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2/9/2017 BlendedWingBody|SeminarReport,PPT,PDFforMechanical

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PublishedonJan10,2016

Abstract
BlendedWingBody(BWB)aircrafthaveaflattenedandairfoilshapedbody,whichproducesmostofthelift,thewingscontributingthebalance.Thebodyformis
composed of distinct and separate wing structures, though the wings are smoothly blended into the body. For more visit www.akfunworld.co.nr Page 2 Blended
WingBodyBywayofcontrast,flyingwingdesignsaredefinedasataillessfixedwingaircraftwhichhasnodefinitefuselage,withmostofthecrew,payloadand
equipmentbeinghousedinsidethemainwingstructure.

Blendedwingbodyhaslifttodragratio50%greaterthanconventionalairplane.ThusBWBincorporatesdesignfeaturesfrombothafuturisticfuselageandflying
wingdesign.ThepurportedadvantagesoftheBWBapproachareefficienthighliftwingsandawideairfoilshapedbody.Thisenablestheentirecrafttocontribute
toliftgenerationwiththeresultofpotentiallyincreasedfueleconomyandrange.

Aflyingwingisatypeoftaillessaircraftdesignandhasbeenknownsincetheearlydaysofaviation.Sinceawingisnecessaryofanyaircraft,removingeverything
else,likethetailandfuselages,resultsinadesignwiththelowestpossibledrag.SuccessfulapplicationsofthisconfigurationareforexampletheH09andlaterH
0229developedbyHortonBrothersforNazisduring1942.

Latter Northrop started designing flying such as NIM in 1942 and later XB 35 Bomber which flew first in 1942. In 1988, when NASA Langley Research Centres
DennisBushnellaskedthequestion:Istherearenaissanceforthelonghaultransport?therewascauseforreaction.Inresponse,abriefpreliminarydesignstudy
wasconductedatMcDonnellDouglastocreateandevaluatealternateconfigurations.Apreliminaryconfigurationconcept,showninFig.1.4,wastheresult.

Here, the pressurized passenger compartment consisted of adjacent parallel tubes, a lateral extension of the doublebubble concept. Comparison with a
conventionalconfigurationairplanesizedforthesamedesignmissionindicatedthattheblendedconfigurationwassignificantlylighter,hadahigherlifttodragratio,
andhadasubstantiallylowerfuelburn.InmoderneraafterB2Bomber(1989)blendedwingbodywasusedforstealthoperations.

The unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) named X47 in year 2003 was subjected to test flights. Flight test began on 20th July and the first flight reached an
altitude of 7500 feet MSL (2286 m) and lasted for 31 min. On 4th September first remotely piloted aircraft was stalled. Latest being the NASA and Boeing
successfully completed initial flight testing of Boeing X48B on March 19, 2010. The Blended Wing Body (BWB) is the relatively new aircraft concept that has
potentialuseasacommercialormilitaryuseaircraft,cargodeliveryorasfueltanker

FormulationOfBWBConcept:
NASA Langley Research Centre funded a small study at McDonnell Douglas to develop and compare advanced technology subsonic Transports for the design
missionof800passengersanda7000nmilerangeataMachnumberof0.85.Compositestructureandadvancedtechnologyturbofanswereutilized.Definingthe
pressurizedpassengercabinforaverylargeairplaneofferstwochallenges.

First,thesquarecubelaw*showsthatthecabinsurfaceareaperpassengeravailableforemergencyegressdecreaseswithincreasingpassengercount.Second,
cabin pressure loads are most efficiently taken in hoop tension. Thus, the early study began with an attempt to use circular cylinders for the fuselage pressure
vessel,alongwiththecorrespondingfirstcutattheairplanegeometry.Theenginesareburiedinthewingroot,anditwasintendedthatpassengerscouldegress
fromthesidesofboththeupperandlowerlevels.Clearly,theconceptwasheadedbacktoaconventionaltubeandwingconfiguration.

Therefore,itwasdecidedtoabandontherequirementfortakingpressureloadsinhooptensionandtoassumethatanalternateefficientstructuralconceptcouldbe
developed.RemovalofthisconstraintbecamepivotalforthedevelopmentoftheBWB.Passengercabindefinitionbecametheoriginofthedesign,withthehoop
tensionstructuralrequirementdeleted.ThreecanonicalformsshowninFig2.1a,eachsizedtohold800passengerswereconsidered.Thespherehasminimum
surfaceareahowever,itisnotstreamlined.

Twocanonicalstreamlinedoptionsincludetheconventionalcylinderandadisk,bothofwhichhavenearlyequivalentsurfacearea.Next,eachofthesefuselagesis
placed on a wing that has a total surface area of 1393.54 sqm. Now the effective masking of the wing by the disk fuselage results in a reduction of total
aerodynamicwettedareaof650sqmcomparedtothecylindricalfuselagepluswinggeometry,asshowninFig2.1b.

Next,addingengines(Fig2.1c)providesadifferenceintotalwettedareaof947.6sqm.(Weightandbalancerequirethattheenginesbelocatedaftonthedisk
configuration.)Finally,addingtherequiredcontrolsurfacestoeachconfigurationasshowninFig2.1dresultsinatotalwettedareadifferenceof1328.5sqm,ora
reductionof33%.BecausethecruiselifttodragFormorevisitwww.akfunworld.co.nrPage6BlendedWingBodyratioisrelatedtothewettedareaaspectratio,the
BWBconfigurationimpliedasubstantialimprovementinaerodynamicefficiency.

Aerodynamics:
Some insight into the aerodynamic design of the BWB is provided in Fig 4.2, where the trade between wing chord, thickness, and lift coefficient is shown. The
outboardwingismoderatelyloaded,similartoaconventionalconfiguration,wheredragisminimizedwithabalancebetweenthewettedareaandshockstrength.
Movinginboard,thecenterbody,withitsverylargechord,callsforcorrespondinglylowersectionliftcoefficientstomaintainanellipticspanload.Thelowsectionlift
requirementallowstheverythickairfoilsforpackagingthepassengercompartmentandtrailingedgereflexforpitchtrim.

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NavierStokes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology in both the inverse design and direct solution modes was employed to define the final BWB
geometry.Thetypicalshockontheoutboardwingissmearedintoacompressionwaveonthecenterbody.Theflowpatternonthecenterbodyremainedessentially
invariantwithangleofattack,andflowseparationisinitiatedinthekinkregionbetweentheoutboardwingandthecenterbody.Outerwingflowremainsattached,
providinglateralcontrolintothestallregime.

Similarly, the flow over the centerbody remains attached and provides a nearly constant flow environment for the engine inlets. This flow behaviour is a
consequenceofsignificantlateralflowonthecenterbodythatprovidesathreedimensionalreliefofcompressibilityeffects.However,thereliefonthecenterbodyis
tradedforatransonicallystressedflowenvironmentinthekinkregion.Thisistheidealspanwiselocationforthestalltobegin,fromaflightmechanicspointofview:
Theaileronsremaineffective,andpitchupisavoided.

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