Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue *M line: bisects the H zone.

*Muscle cells: originated from -Myomesin: myosin-binding protein

mesoderm that holds the thick filament
SKELETAL MUSCLE: voluntary, -Creatine kinase: an enzyme that
striated catalyzes transfer of phosphate groups
from phosphocreatine to ADP
*muscle fibers: long,cylindrical
multinucleated cells; myotubes *Z disc: dark transverse line bisecting I
differentiates to form striated fibers bands
ORGANIZATION OF SKELETALMUSCLE: *sarcomere: repetitive functional
subunit; from Zdisc to another Zdisc.
*Epimysium: external sheath of dense
connective tissue surrounding the *Myofibrils: long cylindrical filament
entire muscle bundles running parallel to the long
axis of the fiber
*Perimysium: thin connective tissue
immediately surrounding each muscle *Myosin: thick microfilaments
fiber(FASCICLE) occupying the A band at the middle
region of sarcomere.
*Endomysium: very thin delicate layer
of reticular fibers and scattered *Actin: thin filaments
fibroblast
-Tropomyosin: 40nm long coil of two
*Collagen: presence of this on these polypeptide chains located in the
connective tissues serve as groove between two twisted actin
transmitter of mechanical forces by strands
contracting muscle fibers
-Troponin: complex of 3 subunits:
*Myotendinous junction: site where TnT=attach to tropomyosin, TnC=bind
epimysium is continuous with dense to Ca, TnI=regulates actin myosin
regular connective tissue of a tendon interaction
ORGANIZATION WITHIN MUSCLE *Actomyosin ATPase activity: occurs
FIBERS: when myosin heads bind both actin
forming transient crossbridges
*A bands: dark bands between thick and thin filaments and
*I bands: light bands ATP catalyzing energy release.

-Titin: important accessory protein in I SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM:

bands that are largest with scaffolding
and elastic properties supporting
myosin and connecting them to the
Zdisc
-Nebulin: bind each thin filament
laterally helps in anchoring them to -
actinin.
*H zone: lighter zone at the center of
A bands. Pure myosin no actin
filaments
specialized for Ca sequestration
*T tubules: finger like invagination
deeply penetrating the sarcoplasm
*Terminal cisterns: found on each side
of T tubule
*Triads: complex of T tubule and
terminal cisterns; responsible for
converting repeated cell membrane
depolarizations into spikes of free
cytoplasmic Ca triggering contraction.
CONTRACTION
-results when thick and thin filaments
overlap each other sliding past one
another. It is induced when action
potential arrives at a synapse. Binding
action produces conformational
change or pivot in the myosin, pulling
the thin filaments farther into the A
bands toward Zdisc. This occur within
50msecs. Shortening of sarcomere:
contraction of muscles.
-when tropomyosin covers myosin-
binding sites, muscle relax.
INNERVATION
*Motor end plate (MEP): a dilated
termination serves as a synaptic
structure.
*Motor unit: axon + all muscle fibers
MUSCLE SPINDLES AND FIBER
TYPES
*Muscle spindles: stretch detectors
among muscle fascicles; contains
interstitial fluid and few thin muscle
fibers filled with nuclei called
INTRAFUSAL FIBERS.; detects body
movement and as the sensory nerves
relay info to spinal cord.
*Golgi tendon organs: same function
but are smaller and encapsulated
structures that encloses sensory
axons; they detect changes in tension
within tendons produced by muscle
contraction; inhibit motor nerve
activity when tension is excessive.
*Myoglobin: contains iron and stores
oxygen molecules; responsible for red
color of fresh tissues.
CARDIAC MUSCLE: involuntary,
striated
-form a complex junctions between
interdigitating processes
*Nuclei: one or two central pale-
staining
*Intercalated disk: unique and
distinguishing characteristic; represent
the interface between adjacent muscle
cells containing many junctional
complexes
*Desmosome & fascia adherentes:
together bind the cardiac muscle
together to prevent pulling apart
under constant contraction
*Gap junctions: observed
longitudinally at each disc; provides
ionic continuity between each cell;
serves as ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES
allowing cardiac muscle to ask like a
multinucleated syncytium like skeletal
muscle.
*Mitochondria: occupying 40% of
cytoplasmic volume=need for
continuous aerobic metabolism.
*Fatty acid: fuel of the heart;
transported to the cardiac muscle by
lipoproteins and are stored as
triglycerides.
*Membrane-limited cytoplasmic
granules: found near atrial muscle
nuclei and associated with golgi;
secret a peptide hormone called
ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR that acts
on target cells in the kidney affecting
NA secretion and H2O balance.
SMOOTH MUSCLE: involuntary&
non striated
-Responsible for a slow and steady
contraction; fibers are called VISCERAL
MUSCLES
*Nuclei: long single located at the
central broadest part
*Caveolae: short membrane
invaginations; contains several pumps
and ion channels; serve to organize
protein signaling calcium release at
myofibrils.
*Calmodulin and Myosin light-chain
kinase: used in contraction because of
lack of troponin and myosin has less
regular arrangement among actin and
fewer crossbridges.
*Dense bodies: contain -actinin and
function similarly to Zdisc; attachment
of actin and intermediate filaments to
these helps transmit contractile force
to adjacent smooth muscle cells.
-CONTRACTION of smooth muscle:
control involve autonomic nerves,
hormones ans local physiological
conditions. Small groups of smooth
muscles produce wave of contraction
*Cholinergic ending: ACTIVATE
*Andrenergic: DEPRESS ** may
interchange in other sites
REGENERATION
*Skeletal: cant undergo mitosis but
with sparse mesenchymal satellite
cells(inactive reserve myoblasts)
regeneration may occur.
*Cardiac: lacks satellite cells but
replaced by proliferating fibroblasts
and growth of connective tissues form
myocardial scars
*Smooth: the mononucleated cells are
capable of regeneration because they
can undergo mitosis