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Hints & Solutions

SECTION A In the formation of cation the atom loses
1. It proves that atoms contain massive, positively electrons. It acquires +1 charge by loss of 1
charged centre called nucleus. (1 mark) electron. So in the formation of U+2 ion, an atom
2. Bilaterally symmetrical means the left and right of Uranium has lost two electrons.
halves of the body have same designs.(1 mark) \ Number of electrons in U+2 ion = 92 2
3. The upward force experienced by a body when = 90
partly or wholly immersed in a fluid is called There is no change in number of protons
upthrust. (1 mark) \ Number of protons in U+2 ion = 92
4. Role of algae Preparing food for fungus.
(1+1=2 marks)
Role of fungi Providing shelter to algae.
9. 23g of Na = 6.023 1023 atoms
(12 = 2 marks)
5. (i) Through water 6
\ 6g of Na = 6.023 1023 atoms
(ii) Through sexual contact. (12 = 2 marks) 23
6. Sound is a form of energy which produces a = 1.57 1023 atom
sensation of hearing in our ears. (1 mark) Again 6.023 1023 atoms of K are present in
Sound is produced due to vibration of different = 39g of K
materials. (1 mark)
1 1
1 atom of K is present in
7. Here, m = 20 kg, u = 5ms , v = 2ms
Work done = Change in K.E. 39
= g of K
1 2 1 1 6.023 1023
2 2 2
or W = mv - mu = m(v - u ) (1 mark)
2 2 2 1.57 1023 atoms of K are present in

1 39 1.57 1023
= 20 (22 - 52 ) = 10 (4 - 25) = g = 10.16 g
2 (3 marks)
6.023 1023
= -10 21 = 210 J (1 mark)
10. (a) Mass of 1 atom = 2.65 1023g
The negative sign indicates the retarding nature
Atomic mass = Mass of 6.023 1023 atoms
of the applied force.
8. (a) Number of protons = 24 12 = 12 \ g atomic mass
Number of electrons = 12 = 6.023 1023 2.65 1023 U = 15.97 g
K LM The element having atomic mass 16g is
Electronic configuration = 2, 8, 2 oxygen. (1 marks)
Number of valence electrons = 2 (b) Molecular mass of CuSO4.5H2O
\ Valency = 2 (1 mark) = 63.5 + 32 + 64 + 5 18
(b) In a neutral atom, number of protons = 63.5 + 96 + 90 = 249.5
= number of electrons Number of moles of CuSO4.5H2O in 24.95 mg
\ In Uranium (Z = 92), we have
Atomic number (Z) = number of electrons 24.95 10 3
= = 104 moles
= number of protons = 92 249.5
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Molecules of water of crystallisation
present in 1 mole of CuSO4.5H2O
= 5 6.023 1023
\ 104 moles of CuSO4.5H2O contains
molecules of water of crystallisation
= 5 6.023 1023 104
= 30.115 1019 moleculs
= 3.01 1020 molecules. (1 marks)
11. In case of any infection our immune system
becomes active and it recruits some cells to the
affected tissue to kill the microbes. This
recruitment process is called inflammation due
to which general effects like fever is produced.
So, fever is a good sign which indicates that our
immume system is working well to fight the
microbes of disease. (3 marks)
12. Bryophytes are fundamentally terrestrial plants
but they require water for dehiscence of
antheridia, liberation and swimming of
antherozoids, fertilization of egg, opening of
archegonial neck and entry of sperms into the
archegonium. Because of such peculiar habitat
they have been most appropriately called the
amphibians of the plant kingdom. (3 marks)
13. (a) Organism A belongs to kingdom
Protista.Protista include all unicellular
eukaryotic microogrganisms. (1 mark)
(b) Organism B belon gs to kingdom
Monera.The Kingdom Monera includes all
prokaryotes-mycoplasma, bacteria,
actinomycetes and cyanobacteria or blue
green algae. (1 mark)
(c) Organism C belongs to kingdom Plantae;
division Thallophyta and class Algae. Algae
are plants because they have chlorophylla,
cellulosic cell wall, starch as reserve food
and absorbtion of food in liquid form.
(1 mark)
14. Yes, sound follows the same laws of reflection
as light does. (1 mark)
The directions in which sound is incident and
reflected make equal angles with the normal to
the reflecting surface. The incident wave, the
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reflected wave and the normal at the point of
incidence all lie in the same plane. (2 marks)
15. (i) An object sinks in water if its density is
greater than that of water. (1 marks)
or if the buoyant force of water is greater
than the weight of object.
(ii) An object floats on water when its density
is less than that of water.
or if the buoyant force is less than the
weight of the object. (1 marks)
16. (a) Sound waves travel through a medium in
the form of compressions and rarefactions.
The particles of the medium thus move to
and fro along the direction of propagation
of the sound wave. That is why, the sound
waves are called longitudinal waves.
(2 marks)
(b) The audible range of frequency in humans
is 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz (1mark)
17. Work is done by a constant force when a body
moves in the direction of applied force. As shown
in figure, suppose a force F acts on a body. The
body moves through a distance s in the direction
of the force.
Work done = Force Displacement (2 marks)
or W = Fs
F F
s
Thus, work done by a force acting on a body is
equal to the magnitude of the force multiplied by
the distance moved in the direction of the force.
(1mark)
18. Ozone layer protects the organisms of the earth
from harmful ultraviolet radiations. Chloro fluoro
carbons or CFCs are released in the atmosphere
due to various activities of man which persist in
the atmosphere. On reaching the ozone layer
they react with ozone molecules which results in
reduction of ozone layer called depletion of ozone
layer. A hole in ozone layer over Antartica
indicates depletion of ozone layer. (3 marks)

19. Excessive and indiscriminate use of pesticides
causes air, water and soil pollution and adversely
affects human beings. (1 mark)
The pesticides are either inhaled or taken
through food and drinks. They accumulate in
the body and may get biologically magnified
with time as they pass through the food chain.
Pesticides have been reported to induce cancer,
growth of tumours and have mutagenic effects
in man. (2 marks)
20. (a) The conclusions are :
(i) Most of the space inside the atom is
hollow or empty.
(ii) There is a positive centre in the atom
which is a charged heavy body and is
known as nucleus.
(iii) The total volume occupied by nucleus
is very small compared to the total
volume of the atom.
Drawbacks of Rutherfords Model : Rutherfords
atomic model provides a reasonable view of the
atom but it does not convey regarding the
positions of electrons relative to each other and
to the nucleus or to their state of motion around
the positively charged nucleus.
(1 + 1 = 3 marks)
(b) Rutherfords experiment with large angle
scattering of alpha-particles by a metal foil negated
Thomsons model of the atom as an intimate
mixture of negative and positive particles.
(2 marks)
21. Sub kingdom Cryptogamae includes three
divisions i.e., thallophyta, bryophyta and
pteridophyts. Crytogams are seedless and
flowerless plants, reproductive organs are
inconspicuous and they reproduce by producing
spores. On the other hand plants in sub-kingdom
phanerogamae, includes angiosperms and
gymnosperms, which are flowering plants and
produce seeds. They have well differentiated
reproductive organs and there is an embryonic
stage during the life cycle. (3 marks)
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(2 marks)
22. Conservation of energy during the osicllations
of a simple pendulum. As shown in figure, a
simple pendulum consists of a spherical metal
bob suspended by a thread from a fixed support.
As the bob is displaced to end A, it gains
potential energy. As it is released from rest, its
kinetic energy begins to increase. At an
intermediate position like C, the energy is partly
kinetic and partly potential. At mean position O,
the energy is totally kinetic. At the end B, again
the energy becomes totally potential. Total
mechanical energy (K.E. + P.E) remains constant
at all points. (2 marks)
S
all P.E
A v=0
B
C h
all P.E O
v=0
all K.E Part K.E
h=0 +Part P.E (1 mark)
Conservation of energy in a simple pendulum
The energy of the body is gradually spent in
doing work against the force of friction at the
point of suspension and also against friction of
air. The energy spent is converted into heat. There
is no violation of the law of conservation of
energy. Due to decrease in the energy of the
bob, its amplitude of oscillation decreases with
time and eventually the bob comes to rest.
(2 marks)

23. (i) Archimedes' principle: When a body is
immersed fully or partially in a fluid, it
experiences an upward force that is equal
to the weight of the fluid displaced by it.
(1 mark)
Applications of Archimedes' principle:
Archimedes' principle is applied for
(a) determination of density and relative
density of substances and
(b) the design of ships and submarines
(2 marks)
(ii) Buoyant force depends upon the following
two factors.
1. Density of fluid-bouyant force is
directly proportional to the fluid
density.
2. Volume of the body immersed in the
fluid - buoyant force is maximum when
the body is completely immersed in the
fluid. (2 marks)
24. The addition of undesirable substances to water
and removal of desirable substances from water
is called water-pollution. (2 marks)
The main causes of water pollution are as follows:
(i) Addition of harmful substances to water
The pesticides and fertilizers used in farming
dissolves in water and makes the water
impure. Sewage from towns and cities and
wastes from factories are also dumped into
the rivers and lakes. Poisonous substances
like mercury salts are also released from
paper-industries which make the water
harmful for us. Water also gets polluted due
to mans activities-like bathing, washing etc.
(1 mark)
(ii) Removal of desirable substances from
water Oxygen dissolved in water is used
by animals and plants living in water. Any
chan ge th at r educes the amount of
dissolved oxygen would adversely affect
aquatic organisms. Biochemical oxygen
demand or BOD of water will increase and
water is said to be polluted. It is mainly due
to disposal of sewage and wastes in the
water. (1 mark)
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(iii) Change in water temperature The
aquatic organisms are adapted to a certain
range of temperature in the water body. Any
change in the water temperature would be
dangerous for their existence. Th e
industries use water for cooling purpose
and later return hot water to rivers. In dams
water is colder inside but on the surface
which gets heated by sun. When water is
released from dams the temperature
changes. The changed water temperature
affects the breeding of organisms. The eggs
and leave of aquatice animals are very
sensitive to temperature changes. (1 mark)
SECTION B
25. (a) Speed of sound is greater in liquids than in
gases.
26. (a)
27. (b) Due to Buoyant force, reading of A will be
less than 2 kg and that of B will be more
than 5 kg.
28. (c) Upthrust = weight of 40 cm3 of water
= 40 g. = down thrust on water
29. (a) According to law of reflection of sound
waveangle of incidence is always equal to
angle of reflection.
30. (b) Volume of solid = V2 V1
31. (d) i = r
32. (a) When the weight of the object is greater
than the liquid displaced then it will sink.
33. (b)
34. (a) To get correct reading
(i) Solid should not touch the bottom of
the vessel
(ii) Solid should be completely immersed
in fluid.
35. (b)
36. (b) In cockroaches, both male and female have
anal cerci which are jointed structures. But
in male, in addition, there is a paired
unjointed needle like anal style which serve
to distinguish between the male and the
female.

37. (c)
38. (a) The leaf is ditinguishable into three parts
namely leaf base, petiole and lamina. The
main role of stipule is to protect the young
axillary buds.
39. (c) According to law of mass conservation,
total mass of reactants is equal to total mass
of products.
40. (d) All the above possibilities can result into
loss of products formed there by creating
difference between mass of reactants and
products.
41. (a) Spirogyra belongs to class Chlorophyceae
(green alge) havin g spir al-shaped
chloroplast.
42. (c) A is earthworm having bilaterally
symmetrical and triploblastic. B is cockroach
which has an open circulatory system. D
belongs to class Aves and has exoskeleton
feather.
SECTION C
43. According to the table given, the cities which
are in danger range of NO2- Kolkata, Delhi,
Raipur According to the table given, the cities
which are in danger range of PM10- All the cities
given in the table except Malappuram(kerala).
According to the table given, the cities which
are in danger range of SO2: None of the cities in
the given table is present in danger range of SO2.
Several factors are responsible for the acute air
pollution in Raipur and Delhi are:
Toxic industrial waste, domestic waste.
Too many vehicles (rough estimates say
the number of vehicles has doubled in the
last two years),
Rapidly increasing constructions and fast
growing population.
PM10 comes from man-made sources such
as burning coal, oil, wood and light fuel oil
in domestic fires, motor vehicles and
industrial processes.
Natural sources of particles include sea salt,
dust, pollens and volcanic activity.
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Possible effects of these dangerous levels-
No one can escape toxic air. Short - term
respiratory and cardiac effects as well as long-
term cancer and other metabolic and cellular
effects. Toxic effects like cancer surface after a
long latency period. Therefore, exposure to air
pollution will have to be reduced today to reduce
the burden of diseases. These effects include
premature death, as well as increases in the
incidence of chronic heart and lung disease.
Effects on health from PM10 exposure: Brain:
Strokes; Lungs: Inflammation, Respiratory
problems, reduced lung function, chronic
bronchitis, Lung cancer, Asthma
Heart: Heart attacks, Cardiovascular issues,
increased heart rate
Blood: High blood pressure, reduced oxygen
levels, changes blood vessel structure, increased
blood thickness;
44. (a) Above lines suggest, agriculture to be
promoted and implemented.
(b) Benefits of agriculture ecologically-
More agricultural production will
ensure that every person in state will
have economic access to food because
of increase in production and cost cut
will make food cheaper. As this will be
sustainable kind of agr iculture
revolution, state will also be able to
make its agriculture sector ecologically
safe.
Due to agriculture soil erosion will be
reduced to a great level.
Rain water or flood water can be hold
by the roots of crops which will result
in the decrease of the speed of the
flowing water leading to less
destruction.
It will also contribute to the
preservation of biodiversity of the
region.
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Benefits of agriculture economically- Increase in the export of agricultural

Increase in agricultural production and goods- The surplus agricultural
productivity- As agriculture produce will enter the world market and
production will increase, state will be agriculture sector will be able to tap
safe from food security concern. the benefits of globalization thus,
farmers, rural areas and agri-business
Increase in National Income- Increase
will be able to feel the benefits of
in agricultural production of state will
economic reforms and globalization.
also lead to the increase in GDP of the
country. Increase in share of trade.
Increase in employments- It will create Reduction in poverty.
gainful employment sources in the
agriculture sector on which more than
58% of the population of the state
depends for its livelihood.

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