catalyzed Transesterification Of Guyabano Seed Oil Derived Through

BASE-CATALYZED TRANSESTERIFICATION OF GUYABANO SEED OIL

Soursop (Annona muricata L.), also known as graviola, guyabano,

The fruit contains significant amounts of vitamin C, vitamin B1 and

In the transesterification process a glyceride reacts with an alcohol in the

FATTY ACID METHYL ESTER

FAME characteristics include high boiling points, good lubricity and

II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Guyabano seeds are reported to be poisonous. Some toxicants are found

The US Federal Drug Administration has banned the import of certain

The United States Food and Drug Administration published an import

In attempt to utilize the guyabano seeds without harming human health,

Properties of Fatty Acid Methyl Acid

*(For the existing properties, Shell 2014)

To determine the parameters which will provide the production its

IV. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study entitled Base-Catalyzed Transesterification Of Soursop

To the guyabano plantation owners

To the chemical industry

This study promotes an environment-friendly chemical industry as it will

To the business field

To the chemical engineering profession

V. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The Soursop tree (Annona Muricata),

The Soursop designation is the name of the fruit produced by the

Guyabano production in the Philippines from year 2010 to 2015

Guyabano production in the Philippines in the year 2015

Guyabano (2015) Amount in metric tons

*SU Supply *UT Utilization

Source: Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)

There are two strains presently grown.

1. Aguinaldo Fruit, 1kg; peel, yellow green; flesh,

2. Davao Fruit, 1.7 kg; peel, light green; flesh,

The image shows a guyabano seed after

Being a conventional method, solvent extraction is the most widely used

Base Catalyzed Transesterification

Transesterification of vegetable or fruit seed oils is conventionally carried

Base-catalyzed transesterification which falls under homogenous

Transesterification is a reversible reaction and is carried out by mixing

industrial scale, sodium or potassium methanolate is mostly used. The

The production of biodiesel is relatively simple from a technical

Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME)

For the properties of FAME:

Figure 2 Shell. 2014.

In solvent applications, they are known as green solvents because fatty

Characteristics include high boiling points, good lubricity and excellent

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

Biodiesel Production Process Optimization from Soursop Seed Oil (Annona

In the production process of biodiesel, the effects of process parameters

The emphasis of present work is to produce biodiesel from Soursop seed

The transesterification reaction mechanism is as shown in Figure below.

Figure 3 source: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jre/2015/148587/fig2/

Figure 4 source: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jre/2015/148587/tab3/

Solvent Extraction of Oil from Oil Seeds (1997)

SU Supply UT Utilization