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STATICALLY DETERMINATE
PLANE TRUSSES
OBJECTIVES:
This chapter starts with the definition of a truss and briefly explains
various types of plane truss. The determinancy and stability of a
truss also will be discussed. The procedures of analyzing statically
determinate trusses will be developed using the method of joints
and the method of sections. For advance, the alternative
computation using joint equilibrium method will be included in this
topic.
6.1 Introduction
compression
Loading causes bending of
truss, which is develops
compression in top
members, tension in
bottom members.
tension
Fig. 7-1
Fig. 7-2
Trusses used to support roofs are selected on the basis of the span,
the slope and the roof material.
Some of common types of trusses are displayed in the Fig. 7-4.
C A to C, the connection
C to B, between them
B to A is called as
truss member
ASK STUDENTS:
Why the analysis assume that the smooth pin is frictionless?
Why the analysis assume that the member weight is negligible?
T T
Smooth pin
6.4.1 General
The structures mechanics involves determination of unknown forces
on the structures.
Some of these structures can be completely analyzed by using the
equations of equilibrium.
Fx = 0 (F = F)
Fy = 0 (F = F ) The structures are known as statically determinate.
Mz =0 (M = M)
a)
m=10
r =3
j =6
n= m + r 2j
= 10 + 3 2(6)
m + r = 13 = 1..has a redundancy of 1th
degree
2j = 12
=m+r > 2j .over stiff (statically indeterminate)
b)
EXAMPLE 7.2
Define whether the truss is statically determinate or indeterminate
m=7 m+r = 2j
r=3 7 + 3 = 2(5)
j=5 10 = 10 .statically determinate truss
But this truss is unstable since the support reactions are parallel.
But this truss unstable since the support reactions are concurrent.
EXERCISE 7.1
(a) (c)
(b)
(d)
EXAMPLE 7.3
Calculate all member forces
by using method of joints.
HA
VA VC
m= 3
r =3
j =3
m+r =2j
3+3 = 2(3)
6 = 6 the truss is determinate and stable.
F = F H = H
0 kN = VA + VC 500 N = HA
+M=0
MA = VC ( 2) + 500 (2)=0
VC = - 500N ( )
VA -500 = 0
VA = 500N( )
VC = 500N ( )
Fy = Fy
NOTES:
-ve sign indicated the force tends to shorten the member,
so the force is compression.
How? All loads are assumed moved outward from the
joint.
CHECKING :
Joint B:
(707) Fx = Fx
500 500 =707 sin 45
0 = 0 (BALANCE)
500
The following procedures can be used as the guidance to solve the problems using
the method of joints.
Draw the free-body diagram of a joint having at least one known force and
at most two unknown forces. If the joint is located at the supports, it may
be necessary to find the external reactions at the support.
The x and y axes can be resolved into their x and y components. Two force
equilibrium equations Fx =0 and Fy =0 are applied.
Continue to analyze the member forces at the other joints where again it is
necessary to choose a joint having at most two unknowns and at least one
known force.
Determine the support reactions and member forces using method of joints. All members
are connected at both ends by smooth frictionless pins.
C D
6 kN
5m
A
B
HA F E
VA VB
8 kN
4m 5m 4m
Solution;
Joint A
Fy = Fy
FAC
3.2 + FAC sin 51.34 = 0
6 FAC = - 4.1 kN (C)
FAF
Fx = Fx
3.2 FAF + FAC cos 51.34 = 6
tan = 5/4 FAF = 8.6 kN (T)
= 51.34 -4.1
FFC
FFE = 8.6 kN (T)
FFC = 8 kN (T)
8.6
FFE
Joint C 8
6 Fy = Fy
FCD
1
2 0 = 8 + FCE sin 45 + (-4.1) cos 38.66
FCE 0.707 FCE = -4.8
FCE = -6.8 kN (C)
-4.1 8
Fx = Fx
tan 2 = 4/5 tan 1 = 5/5 -6.8
= 38.66 = 45
FCD + FCE cos 45 + 6 = (-4.1) sin 38.66
FCD + 1.19 = -2.56
FCD = -3.75 kN (C)
Joint B
FBD Fy = Fy
tan = 5/4 4.8 + FBD sin 51.34 = 0
= 51.34 FBD = - 6.15 kN (C)
FBE Fx = Fx
-6.15
4.8 0 = FBE + FBD cos 51.34
FBE = 3.84 kN (T)
Joint D
-3.75 Fy = Fy
0 = FDE + (-6.15) cos 38.66
FDE = 4.8 kN (T)
= 180-90
-51.34
=38.66 -6.15
CHECKING: FDE
8 kN
EXERCISE 7.2
? = 2m
3m
[Ans: FAC = 33.33kN (T), FAB = 6.66kN (C), FDC =26.67kN (T), FBC = 20kN (T)]
EXAMPLE 7.6
Determine the forces of member BC, CG and FG by using method of section. Prove
the truss is statically determinate. State whether the members are in tension or
compression.
2m
Cut the section of the truss through the members where forces are to be
determined.
Choose one section whether left or right sections. If choose right section, the
external reactions at support have to calculate.
FBC
C
All member loads
FGC are assumed
moved outward
from the cut.
FGF
+ MG = 0
Fy = Fy
FGC sin 45 = 100
FGC = 141.42 N (T) Checking:
Fy = Fy
+ MC = 0 FGC sin 45 = 100
141.42
-FGF (2) 100 (4) = 0
FGF = - 200 N (C) 100 = 100 (BALANCE)
The following procedure provides the guidance to determine the forces in the
members of a truss by using the method of sections.
Make a decision as to how to cut the truss through the members where
forces are to be determined.
Draw the free-body diagram of the part of the section truss whether left or
right section which has the least number of forces on it.
Determine the force in members CA, CF and FE of the bridge truss by using
method of section. State whether the members are in tension of compression. The
support reactions have been calculated.
C D
6 kN
5m
A
B
4m F 4m E 4m
8 kN
Solution:
C D
6
A
6kN B
F E
3.2kN 8 4.8kN
Choose the left section
C
+ MC = 0
FAC
Fy = Fy
3.2 + 8 + FAC sin 51.34 = 8
FAC = - 4.1 kN (C)
15 = 6 = 9
5 HD IC
HD = 2m, IC = 3m
tan = 3/1
=71.6
Solution:
tan = 2/3
=33.7
+ MI = 0 FHI
I
FDC sin 18.43(9) + 1(6) + 2(3)= 0
FDC = -4.22 kN (C) FDI
Fy = Fy tan = 5/15
FDI cos 56.3 = 1+2 + FDC cos 71.6 FDC = 18.43
-4.22
0.55 FDI = 1.668
FDI = 3kN(T)
+ MD = 0
Determine the force in members HG, BC and BG of the truss. State whether the
members are in tension or compression.
6 kN 8 kN 2 kN
3m 3m 3m 3m
Solution;
Cut the section of the truss through the members where forces are to be
determined.
6 kN 8 kN 2 kN
3m 3m 3m 3m
+ MB = 0
Fy = Fy
9 + FHG sin 26.6 + FBG sin 56.3 = 0
-10.1
9-4.5-6 = -0.832 FBG
FBG = 1.8 kN(T)
+ MG = 0
[Ans: FJC = 1.15kN (T), FBC = 2.9kN (T), FHG = 3.47kN (C)]
EXAMPLE 7.10
5m
A
B
HA E
VA VB
8 kN
4m 5m 4m
5th C D
6 kN 3rd
4.8 4.8
4 .8 x
= 4th
DE FE x 3.84
4.8 x A 4.8
=
5 5 B
x = 4.8 F FECE
3.84
FCE= 4.82 + 4.8 2
8 kN
= 6.8 kN
4.8 3.84
= (to balance)
4.8 FEF= 8.6kN
8 th A
B
F E 3.84
FCF =8 kN 8 kN
10th 2.6 + 6
4.8
10th C D
FCD
6 kN = (to balance)
FCD =3.8 kN
2.6 4.8
2.6
y
6 A
B
th 8.6
9 E
9th
6 3.2
8 kN
= 8.6
so 2.6 y
=
8.6 - 6 = 2.6 AF CF
2.6 y FAC= 3.252 + 2.6 2
= = 4.16 kN
4 5
y = 3.25
1)
The pin-jointed truss shown in figure is subjected to a uniformly distributed load
of 40kN/m along member CD and a vertical point load of 90kN at D.
a) Determine the reactions at A and F.
b) Determine the forces in member BC, BE and EF by using the
method of joint.
c) Calculate the forces in members CD and DE using the method of
section.
40kN/m
90kN
[Ans: VA = 98.89kN (),VF = 374.89kN (), FDE = 330 kN (C), FEF = 435 kN (C)]
2)
The truss shown in figure is loaded with concentrated loads at B, D, E and G. The
truss is pinned to the foundation at A and supported on rollers at F. Determine the
internal forces in members LK, LC and BC using the method of joint and checks
your answers using the method of section. State if the forces are tensile or
compressive.
60kN
30kN
[Ans: FAC = 117.24kN (C), FAB = 38.14kN (T), FDE = 141.5 kN (T),
FBD = 88.8kN (T)]
4)
A pin-jointed is supported on roller support and pinned support at A and B
respectively as shown in figure. Determine the forces in each member of the truss
by using the method of joint. Recalculate the force in members AB and DE by
using the method of section.
20kN
30kN
[Ans: FAB= 5.3kN (C), FED = 20kN (C), FEB = 26.51 kN (C), FDC = 20kN (C)]
Figure Q5(e)
6)
The pin-jointed plane frame shown in figure carries a vertical load 10 kN at D.
The frame is supported by a hinge at support A and by a roller support at B. The
roller support at B is designed to ensure that the raction at B is in the direction
BC.
10kN
C
D
4m
2m
B
A
3m 2m 8m