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TECHNOLOGY Vocabs
Analogue
Analogue is a conventional method of transmitting data. Standard landline telephones use analogue
technology. It is distinct from digital technology, which provides for greater quality and speed of data
transmission.

Assistive technology
Assistive technology refers to any software or hardware that acts to assist and improve the functional
capabilities of people with disabilities. Examples include wheelchairs, prosthetics, voice-to-text
technology and text-to-speech technology.

Attachment

Bandwidth
Bandwidth refers to the maximum amount of data that can travel a communications path in a given
time, usually measured in seconds.

Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a wireless communications technology intended to replace cables. It allows short-range
connections between two or more Bluetooth-compatible devices such as mobile phones, tablets,
headsets or medical equipment.

Broadband
Broadband is a type of communications technology whereby a single wire can carry more than one
type of signal at once; for example, audio and video. Cable TV is one technology that uses
broadband data transmission.

Browser
A software program that allows you to surf the web. Popular web browsers include Google Chrome,
Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge and Internet Explorer.

CAD
Computer-aided design (CAD) is a type of software that allows users to create 2D and 3D design
and modelling. CAD is used by architects, engineers, artists and other professionals to create
precise technical drawings.

Chip
A chip is a microprocessor that performs many functions and calculations that make your computer
run. Your computer's chip is also referred to as the CPU (Central Processing Unit) or the processor.
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Cloud computing
Cloud computing refers to the storing and accessing of data and programs over the Internet instead
of on another type of hard drive. Examples of Cloud services include iCloud, Google Cloud and
Dropbox.

Cybercrime
Cybercrime is any type of illegal activity that is undertaken (or relies heavily) on a computer. There
are thousands of types of cybercrime, including network intrusions, identity theft and the spreading of
computer viruses.

Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity refers to measures designed to protect your computer, device or network from
cybercrime. This involves preventing unintended and unauthorised access, change and damage.

Download
Downloading is the method by which users access and save or "pull down" software or other files to
their own computers from a remote computer via the Internet.

Internet
A set of interconnected networks that allow computers in different locations to exchange information.
The Internet includes services such as the world wide web, electronic mail, file transfer protocol
(FTP), chat and remote access to networks and computers.

Malware
"Malware" is short for malicious software. It refers to a software program that has been developed to
do harm to other computers. Types of malware include viruses, worms and spyware.

Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi is a technology that allows computers and other devices to communicate via a wireless signal.
Essentially, it means you can browse the internet without tripping over phone cords.

WPA
Wi-Fi protected access (WPA) is a security protocol used in wi-fi networks. It is an improvement on
WEP because it offers greater protection through more sophisticated data encryption.

Zip
To zip files is to archive and compress them into one file of smaller size using a program such as
WinZip. It's a handy way to make files smaller before sending them via email.
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Cyberspace Cyberspace is "the notional environment in which communication over computer


networks occurs." The word became popular in the 1990s when the uses of the Internet, networking,
and digital communication ...

Facebook Facebook started as a closed social networking for high school students in the US, with
the purpose of helping them keep contact with their classmates and other high school friends. It
meant to be an online yearbook, which always has all the student's faces in it, hence the name
"Facebook", but make it come to life and be dynamic. Only later it was decided to make it into an
open global social network, which is what it is today.

Facebook is a social utility, it connects the people who are living around them. And mostly this web
page is used to share something , what they know about himself r others. while many millions of
members r using social network like Facebook . In others sense social network is maintain all over
information enter world like news, any incident breaking news,that is mite use for even everyone. so
people r interested to use facebook
others twitter also

Keep track

to make certain that you know what is happening or hashappened to someone or


something:

My sister has had so many different jobs, it's hard for me to keep track (of what she's doing).

surfing the Web definition. To navigate through the World Wide Web or Internet, usually by
clicking with a mouse. The term also has a generic meaning of spending time on the Internet.

Surfing the Internet is a term typically used to describe an undirected type of web of browsing where
users whimsically follow one interesting link to another without a planned search strategy or definite
objective. Surfing the net has become a popular pastime, for many Internet users.

Surfing the Internet' is not to be confused with the phrase 'browsing the Internet' which refers to
exploring the web with a clear-cut objective but without any planned search strategies. Searching the
web refers to exploring the Internet with a definite in both strategy and objective.
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Surfing the Internet has been likened to the ironic term 'channel surfing', which is used to describe
randomly changing TV channels. Its only relation to actual surfboarding has to do with the notion of
'going with flow' when surfing.

Jean Armour Polly is credited with the first published use of the phrase. She used it in an article titled
'surfing the Internet' that was published, in the June 1992 issue of the monthly magazine, Wilson
Library Bulletin.

Polly was also key in popularizing the phrase; she maintains that she purposefully wanted it to have
the exact connotation it currently has. Coining the phrase has since been attributed to Internet
pioneer Mark McCahill.

Search Engine

a program that searches for and identifies items in a database that correspond to keywords or
characters specified by the user, used especially for finding particular sites on the World Wide Web.

Spyware is software that aims to gather information about a person or organization without their
knowledge, that may send such information to another entity without the consumer's consent, or that
asserts control over a device without the consumer's knowledge

Technophobia (from Greek techn, "art, skill, craft" and phobos, "fear") is the fear or
dislike of advanced technology or complex devices, especially computers. Although there are
numerous interpretations of technophobia, they seem to become more complex as technology
continues to evolve.

telecommunication
communication over a distance by cable, telegraph, telephone, or broadcasting.
o the branch of technology concerned with telecommunication.

Telemarketer

Individuals working to solicit sales or promotion of a product or service in a variety of industries using
the telephone for communication.

A webmaster (from web and master), also called a web architect, web developer, site author,
website administrator, website coordinator, or website publisher is a person responsible for
maintaining one or many websites.

Online chat community featuring virtual worlds inhabited by 3-D avatars.


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Virtual reality (VR) typically refers to computer technologies that use software to generate the
realistic images, sounds and other sensations that replicate a real environment (or create an
imaginary setting), and simulate a user's physical presence in this environment. VR has been
defined as "...a realistic and immersive simulation of a three-dimensional environment, created using
interactive software and hardware, and experienced or controlled by movement of the body"[1] or as
an "immersive, interactive experience generated by a computer". [2]

A person using virtual reality equipment is typically able to "look around" the artificial world, move
about in it and interact with features or items that are depicted on a screen or in goggles. Most 2016-
era virtual realities are displayed either on a computer monitor, a projector screen, or with a virtual
reality headset (also called head-mounted display or HMD). HMDs typically take the form of head-
mounted goggles with a screen in front of the eyes. Programs may include audio and sounds through
speakers or headphones.

Advanced haptic systems in the 2010s may include tactile information, generally known as force
feedback in medical, video gaming and military training applications. Some VR systems used in
video games can transmit vibrations and other sensations to the user via the game controller. Virtual
reality also refers to remote communication environments which provide a virtual presence of users
with through telepresence and telexistence or the use of a virtual artifact (VA). The immersive
environment can be similar to the real world in order to create a lifelike experience or it can differ
significantly from reality where gamers can use fictional powers.

Research has been done on learning in virtual reality, as its immersive qualities may enhance
learning. VR is used by trainers to provide learners with a virtual environment where they can
develop their skills without the real-world consequences of failing. Thomas A. Furness III was one of
the first to develop the use of VR for military training when, in 1982, he presented the Air Force with
his first working model of a virtual flight simulator he called the Visually Coupled Airborne Systems
Simulator (VCASS). The second phase of his project, which he called the "Super Cockpit", was even
more advanced, with high resolution graphics (for the time) and a responsive display. Furness is
often credited as a pioneer in virtual reality for this research. [8] VR plays an important role in combat
training for the military. It allows the recruits to train under a controlled environment where they are to
respond to different types of combat situations. A fully immersive virtual reality that uses head-
mounted display (HMD), data suits, data glove, and VR weapon are used to train for combat. This
setup allows the training's reset time to be cut down, and allows more repetition in a shorter amount
of time. The fully immersive training environment allows the soldiers to train through a wide variety of
terrains, situations and scenarios.[58]
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Heres What That Facebook Status Really Means


This will probably make you think twice before posting.

By Samantha Zabell

Next time you scroll past mushy Facebook posts about relationships, or statuses that gloat about a
personal accomplishment, consider this: research suggests those statuses can provide key insights into
their authors personalities. Scientists at Brunel University in London found that people who post often
about their romantic partners are likely suffering from low self-esteem, and people who brag seem to be
narcissists.

The research, published in Personality and Individual Differences, focused on 555 Facebook
users, who completed online personality surveys that focused on extroversion, neuroticism,
openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousnessas well as self-esteem and narcissism.

The researchers found that narcissists used Facebook specifically to promote their diet and
exercise successes, suggesting that they value physical appearance. Despite these
seemingly annoying updates, researchers saw these statuses rewarded by a high number of
likes and comments from friends.

"Although our results suggest that narcissists' bragging pays off because they receive more
likes and comments to their status updates, it could be that their Facebook friends politely
offer support while secretly disliking such egotistical displays, study author Dr. Tara
Marshall said in a statement.

As for Facebook users with low self-esteem, this isnt the first study thats discovered a
correlation between excessive status updates and relationship troubles. A
recent Northwestern University study found that one member of a couple might increase
relationship visibility by posting statuses and photos when he or she feels insecure about
the relationship. Another study from Albright College found that individuals with a high
Relationship Contingent Self-Esteem (RCSE)a negative form of self-esteemtend to post
romantic statuses to assure themselves that the relationship is going well.

Greater awareness of how ones status updates might be perceived by friends could help
people to avoid topics that annoy more than they entertain, said Marshall.
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40 Useful Words and Phrases for Top-Notch Essays


To be truly brilliant, an essay needs to utilise the right language. You could make a great point, but if
its not intelligently articulated, you almost neednt have bothered. Developing the language skills to
build an argument and to write persuasively is crucial if youre to write outstanding essays every
time. In this article, were going to equip you with the words and phrases you need to write a top-
notch essay, along with examples of how to utilise them. Its by no means an exhaustive list, and
there will often be other ways of using the words and phrases we describe that we wont have room
to include, but there should be more than enough below to help you make an instant improvement to
your essay-writing skills whether youre a native English speaker or taking your first steps into
writing essays in English.

1. In order to

Usage: In order to can be used to introduce an explanation for the purpose of an argument.

Example: In order to understand X, we need first to understand Y.

2. In other words

Usage: Use in other words when you want to express something in a different way (more
simply), to make it easier to understand, or to emphasise or expand on a point.

Example: Frogs are amphibians. In other words, they live on the land and in the water.

3. To put it another way

Usage: This phrase is another way of saying in other words, and can be used in particularly
complex points, when you feel that an alternative way of wording a problem may help the reader
achieve a better understanding of its significance.

Example: Plants rely on photosynthesis. To put it another way, they will die without the sun.

4. That is to say

Usage: That is and that is to say can be used to add further detail to your explanation, or to
be more precise.

Example: Whales are mammals. That is to say, they must breathe air.
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5. To that end

Usage: Use to that end or to this end in a similar way to in order to or so.

Example: Zoologists have long sought to understand how animals communicate with each
other. To that end, a new study has been launched that looks at elephant sounds and their
possible meanings.

Adding additional information to support a point

Students often make the mistake of using synonyms of and each time they want to add further
information in support of a point theyre making, or to build an argument. Here are some
cleverer ways of doing this.

6. Moreover

Usage: Employ moreover at the start of a sentence to add extra information in support of a
point youre making.

Example: Moreover, the results of a recent piece of research provide compelling evidence in
support of

7. Furthermore

Usage:This is also generally used at the start of a sentence, to add extra information.

Example: Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that

8. Whats more

Usage: This is used in the same way as moreover and furthermore.

Example: Whats more, this isnt the only evidence that supports this hypothesis.

9. Likewise

Usage: Use likewise when you want to talk about something that agrees with what youve just
mentioned.

Example: Scholar A believes X. Likewise, Scholar B argues compellingly in favour of this point
of view.

10. Similarly

Usage: Use similarly in the same way as likewise.


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Example: Audiences at the time reacted with shock to Beethovens new work, because it was
very different to what they were used to. Similarly, we have a tendency to react with surprise to
the unfamiliar.

11. Another key thing to remember

Usage: Use the phrase another key point to remember or another key fact to remember to
introduce additional facts without using the word also.

Example: As a Romantic, Blake was a proponent of a closer relationship between humans and
nature. Another key point to remember is that Blake was writing during the Industrial Revolution,
which had a major impact on the world around him.

12. As well as

Usage: Use as well as instead of also or and.

Example: Scholar A argued that this was due to X, as well as Y.

13. Not only but also

Usage: This wording is used to add an extra piece of information, often something thats in
some way more surprising or unexpected than the first piece of information.

Example: Not only did Edmund Hillary have the honour of being the first to reach the summit of
Everest, but he was also appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire.

14. Coupled with

Usage: Used when considering two or more arguments at a time.

Example: Coupled with the literary evidence, the statistics paint a compelling view of

15. Firstly, secondly, thirdly

Usage: This can be used to structure an argument, presenting facts clearly one after the other.

Example: There are many points in support of this view. Firstly, X. Secondly, Y. And thirdly, Z.

16. Not to mention/to say nothing of

Usage: Not to mention and to say nothing of can be used to add extra information with a bit
of emphasis.

Example: The war caused unprecedented suffering to millions of people, not to mention its
impact on the countrys economy.
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Words and phrases for demonstrating contrast

When youre developing an argument, you will often need to present contrasting or opposing
opinions or evidence it could show this, but it could also show this, or X says this, but Y
disagrees. This section covers words you can use instead of the but in these examples, to
make your writing sound more intelligent and interesting.

17. However

Usage: Use however to introduce a point that disagrees with what youve just said.

Example: Scholar A thinks this. However, Scholar B reached a different conclusion.

18. On the other hand

Usage: Usage of this phrase includes introducing a contrasting interpretation of the same piece
of evidence, a different piece of evidence that suggests something else, or an opposing opinion.

Example: The historical evidence appears to suggest a clear-cut situation. On the other hand,
the archaeological evidence presents a somewhat less straightforward picture of what
happened that day.

19. Having said that

Usage: Used in a similar manner to on the other hand or but.

Example: The historians are unanimous in telling us X, an agreement that suggests that this
version of events must be an accurate account. Having said that, the archaeology tells a
different story.

20. By contrast/in comparison

Usage: Use by contrast or in comparison when youre comparing and contrasting pieces of
evidence.

Example: Scholar As opinion, then, is based on insufficient evidence. By contrast, Scholar Bs


opinion seems more plausible.

21. Then again

Usage: Use this to cast doubt on an assertion.

Example: Writer A asserts that this was the reason for what happened. Then again, its
possible that he was being paid to say this.
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22. That said

Usage: This is used in the same way as then again.

Example: The evidence ostensibly appears to point to this conclusion. That said, much of the
evidence is unreliable at best.

23. Yet

Usage: Use this when you want to introduce a contrasting idea.

Example: Much of scholarship has focused on this evidence. Yet not everyone agrees that this
is the most important aspect of the situation.

Adding a proviso or acknowledging reservations

Sometimes, you may need to acknowledge a shortfalling in a piece of evidence, or add a


proviso. Here are some ways of doing so.

24. Despite this

Usage: Use despite this or in spite of this when you want to outline a point that stands
regardless of a shortfalling in the evidence.

Example: The sample size was small, but the results were important despite this.

25. With this in mind

Usage: Use this when you want your reader to consider a point in the knowledge of something
else.

Example: Weve seen that the methods used in the 19th century study did not always live up to
the rigorous standards expected in scientific research today, which makes it difficult to draw
definite conclusions. With this in mind, lets look at a more recent study to see how the results
compare.

26. Provided that

Usage: This means on condition that. You can also say providing that or just providing to
mean the same thing.

Example: We may use this as evidence to support our argument, provided that we bear in
mind the limitations of the methods used to obtain it.
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27. In view of/in light of

Usage: These phrases are used when something has shed light on something else.

Example: In light of the evidence from the 2013 study, we have a better understanding of

28. Nonetheless

Usage: This is similar to despite this.

Example: The study had its limitations, but it was nonetheless groundbreaking for its day.

29. Nevertheless

Usage: This is the same as nonetheless.

Example: The study was flawed, but it was important nevertheless.

30. Notwithstanding

Usage: This is another way of saying nonetheless.

Example: Notwithstanding the limitations of the methodology used, it was an important study in
the development of how we view the workings of the human mind.

Giving examples

Good essays always back up points with examples, but its going to get boring if you use the
expression for example every time. Here are a couple of other ways of saying the same thing.

31. For instance

Example: Some birds migrate to avoid harsher winter climates. Swallows, for instance, leave
the UK in early winter and fly south

32. To give an illustration

Example: To give an illustration of what I mean, lets look at the case of

Signifying importance

When you want to demonstrate that a point is particularly important, there are several ways of
highlighting it as such.
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33. Significantly

Usage: Used to introduce a point that is loaded with meaning that might not be immediately
apparent.

Example: Significantly, Tacitus omits to tell us the kind of gossip prevalent in Suetonius
accounts of the same period.

34. Notably

Usage: This can be used to mean significantly (as above), and it can also be used
interchangeably with in particular (the example below demonstrates the first of these ways of
using it).

Example: Actual figures are notably absent from Scholar As analysis.

35. Importantly

Usage: Use importantly interchangeably with significantly.

Example: Importantly, Scholar A was being employed by X when he wrote this work, and was
presumably therefore under pressure to portray the situation more favourably than he perhaps
might otherwise have done.

Summarising

Youve almost made it to the end of the essay, but your work isnt over yet. You need to end by
wrapping up everything youve talked about, showing that youve considered the arguments on
both sides and reached the most likely conclusion. Here are some words and phrases to help
you.

36. In conclusion

Usage: Typically used to introduce the concluding paragraph or sentence of an essay,


summarising what youve discussed in a broad overview.

Example: In conclusion, the evidence points almost exclusively to Argument A.

37. Above all

Usage: Used to signify what you believe to be the most significant point, and the main takeaway
from the essay.

Example: Above all, it seems pertinent to remember that


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38. Persuasive

Usage: This is a useful word to use when summarising which argument you find most
convincing.

Example: Scholar As point that Constanze Mozart was motivated by financial gain seems
to me to be the most persuasive argument for her actions following Mozarts death.

39. Compelling

Usage: Use in the same way as persuasive above.

Example: The most compelling argument is presented by Scholar A.

40. All things considered

Usage: This means taking everything into account.

Example: All things considered, it seems reasonable to assume that

How many of these words and phrases will you get into your next essay? And are any of your
favourite essay terms missing from our list? Let us know in the comments below!

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