TRNG I HC B RA VNG TU

KHOA HA HC V CN THC PHM

HA KEO
Ti liu tham kho:
Trn Vn Nhn. Ha keo. Nxb HQG H Ni.
Mai Hu Khim. Ha Keo. Nxb HQG Tp H Ch
Minh.
H Thc Huy. Ha Keo . Nxb HQG Tp H Ch Minh
Richard M Pashley, Marilyn E Karaman. Applied
Colloid and Surface Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons,
Ltd.
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 V d: cc h keo trong thc t

2
V d: cc h keo trong thc t

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 V d: cc h keo trong thc t

4
 M u
Ha keo l g?
Ha l hc cc h phn tn vi d th: l khoa
hc v cc qu trnh hnh thnh v phn hy
cc h phn tn.
H phn tn: l h trong vt cht phn tn
cao ti kch thc 10-7 10-5 cm.
t lu ngi ta bit nhiu tnh cht quan
trng ca mt dung dch ng nht ( thng gi
l dung dch thc) nh s tng nhit si, s
gim nhit ng c, s gim p sut hi
bo ha
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 n na th k th XIX nh bc hc Italia
F.Selmi, sau khi nghin cu nhiu loi dung
dch, nhn thy c nhng dung dch th hin
mt s tnh cht khc thng nh:
Chng c tnh tn x nh sng.
Chng b kt ta nhanh chng khi thm cht
in ly vo.
Vsau Thomas Graham (ngi Anh) pht hin
ra bng nhng dung dch trn khng lt qua
mng bn thm. Dung dch ny khi lm kh
nc th ging nh keo dn.

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 Thomas Graham (21/09/1805 16 /09/1869), Scotland.

Do vy, Graham gi chng l dung dch keo (collioid).

T v sau, rt nhiu nh bc hc quan tm nghin
cu tnh cht ca cc h tng t v i n nhng
kt lun quan trng sau y:
H keo c tnh cht tn x nh sng (chng t h
keo l mt h d th, khng ng nht).
Cc h keo c tnh cht khuch tn chm hn cc
tiu phn (phn t, ion) trong dung dch thc.
Cc h keo c th tch ra khi dung mi bng mng
bn thm.
Hai tnh cht cui cng chng t cc tiu phn trong h
keo c kch thc ln hn nhiu so vi kch thc cht
phn t hay ion trong dung dch thc.

7
 H phn tn l bao gm cc ht hay
l xp (cht phn tn) v mi
trng n tn ti (mi trng phn
tn).
trng thi phn tn: cc ht hay cc l
xp c kch thc ln hn kch thc
phn t, tuy nhin khng quan st c
bng mt thng m ch quan st c
bng knh hin vi quang hc.

8
Phn loi theo phn tn (kch thc ht)
Da vo kch thc pha phn tn ngi ta chia h phn tn thnh:
Kch thc ht
<10-9 m 10-9 m - 10-6 m >10-6 m
H ng th H keo H d th

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10
 C th nh sau:
H phn tn phn t:Trong h, cht phn tn
dng nhng phn t rt nh, kch thc nh
hn 10-9 m, chng l nhng phn t v ion n
gin. Cc h phn tn phn t c gi l dung
dch tht hay dung dch thuc loi h ng th
v c nghin cu nhiu.
V d: cc dung dch phn t v in ly.
Hphn tn keo: Gm cc ht phn tn c kch
thc 10-9 n 10-6 m, gi l cc ht keo. H
phn tn keo thng c gi l h keo.
V d: keo AgI, keo Protit.. trong nc

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 H phn tn th: Gm cc ht c kch thc ln hn
10-6 m, thng gi l h th. Ni chung, h th l h
vi d th khng bn vng. Chng hn, trong mi
trng lng c ht phn tn rn kch thc ln hn
10-6 m, th ht c th s nhanh chng lng xung
hoc ni ln trn b mt lng (tu theo khi lng
ring ca ht v ca mi trng) ngha l tch khi
mi trng ca h.
Trong h th c 2 loi quan h quan trng l huyn
ph v nh tng.
Huyn ph l h th gm cc ht rn phn b
trong mi trng lng nh: nc ph sa
Nh tng l h th gm cc ht hoc git lng
phn b trong mi trng lng nh: cc ht du
m trong nc.
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 Cc huyn ph v nh tng dng trong thc t
l nhng h vi d th tng i bn. Cc h c
bn cht ca h keo nn c th coi chng nh l
cc h keo khi nghin cu v s dng.

Mt vi hnh nh v d v cc loi h phn tn

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14
 H nh tng quan st bng knh hin vi in t

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 phn tn: y l mt mt im quan trng ca h
phn tn, thng c k hiu l D, D = 1/d, vi d l
kch thc ht.
D nh hng rt ln n tch cht b mt ca h. C th khi
D tng th b mt ring ca h tng ng k.
V d: s thay i din tch b mt theo D

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 Ngi ta cng c th da vo D phn loi
h phn tn.

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 Phn loi theo trng thi tp hp

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 V d: cc h keo trong thc t

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V d: cc h keo trong thc t

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 V d: cc h keo trong thc t

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 Phn loi theo tng tc gia cc pha
i vi mi trng lng. C hai loi chnh:
Keo a lng (lyophilic): cn gi l keo a lu:
c trng bi tng tc mnh gia cht phn tn
v mi trng phn tn. Cc cht phn tn sau khi
tch ra khi dung mi v nu nh cho tip xc li
vi dung mi th n c kh nng phn tn tr li.
Chnh v th m ta gi keo ny l keo thun nghch.
V d : keo gelatin, tinh bt, gm arabic.
Keo k lng (lyophobic): do tng tc yu nn
cht phn tn sau khi kt ta khng c kh nng
phn tn li. Chng l nhng keo bt thun nghch.
V d :keo bc sunfua, asen sunfua, bc iotdua.....
23
 Nm v tr trung gian gia keo u lu v keo ght
lu l loi keo lng tnh nh cc hidroxit kim loi.
Nu mi trng phn tn l nc th ta c: a
nc (hydrophilic) v ght nc (hydrophobic).

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 Ngoi ra, Cn c vo tng tc gia cc ht phn
tn, ngi ta c th phn h phn tn ra lm hai
loi :
- H phn tn t do nh cc loi keo
long, huyn ph, nh tng long. Trong
h ny, do tng tc yu nn cc ht
chuyn ng c lp vi nhau.
- H phn tn lin kt nh huyn ph
c, nh tng c, gel (thch)... l cc
h m vo iu kin c bit cc h
phn tn lin kt vi nhau to thnh
mng khng gian.
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 Bn cnh cc dung dch keo cn c cc
dung dch a keo v dung dch bn keo
nh :
Dung dch x phng,
Cc cht thuc da,
Cc phm mu v mt s cht khc.
Mt phn ca cc cht trng thi keo,
cn phn khc phn t hoc ion.

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Hnh dng cu trc ca ht trong h keo

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 Cc phng php iu ch h keo v
phng php tinh ch h keo
iu ch h keo: c cc phng php sau
PP phn tn PP ha hc
PP ngng t PP trao i
PP h quang PP phn ng kh
PP ngng t trc tip PP phn ng oxi ha
PP thay th dung mi PP phn ng thy phn

Tinh ch h keo
PP thm tch
in thm tch

Siu lc

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Cht hot ng b mt
Cht hot ng b mt c ng dng t trn mt
ngn nm. N c dng to th sa trong thc
phm v trong git ty. Cu trc ca cht hot ng
b mt nh sau

COOH

Hydrophobic Hydrophilic
tail head

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 Air

Monolayer

Water

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 C ch ty ra ca CHDBM

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 Nng micelle ti hn (CMC)
Critical Micellization Concentration

nhit thp: cc cht hot ng mt

hin din di dng monomer
nhit cao: cc monomer kt t li
dng cu

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35
Phn loi cht hot ng b mt

Anionic e.g. RCOO-, RSO3-, ROSO3-

Cationic e.g. R4N+Cl-
Non-ionic e.g. polyoxyethylene (-OCH2CH2O-)
groups
Amphoteric (lng tnh: zwitterionic) e.g.
sulfobetaines RN+(CH3)CH2CH2SO3-

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37
ng dng ca CHDBM
Mt phn cch Chc nng V d

Reducing surface tension

(wetting) Antifogging agent for windows; shampoo;
Gas/liquid
Foaming and defoaming detergent; fire-extinguishing agent

Reducing interfacial Detergent; fire extinguishing agent;

Liquid/ liquid tension (wetting) Dishwashing detergent; shampoo;
Emulsification cosmetics; foods (butter, mayonnaise)

Wetting
Dispersion Detergent; rust preventive agent; Ink;
Solid/liquid Coagulation paint; antiscaling agent; Hair conditioner
Lubrication
Wetting Water and oil repellent treatment; fabric
Solid/gas Lubrication softener; hair conditioner; antistatic
Antistatic agents for plastics

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Sc cng b mt ca mt dung dch CHDBM

air
water

(nN/m)
di CMC s hp ph
dn n lm gim sc
cng b mt
trn CMC sc cng b
mt vn gi gi tr hng
Log[conc]
s CMC

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40
 Tnh cht ca h keo

Tnh cht ng hc phn t

Tnh cht quang hc

Tnh cht in

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 Tnh cht ng hc phn t
Chuyn ng nhit:
Cht kh l mt tp hp cc phn t nm trong trng thi
chuyn ng nhit hn lon. Khi va chm vo nhau cc phn t
kh thay i vn tc v hng chuyn ng, tuy nhin, ng
nng trung bnh ch ph thuc vo nhit v bng (3/2).kT
Cc phn t trong cht rn th ch dao ng quanh v tr cn
bng.
Cc phn t trong cht lng th trng thi trung gian, khong
cch gia cc phn t cht lng xp x cht rn, gn bng kch
thc phn t. Nhng cc phn t cht lng c th thay i v
tr nh cht kh, nhng khng ra khi phm vi nh hng ca
lc phn t.

42
 Cc phn t kh hay lng thng c 03 loi chuyn ng:
Tnh tin

Quay

Dao ng

43
 Nm 1828, nh sinh vt hc ngi Anh,
Brown khi quan st huyn ph ca phn hoa
bng knh hin vi, pht hin c rng: cc
phn hoa khng ngng chuyn ng hn lon
v cng chuyn ng khng b gim theo
thi gian. S chuyn ng gi l chuyn
ng Brown.
Theo thuyt ng hc phn t, chuyn ng
Brown c gii thch nh sau:

44
 Chuyn ng Brown
Chuyn ng hn lon ca ht keo ngoi nguyn nhn
do chnh bn thn chuyn ng nhit ca n gy ra, th
s va chm x y hn lon ca cc phn t mi
trng (vn l chuyn ng nhit) ng vai tr ch yu.
Ht phn tn c kch thc nh, nn s va chm xy ra theo
cc phn khc nhau rt khng u nhau. Kt qu l ht b x
y v pha ny v pha n, nn chiu chuyn ng ca ht
b thay i rt nhanh.
Vy, bn cht chuyn ng Brown l chuyn
ng nhit, l chuyn ng ng hc ca cc phn
t. Rt kh quan st ng i thc ca ht v khng
th o c tc chuyn ng ca ht.
45
 Chuyn ng Brown
S qu o tng
trng ca mt ht khi
quan st chuyn ng
Brown ca n t A n
B theo phng x, chiu
chuyn di ca ht t v
tr ny n v tr khc
c quy c biu din
bng mt on thng.

46
 c trng cho s chuyn di ca ht trong khong
thi gian t xc nh trong khng gian, ngi ta dng
2
gi tr di trung bnh bnh phng

Sau , ly cn bc 2 ta c c s chuyn di ca cc
ht trong khong thi gian t.

...
2 2 2
1 2 n

n
l cc bnh phng hnh chiu ca cc on AM, MN trn
trc x, m ht di chuyn c trong cng khong thi gian t

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 Nm 1906, A. Einstein v Smolukhopski mi a
ra l thuyt v chuyn ng Brown thng qua h
thc.
2
2.D.t 2.D.t

S khuch tn
Nu trong h c hin tng khng ng u v mt
hay nng ht phn tn th c s di chuyn cc
ht t vng nng cao ti vng nng thp hn
( san bng nng ), chng ta ni l c s khuch
tn.
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 nhlut Fick I (1855) v s khuych tn phn
t dng cng thc nh sau:
m: lng cht khuch tn
D: h s khuch tn
dC
dm D .S .dt (dC/dx): gradient nng
dx S: din tch b mt thng
m ht khuch tn chuyn
qua
t: thi gian

dm dC i lng: dm/(S.dt) c gi l cng

D
S .dt dx dng khuch tn, k hiu l ik.

dm dC
ik D
S .dt dx
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 S khuch tn xy ra theo chiu gim nng , (dC/dx)
< 0, nn ta phi t du tr vo v phi dm > 0.
Trng hp (dC/dx) khng thay i theo thi gian
chng ta c:
dC
m D. .S .t
dx
Nu (dC/dx) = -1, S = 1, t = 1 th m = D => h s khuch
tn D l lng cht chuyn qua trong mt n v thit
din thng trong mt n v thi gian khi gradient nng
bng -1
n v ca D theo:
+ h n v CGS: cm2/s ;
+ h n v SI: m2/s
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 i vi h keo: H s khuch tn ca cc ht keo
c tnh theo cng thc sau:

R.T B: h s ma st ca ht trong mi trng phn tn.

D R (J.mol-1.K-1), T v N0 (mol-1) ln lt l hng s
N 0 .B kh l tng, nhit Kenvin v s Avogadro

i vi ht phn tn bn knh cu,r, mi trng ca h

c nht th theo Stock ta tnh c h s ma st B
nh sau:
B = 6...r, lc ny ta c:
R.T 1 kT
D .
N0 6. ..r 6. ..r
k (J.K-1): hng s Boltzman
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 Lc ny, di trung bnh ca ht keo trong chuyn ng
Brown tr thnh

R.T 2t k .T .t
. 2.D.t
N 6. ..r 3. ..r
Cng thc trn cho thy:
mt nhit khng i, i vi h phn tn xc nh,
h s khuch tn c trng cho kh nng chuyn ng
ca ht v ch ph thuc kch thc ca ht. So vi cc
phn t n gin th ht keo c kch thc ln hn,
di trung bnh bnh phng rt nh, nn kh nng
khuch tn ca h keo nh hn nhiu so vi cc dung
dch phn t.

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 V d: s khuch tn ca cc cht vo mt t
bo ng vt c ng knh 10 micron

i tng Bn knh (nm) D Thi gian (giy)

Oxygen 0,2 900 0,001

Sucrose 0,5 400 0,003
Insulin 1,4 160 0,01
Ribosome 10 22 0,06
HIV 100 2,2 0,6
Bead 250 0,9 22
Bacteria 750 0,3 55

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 Bit h s khuch tn D s tnh c bn
knh r ca ht, l cch xc nh kch thc
ht phn tn bng phng php o h s
khuch tn.
Trong th nghim, da vo cc phng php
xc nh nng , s tnh c D theo cng
thc sau: dC
m D .S .t
dx
Bit khi lng ring v bn knh r ca
ht, tnh c khi lng M ca 1mol ht
phn tn.
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 4 3
M .r .N 0
3
Do c th da vo h s khuch tn ca dung
dch cao phn t tm khi lng phn t cht
polyme, nu chp nhn rng phn t polyme
dng ht hnh cu trong dung dch

p sut thm thu

Tnh ng hc phn t l nguyn nhn gy ra hin
tng thm thu v p sut thm thu ca cc
dung dch v cc h keo

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 Hin tng thm thu

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 p sut thm thu l p sut thy tnh nn ln
mng bn thm c tc dng lm ngng s
thm thu gia dung mi nguyn cht v
dung dch
p sut thm thu cc dung dch phn t long,
theo Vant Hoff c biu th bng phng trnh:
C: nng cht tan tnh theo mol.l-1
m
C.R.T R.T . m: khi lng cht tan ( tnh theo g ) trong 01 lt dung dch
M M: khi lng mol ca cht tan

Phng trnh p dng c cho dung dch keo nh sau:

m ' : nng mol ht tnh theo s mol ht, 01 mol

' .R.T R.T . ' gm N0 ht.
M m: khi lng cht tan ( tnh theo g ) trong 01 lt
h keo.
: M: khi lng 1 mol ht keo.
 Khi m= m, nhng M > M th < C
p mt thm thu ca h keo rt nh so vi dung dch
tht c cng khi lng cht phn tn, do <<C hoc
do khi lng ht keo ln hn rt nhiu so vi khi
lng ca phn t n gin (M >> M).
Cc h keo ght lu u km bn vng, do ht c kch thc
ln th c khuynh hng sa lng, cn cc ht nh th c
khuynh hng lin kt li (do tc dng ca lc tng tc phn
t) thnh s t ht ln hn lm cho s ht keo (ht n) gim,
nn p sut thm thu ca h khng n nh.

V d: 250C, p sut thm thu ca dng dch cha

10g.l-1 cht cao phn t trung ho in tch, o c l
1,22210-2 atm. Tm khi lng phn t cht cao phn
t y?
60
 S sa lng
S sa lng l s kt ta ca cc ht keo tng
i ln di tc dng ca trng trng.
nh lut Stocke i vi ht hnh cu:
dx 2.r 2 ( 0 ).g 9..v
v r
dt 9 2( 0 ).g
x: khong cch ht i c (m)
dx/dt: tc sa lng (m.s-1)
: t trng ca ht (kg.m-3)
0: t trng ca mi trng
: nht ca mi trng (kg.m-1.s-1)
g: gia tc trng trng (m.s-2)
61
 V d:
1. Tnh tc sa lng ca ht SiO2 hnh cu bn knh r = 10-3
cm v khi lng ring ca SiO2 l 2,7 g.cm-3 v ca nc l
0,982 g.cm-3 v nht 0,01 poise.

Ph lc:
dyne cm4 .s dyne.s
2
. 3
2
poise
cm cm.cm cm
N = m.kg.S-2, 1 poise = 0,1 pa.s = 0,1 m-1.kg.S-1,

2. Tnh thi gian cn thit ht SiO2 bn knh 5.10-4 cm lng trong

nc ct 25oC, nht 0,01 poise, c 50 cm? Bit khi lng
ring ca SiO2 l 2,7 g.cm-3 v ca nc l 0,982 g.cm-3.

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 Cn bng khuch tn Sa lng
Cnbng khuch tn sa lng xy ra khi dng
khuch tn ik bng dng sa lng iS ( s ht i
qua tit din 1cm2 trong 1 giy).
ik iS
T h thc ny c th chng minh c h thc sau
y:
Ch v C0 l nng ht cao h v h
mgh
Ch = 0.
e kT m: khi lng ht.
C0 g: gia tc trng trng.
k: h/s Boltzman.
T: nhit tuyt i.
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 nht
nht ca cht lng Newton
tun theo nh lut:
du
f ms S ..
dh
Trong :
fms: tr lc ma st
: h s t l
h: khong cch gia cc lp cht
lng chy
S: tit din ca dng chy ang xt
U: tc dng chy

64
 Phng trnh Newton s dng c cho
cht lng tinh khit v cc dung dch.
Cc s liu thc nghim cho thy: khi
nng ca h phn tn tng th
nht ca h tng. biu din mi
quan h ny, Einstein a ra phng
trnh: 0
k
0 n

, 0: nht ca dung dch keo v mi trng phn tn.

n = Vd/V, Vd v V l th tch ca pha phn tn v th tch chung
ca h.
k: hng s (ph thuc vo hnh dng ca ht)

65
 0
r l nht ring, t l thun vi nng pha phn
0 tn.

Theo Eistein, ng thy rng:

i vi cc ht hnh cu: k = 5/2, lc ny
phng trnh
0 (1 kn ) 0 (1 2,5n )
i vi cc ht hnh elip: k = 2,5 + (1/16)(b/a)2, trong
: a, b l bn knh trc nh v trc ln.
i vi dung dch hp cht cao phn t, th
phng trnh ca Einstein khng cn ng. Lc
ny:
0 Trong : C- nng
r k . k .C
0 trng lng ca dung
dch CPT
66
 Staudenger thit lp c phng trnh biu din
mi quan h ca nht ring (r) theo nng C.

r K .M .C
K: l hng s, K c gi tr xc nh theo dy ng
ng ca polyme trong dung mi xc nh.
V d:
i vi cc parafin trong CCl4: K=1,07.10-4
i vi cc Polystyron trong CCl4: K=1,8.10-4

i vi polymetylen trong CHCl3: K=2,4.10-4

Phng trnh
r K .M .C
thch hp khi cc phn t polyme l dui thng, khng cun li v
khng tng tc vi nhau.
67
 Theo nhn nh trn ta thy rng:
Vi mt dung dch polyme ta c: M = const, K l
hng s th t s (r/C) phi l hng s. Tuy nhin,
thc nghim li cho thy (r/C) tng khi C tng.
r
C

C cht CPT trong

S ph thuc ca nht ring i vi nng ca
dung dch

T ta c, khi C 0 th (r/C) mt gi tr khng i, gi

tr ny c gi l nht c trng []

68
 Biu din theo ton hc ta c:
r
lim
C 0
K .M (***)
C

S khc bit ny chng t gia cc phn

t polyme c s tng tc vi nhau.
Trong thc t, cc phn t CPT khng bao gi dui
thng hon ton, thm vo n cn c s tng tc
vi dung mi. Vy nn, phng trnh (***) tr thnh:

K .M M
(****)
Trong : M l hng s mm do, c trng i vi dy
ng ng ca polyme
69
 Gi tr K v M ca cc polyme dng theo
phng trnh (****)
Gii hn gi tr M.10-5 s
Polyme Dung mi K.104 M dng phng trnh (****)
Xenlulo Dung dch ng
ammoniac 0,85 0,81 -

Axetat xenlulo Axeton 1,49 0,82 0,3 3,9

Polystyren Benzen 3,70 0,62 -

Toluen 1,28 0,70 0,55-2,0
Ru polyvinyl Nc 5,90 0,67 0,44-1,1

Cao su thin nhin Toluen 5,02 0,67 0,40-15,0

Nylon Axit focmic 11,00 0,72 0,05-0,25

Polybutadien Toluen 2,60 0,64

70
 o nht bng nht k Ostwald

71
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 Tnh cht quang hc ca h phn tn
nhsng c th b hp th, b tn x, b
phn cc hay b phn x bi pha phn tn
trong mt h keo.

73
74
 Khi chiu mt chm sng vo mt dung dch keo
trong sut trong bng ti th thy mt di sng
sng m c dng hnh nn xut hin phn dung
dch c nh sng i qua. Hin tng cn c gi
l hiu ng Tyndall hay hnh nn Tyndall.
75
 Th nghim Tyndall

76
 Hiu ng Tyndall l mt hiu ng ca s khuch tn
nh sng do cc ht ca h keo hay h huyn ph
gy nn.

77
 Trnthc t, tnh cht quang hc ca h phn
tn ph thuc vo kch thc ht. nh sng
nhn thy c bc sng khong 4000
7000.

78
 H phn tn c kch thc ht ln hn bc sng
phn x nh sng lm cho h c mu c.
H keo c kch thc ht nh hn bc sng, nn
c kh nng phn tn nh sng.
S nhiu x nh sng bi cc ht lm cho mi ht
tr thnh mt im pht sng v mi hng.

79
 C th:
Nu cc ht c << th nh
sng phn ln phn tn theo gc
0oC v 180oC so vi tia ti.
Nu cc ht ln nh mt t ( <
) hay ln hn mt t ( > ): th
nh sng ch yu phn tn theo
hng tia ti.

: kch thc ht
: bc sng ca
tia sng ti
Hin tng phn x nh sng Hin tng phn tn nh sng
80
 Ta c th rt ra mt s kt lun nh sau :
Ht keo c kch thc cng ln (V cng ln ) tn
x cng mnh.
Nng ht cng ln, nh sng b tn x cng
mnh.
nh sng ti c bc sng cng ngn cng b tn
x mnh khi chiu vo h keo.
Nh vy, nu chiu chm nh sng trng vo h keo
th nh sng v da cam b tn x yu nht, (tia sng
c bc sng di th tnh xuyn thu ln) tri li nh
sng xanh v tm b tn x mnh nht khi mi iu
kin khc ca h keo nh nhau.

81
 Phng trnh khuch tn Rayleigh
2
n n 2
.v 22
I pt 24.
3

1 0
I0
n 2n
2 4 2
1 0

I pt : cng nh sng khuch tn

I0: cng ca nh sng ti
n1, n0: chit sut ca pha phn tn v mi trng phn tn
: nng ca ht phn tn
: th tch mi ht phn tn
: bc sng tia ti

Hay I : cng nh sng khuch tn

2 k : hng s ph thuc cng tia ti, chit xut
n.v ca mi trng v ca pha phn tn.
I k. n : s ht keo trong mt n v th ca h keo
4
: th tch mi ht phn tn
: bc sng tia ti
82
 Mt s phng php quang hc khc c ng dng trong
vic nghin cu h phn tn.

Knh hin vi in t truyn qua

(Transmission Electron Microscope)

83
 S hp th nh sng ca h keo

Ni chung, cc h phn tn bao gm cc dung dch thc, dung

dch keo, h phn tn th nu c mu v khng trong sut th
u c kh nng hp th nh sng nhng mc khc nhau.
Mu sc ca dung dch keo ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: bn
cht ca cht phn tn v mi trng phn tn, nng , hnh
dng ht, bc sng nh sng, gc nhn..
nh sng trng l tp hp ca nhiu ng sng n sc vi bc
sng khc nhau. Do s phn tn v hp th nh sng ca h
keo m nh sng ti mt chng ta s c s tri hn ca ng
sng mu , ngha l h keo c mu sc.

84
 v d:
Hng ngc (mu ) hay bch ngc (mu xanh).
l nhng h keo c mu sc..

Dung dch asen sufua vi b dy 1cm , thm ch vi

nng rt nh (mt phn As2S3 trong 8.105 phn
nc ) c mu vng,..
Dung dch keo vng kim loi vi nng nh (mt
phn Au trong 108 phn nc ) c mu .

85
 Nhn chung, mu sc ca sol kim loi c mu sc rt phc tp.
Nguyn nhn l do sol kim loi va hp th mnh nh sng li va
phn tn nh sng.
nh lut Lambert - Beer
Il l lC
T 10 10
Io
Trong :
T: truyn qua.
: h s hp th ca cht.
: mol hp th, .C
l: khong cch nh sng truyn
qua.

86
 Kho st s khuch tn nh sng lm sng t
chuyn ng Brown ca ht phn tn v c im
siu vi th ca cc h keo.
Hin tng hp th v khuch tn nh sng ca
cc h phn tn gip chng ta gii thch mu sc
cc h keo, cc hin tng mu sc trong t nhin,
trong thin vn, hng hi, hng khng .

Do c vn dng rt nhiu trong cc lnh

vc k trn (tn hiu sng, chp nh, d bo thi
tit)

87
88
 cnh sen: (Magrita), Vng: (Yellow) v Xanh c-ban:
(Cyan)
Ngi ta gi h mu ny l CMY hay h mu
V l thuyt th 3 mu ny c th pha thnh tt c cc mu, v d:
mu c T quc
cnh sen: + Vng: = c
hoc pha mu xanh l cy, ta dng:
Xanh c-ban: + Vng: = Xanh l cy
Vi cch ho trn nh vy, ta c 1 bng ho mu c bn nh
sau:

89
90
91
92
93
 Tnh cht in ca h phn tn

Tnh cht in ca h phn tn cng l tnh cht b

mt ca h vi d th ng thi n cng l tnh cht c
trng ca h keo, n quyt nh tnh in ng, tnh
phn tn, tnh hp ph trao i ion ca h

Tnh cht in, l c s ca cc phng php

phn tch tch nhng vi ht, nhng cht in ly
cao phn t lm bn hoc n nh h v nhiu
phng php k thut cng ngh khc.

94
 Cu to ca ht keo
V d 1:

95
 Nu [Ag+] (hay [AgNO3]) d, ta c ht keo c cu to nh
sau:

Nu [I- ](hay [KI]) d, ta c ht keo c cu to nh sau:

x
({[mAgI ]nI (n x) K } ) xK
96
 Tng hp ph c cu to dy c tng i n
nh t khi b bin i bi ngoi cnh. Trong
tng hp ph cc ion quyt nh th gn cht
vi b mt nhn keo, c mt s ion i lin kt
vi b mt rn bng lc tnh in v c th c
lc hp ph (lc tng tc phn t), c th cn
c cc phn t dung mi do tnh sonvat ha
(solvation) ca cc ion.
97
 Tng khuch tn c cu to gm nhng ion ngc
du vi ion keo, phn b xung quanh ion keo v ch
tng tc tnh in vi ion y. Tng khuch tn rt linh
ng lun bin i theo tnh cht mi trng ca h.
V d 2: Nh tng git FeCl3 vo nc si th FeCl3 s
thy phn.
FeCl3 3H 2O Fe(OH )3 3HCl
Sn phm thu c l h keo dng Fe(OH)3 mu , cng thc cu
to nh sau:

{[mFe(OH )3 ]nFeO (n x)Cl }x xCl

98
 Ion FeO+ l ion quyt nh in tch nn quyt nh th do
FeOCl c sinh ra trong phn ng.
V d 3: Keo Al(OH)3 l keo v c lng tnh. V trong dung
dch nc phn t Al(OH)3 c trng thi cn bng Acid Base.

OH Al (OH ) 2 Al (OH )3 Al (OH )2 O H
Cng thc ca ht keo.
xAl ( OH )2
{[mAl (OH ) ] 3 yAl ( OH ) O }zA
2

Khi x > y th ion Al(OH )2+ l ion quyt nh th, c ht keo

dng Al(OH)3, trong tng khuch tn gm z ion A trong a
s l anion. Khi y > x th ion Al(OH)2O- l ion quyt nh th, c
ht keo m Al(OH)3, trong tng khuch tn a s l cation.

99
 Do trng thi cn bng nn phn ng:

OH Al (OH ) 2 Al (OH )3 Al (OH )2 O H
ph thuc pH mi trng nn du in tch hat keo
Al(OH)3 s thay i khi pH mi trng bin i.
Qua ba v d trn chng ta nhn thy rng:
Ion quyt nh th phi l ion ging vi thnh phn ca nhn
keo hoc ion tng t.
Du in tch ca ion quyt nh th cng l du in tch ion
keo.
Nu l keo m th tng khuch tn gm nhng cation.
Nu l keo dng th tng khuch tn gm cc anion.
Nu l keo lng tnh th tng khuch tn bao gm c cation
v anion.
100
 Ti sao cc ht trong dung dch li mang in?
S hp ph chn lc ca mt ion c trng hin din trong
dung dch.
V
d: thm dung dch long KI vo dung dch AgNO3 d ht keo AgI
mang in tch dng.
S ion ho cc nhm chc b mt nh COOH. in tch l
mt hm theo pH.
V d: Protein im ng in
Trong dung dch kim: anion
Trong dung dch axit: cation

ti pH m protein xut hin ion zweitter, trung

ho v in, mc d c hai nhm u c ion.
Ti im ng in tch, kh nng tan ca
protein l nh nht v s kt ta l d nht
S khc nhau hng s in mi gi ht v mi trng
phn tn.

101
102
 V d:
1. Vit cng thc cu to ht keo to thnh sau
khi trn 100ml dung dch AgNO3 0,001M vi.
a/ 80ml dung dch KI 0,0015M
b/ 80ml dung dch KI 0,001M
2. Dung dch cha 2g protit A trong 100ml c p sut
thm thu 7,083.10-3 atm, 250C. Tnh khi lng phn
t protit A?

3. Huyt tng mu cha 40g albumin M=69.000 v

20g globulin M= 160.000 trong 1lt dung dch. Tnh p
sut thm thu keo ca dung dch 370C ?

103
 4. Tnh h s khuch tn trong nc 250C nht l
0,01 poa mt phn t hnh cu X khi lng l 105g ?
Bit khi lng ring ca X l 1,37g cm-3.

5. H s khuch tn ca glubilin trong 1 dung dch nc

l 4.10-7 cm2.s-1 250C. Gi s rng phn t c dng
hnh cu, tnh khi lng phn t ca n ? Bit rng
250C nht ca nc l 0,01005 poa v khi lng
ring ca glubilin l 1,33 g. cm-3

104
 TNH BN CA CC H KEO V S KEO T

Tnh bn v tnh keo t hoc tnh ng t l nhng tnh

cht c bn ca cc h keo.
Cc tnh cht gn lin vi tnh siu vi d th v tnh
cht ca b mt cc ht, t mi lin h gia b mt
ht keo vi mi trng v vi cc yu t bn ngoi
khc.
Cn thit phi hiu c yu t ch yu quyt nh tnh
bn, nguyn tc keo t, c ch tc dng ca cc yu t
lm bn hoc gy ng t
Nghin cu cc tnh cht gip chng ta iu khin
h phn tn s dng h phn tn c hiu qu.

105
 Tnh bn ca cc h keo
L thuyt v tnh bn
Tnh bn ca h phn tn gn lin vi tnh
phn tn ca h. Thi gian m ht phn b
ng u trong h cng di th tnh bn ca
h cng cao.
Tri vi tnh bn l tnh keo t hoc ng t
l tnh kt dnh, tnh tp hp ng vn v
sa lng. Khi xy ra keo t l lc tnh bn ca
h bin mt, tnh phn tn khng cn. Kt
qu l dung dch keo tch thnh 2 pha r rt:
pha keo t ch gm cc ht ca cht phn tn
v pha lng ch gm mi trng phn tn.
106
 Tnh bn ng hc v tnh bn nhit ng
hc:
Cn c vo tnh phn tn v tnh kt dnh, tnh
bn ca h c 2 loi l tnh bn ng hc v
tnh bn nhit ng hc.
Tnh bn ng hc hay tnh bn phn b: l kh
nng chng li s sa lng ca ht.
Cc ht keo c chuyn ng nhit, tnh cht ny
chng li s sa lng ca ht. Gi (phi) l i lng
c trng cho tnh bn phn b, th t l nghch
vi tc sa lng ca ht.
v: tc sa lng
1 k t r: bn knh ht phn tn
2 h: cao m ht sa lng c trong thi gian t
k: hng s i s mt h phn tn xc nh, nhit
v r h khng i
107
 Vy:
Tnh bn ng hc t l nghch vi kch thc ht
phn tn. Kch thc ht cng ln, tnh bn ng hc
ca ht cng nh.
Tnh bn ng hc () cho bit thi gian sa lng ca
ht. l thi gian ht sa lng c 1cm. Thi
gian sa lng cng di th tnh bn ng hc cng cao.

Thi gian sa lng ca cc ht SiO2 (khi lng ring 2,7gcm-3) trong

nc ( = 0,0115 poa, khi lng ring = 1g.cm-3).

Bn knh ht ( r), cm 10-3 10-5 10-5 10-6 10-7

Tc sa lng (cm.s-1) 3,2 .10-2 3,2.10-4 3,2.10-6 3,2.10-8 3,2.10-10

Hng chc
Thi gian sa lng (s) 31 giy 52 pht 86,6 gi 360 ngy
nm

108
 Tnh bn nhit ng hc hay tnh bn tp hp: L
kh nng chng li s tp hp ca ht.
Cc ht phn tn c khuynh hng kt dnh nhm
gim nng lng b mt ca h. Do , tnh bn tp
hp gn lin vi tnh cht b mt ca ht. Cc yu t
tng cng kh nng chng li s kt dnh u c
tc dng lm tng tnh bn cho h.
Tnh bn ng hc v tnh bn nhit ng hc mu
thun vi nhau ???: kch thc cc ht cng nh th
tnh bn ng hc cng ln nhng tnh bn nhit
ng hc ca h cng km.

109
 Cc quy tc keo t bng cht in ly.
Ion gy keo t c in tch ngc du vi
ion keo.
Ngng keo t t l nghch vi ho tr ca
ion gy keo t.
Ngng keo t (Cn) ca cht in ly i
vi s keo t l nng ti thiu ca cht
in ly cn c trong h keo hin tng
keo t bt u xut hin:
C.Vdl
Cn
Vk Vdl
C: nng (mol/l, mmol/l) dung dch in ly
Vk v Vdl: cc th tch h keo v th tch dung
dch in ly
110
 p dng:

Vd: bt u xy ra keo t 100ml h

keo As2S3 cn 42,86ml dung dch NaNO3
1M hoc 20ml dung dch MgCl2 0,15M.
Tnh ngng keo t mi trng hp?

111
 Quy tc Schulze Hardy: Ngng keo t t l nghch
vi ho tr lu tha 6 ca ion gy keo t:

k k: hng s
Cn 6
zi zi : ho tr ion gy keo t
Nu gi ngng keo t ca cc ion ho tr I, II, III ln
lt l C(I), C(II), C(III) th quan h gia chng l:

1 1
CI : CII : CIII 1: 6 : 6 1: 0, 016 : 0, 0013 769 :12 :1
2 3

Theo quy tc trn: tc ng gy keo t ca ion ha tr

III mnh hn hng chc ln ion ho tr II v hng
trm ln so vi ion ho tr I.

112
 Ngng keo t Cn i vi keo m As2S3 bi cc cation v
vi keo dng Fe(OH)3 bi cc anion.

113
 Ngng keo t Cn i vi keo m AgI bi cc cation v i vi keo dng
Al(OH)3 bi cc anion

114
 i vi ion gy keo t cng ho tr, ion no hydrat ho
cng mnh (bn knh hydrat cng ln) cng in
trng ca n cng nh, tc dng gy keo t ca n
cng km. i vi cc ion kim loi kim, tc dng gy
keo t ca chng tng dn nh sau:
Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+
bn knh hydrat ca ion gim dn theo dy .
V d: so snh cc ion

Kh nng keo t Li+ < < K+ < Cs+

Na+
Kh nng hydrat ha Li+ > > K+ > Cs+
Na+
Bn knh ion, angstrom 0,78 0,98 1,33

115
 CC H KEO TRONG MI TRNG LNG V KH

H trong mi trng lng

Nh tng:
L
h phn tn cao ca t nht hai cht lng m
thng thng khng ho tan c vi nhau, mt
pha l pha phn tn, pha kia gi l mi trng
phn tn. C ba dng:
H du trong nc (a): v d: mayonnaise, kem sa
H nc trong du (b): v d: b, magarine

H nc trong du trong nc

116
 hai cht lng khng tan ln nhau ho tan vo
nhau?????

117
 Cht nh ho: l cht lm gim sc cng b mt
ca cc pha, nhm duy tr s n nh cu trc ca
h nh tng.

Cht nh ho

118
 A. Two immiscible liquids, not yet emulsified.
B. An emulsion of Phase II dispersed in Phase I.
C. The unstable emulsion progressively separates.
D. The surfactant (purple outline) positions itself on the interfaces between
Phase II and Phase I, stabilizing the emulsion
119
 S o pha nh tng:
Du / Nc(D/N) Nc / Du(N/D)

V d: Natri Oleat c tnh u nc, Canxi oleat c tnh u du

2C17H33COONa + CaCl2 (C17H33COO)2Ca 2NaCl

120
 H trong mi trng Kh
Sol kh l cc h phn tn lng (L) hoc rn (R) trong mi trng
kh.
V d: H L/K l sng m; h R/K l khi, bi
Ta cng thng gp cc h l hn hp ca ba loi trn: keo kh trong cc
thnh ph cng nghip cha c khi v bi: thng c gi l smog.
Keo kh thng c kch thc nm trong khong 10-7 10-5 cm.

Tn, h Kch thc ht,

cm
Sng m 5. 10-5
My tng 10-4 10-3
My ma 10-3 10-2
Bi thin 10-4 10-2
nhin
Khi thuc 10-5 10-4
l
Khi P2O5 10-4 10-2
Khi ZnO 5. 10-6

121
 *Ph lc: Tn gi cc ch ci Hy lp

122