LED Road Lighting Design Manual1

o
LEDRoadLighting
DesignManual
LEDRoadLighting
DesignManual
CopyrightInformation
2014DevelopmentFinanceInternational,Inc.Thisworkmaybereproducedandredistributed,inwholeorin
part,withoutalterationandwithoutpriorwrittenpermissionfornoncommercialuse,providedthatthe
publisherisacknowledgedandtheworkcited.
Published2014
PrintedinthePhilippines.
Preparedby

Commissionedby
AboutThisReport:LEDRoadLightingDesignManual
ThismanualisavendorneutralknowledgemanagementtoolpreparedbyDevelopmentFinanceInternational,
Inc. and commissioned by Philips Lighting for professional reference by transport, urban, and energy sector
professionals.
Theinformationpresentedinthisdocumentdoesnotformpartofanyquotationorcontract,isbelievedtobe
accurateandreliable,andmaybechangedwithoutnotice.
Noliabilitywillbeacceptedbythepublisherforanyconsequenceofitsuse.
Note:Inthispublication,roadlightinghasbeenusedtorepresentalllightingforroads,streets,walkways
includinginparks.
AllphotographsarecopyrightedbyRoyalPhilips.
RecommendedCitation:DevelopmentFinanceInternational,Inc.(DFI).LEDRoadLightingDesignManual.
Manila:DFI,2014.
Contents
ListofTables i
Abbreviations ii
WeightsandMeasures iii
ExecutiveSummary iv
Introduction 1
FeaturesofanLEDRoadLightingSystem 3
WhatareLEDsandLEDRoadLightingSystems? 3
FeaturesofaSolarLEDRoadLightingSystem 4
PerformanceComparisonofLEDsandConventionalTechnologies 7
BenefitsofLEDRoadLighting 10
KeyBenefitsofLEDRoadLighting 10
KeyBenefitsofaSolarLEDRoadLightingSystem 14
ImplementingaRoadLightingProject 16
ChallengestoLEDRoadLightingAdoption 21
CostEffectivenessandFinancing 22
CostEffectivenessofLEDRoadLighting 22
FinancingOptions 24
Annex1:LEDMythsandFacts 27
Annex2:KeyFactorstoConsiderWhenDesigningaRoadLightingProject 30
Annex3:SuccessStories 36
LEDRoadLighting:Malaysia 36
SolarLEDRoadLighting:China 38
Annex4:TechnicalSpecifications 41
TechnicalSpecificationsandDocumentsforLEDRoadLightingSolutions 42
TechnicalSpecificationsandDocumentsforSolarLEDRoadLightingSolutions 45
SampleSpecifications 51
Glossary 53
References 55
ListofTables
Table1:ComparisonofRoadLightingTechnologies 8
Table2:TCOCalculationofaRetrofitRoadLightingProject 22
Table3:TCOCalculationofaGreenfieldRoadLightingProject 23
Table4:PaybackCalculations 24
Table5:LosAngelesStreetLightingProjectStatistics 24
Table6.LEDEquivalentsofTypicalHPSVWattages 29
Table7.LightingClassesforMotorizedTraffic 34
Table8.LightingClassesforPedestrianandLowSpeedTrafficAreas 35
Table9:LightingPerformanceTestResultsforNanyangSolarRoadLightingProject 39
Table10:TCOCalculationforNanyangSolarRoadLightingProject 40
Abbreviations
AC Alternatingcurrent
BRT Busrapidtransit
BSL LosAngelesBureauofStreetLighting
CIE CommissionInternationaldeLeclairage (InternationalCommissiononIllumination)
CCT Correlatedcolortemperature
CRI Colorrenderingindex
DOD Depthofdischarge
DC Directcurrent
EMC Electromagneticcompatibility
EMF Electromagneticfields
EE Energyefficient
ESCO Energyservicecompany
GHG Greenhousegas
HPSV Highpressuresodiumvapor
ICNIRP InternationalCommissiononNonIonizingRadiationProtection
IEA InternationalEnergyAgency
IEC InternationalElectrotechnicalCommission
IES IlluminatingEngineeringSociety
IP Ingressprotection
ISO InternationalOrganizationforStandardization
LA CityofLosAngeles
LED Lightemittingdiodes
M&E Monitoring&evaluation
MOW MalaysiaMinistryofWorks
OHSAS OccupationalHealth&SafetyAdvisoryServices
PPP Publicprivatepartnerships
PV Photovoltaic
RP Revealingpower
SDCM Standarddeviationsofcolormatching
SR Surroundratio
TCO Totalcostofownership
TI Thresholdincrement
UV Ultraviolet
ii

WeightsandMeasures
Ah Amperehour
GT Gigaton
kg Kilogram
km Kilometer
kV Kilovolt
kWh Kilowatthour
Lm Lumenoutput
Lm/m2 Lumenspersquaremeter
Lm/W Lumenperwatt
MT Metricton
m/s Meterpersecond
Pa Pascal
TWh Terawatthour
V Volt
W Watt
Wp Wattpeak
W/m2 Wattpersquaremeter
iii

ExecutiveSummary
Roadlightingisanessentialserviceprovidedbygovernmentstoensuresafetyandsecurityatnightfordrivers
andpedestriansalike.Thereisanincreasingdemandforthisservicefrombothruralandurbanareas.However,
rising energy costs, tight municipal and federal budgets, and rapid growth in overall electricity demand are
making it an imperative for authorities to rethink how lighting can be provided in the most costeffective
manner.
Lightingaccountsforaround19%ofglobalelectricityconsumption.Mostofitisconcentratedincitiesandurban
areaswhereroadlightingcancontributeupto40%ofthecitysannualelectricitybill.Citiescurrentlycomprise
ofmorethantwothirdsoftheglobalenergyconsumption,withenergydemandincitiesexpectedtogrowby
almost60%by2030.
Theurgencytoreplaceoldroadlightingwithmoreenergyefficient(EE)technologiescannolongerbeignored.
This, coupled with the use of renewable energy sources, is essential to meet the expected increase in energy
demandinanenvironmentallysustainablemanner.
Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are proven to be the most efficient option for road lighting today and can help
municipalitiesachieveup to50to70%inenergysavingsoverconventionalroadlightingtechnologiessuchas
mercuryvapor,metalhalide,andhighpressure/lowpressuresodiumlamps.Therearenowmoreexamplesof
LEDs being successfully adopted in pilot trials and largescale rollouts, delivering greenhouse gas (GHG)
reductions by as much as 50 to 70% and generating significant budgetary savings that can be reinvested in
otherpublicservicessuchaseducation,healthcare,orinfrastructure.
The objective of this manual is to provide international funding organizations, client governments, and others
stakeholders a useful tool to integrate LED road lighting solutions into relevant Energy, Transport, Urban and
RuralDevelopmentprojects.Thismanualsuggestsapracticalprojectdesignandimplementationroadmapthat
integratesindustrybestpractices,internationallyrecognizedstandards,andcosteffectiveness.
TheLEDRoadLightingDesignManualaddressesthefollowingtopics:
FeaturesofanLEDRoadLightingSystem
This section defines LEDs, LED road lighting systems, and solar LED road lighting systems, as well as the main
componentswhichcompriseeachsystem.Thissectionalsoliststhevariousfactorstoconsiderwhenbuildingan
efficient and quality LED road lighting system, as well as the key parameters which differentiate LEDs from
conventionallightingtechnologies.
BenefitsofanLEDRoadLightingSystem
This section highlights key technological, economic, and social benefits when implementing LED road lighting.
AdditionalbenefitsbroughtaboutbysolarLEDroadlighting,ascomparedtogridconnectedLEDroadlighting,
arealsodiscussed.
ImplementingaRoadLightingProject
This section guides project managers on choosing the most appropriate lighting solution for a road based on
typeoflightingprojecttobeundertaken,projectobjectives,andfinancial/budgetaryrequirements.Inaddition,
thesectionliststhemostcommonquestionsthatneedtobeaddressedwhendesigningtheproject,covering
iv

topics such as: technology to be used; required light levels; pole height, distance, and positioning; and smart
controls.
ChallengestoLEDRoadLightingAdoption
ThissectionenumeratesthevariouschallengeswhichcurrentlyhinderthescalingupofLEDroadlighting.These
challengesneedtobeaddressedtoenablemainstreamingofLEDroadlightingintoalltransport,urbanandrural
development,andenergysectorprojects.
CostEffectivenessandFinancing
This section addresses the financial viability of LED road lighting projects. It makes a case for the cost
effectiveness of LED road lighting projects as well as available financing options by laying out typical upfront
costs of implementing an LED road lighting solution, the lifetime costing when considering the total cost of
ownership (TCO), and some successful financing models that have been implemented in LED road lighting
projects.
Annexes
TheAnnexesprovidemorecomprehensiveinformationonthevarioustopicscoveredinthemanual,goinginto
furtherdetailonhowtodesign,specify,andsafeguardqualityforLEDandSolarLEDRoadLightingprojects,as
wellasvariouscasestudies.
o Annex1listsanddispelscommonmisperceptionsaboutLEDlighting.
o Annex2describesvariouskeylightingfactorstoconsiderwhendesigningaRoadLightingProjectaswell
asminimumstandardsthatneedtobemettoensuresafedrivingconditions.
o Annex3providescasestudiesaboutsuccessfulLEDlightingprojects,coveringeachcasestudys
background,challenges,solutions,performanceandachievedbenefits,andfinancingmodelsapplied.
o Annex4goesintofurtherdetail,providing(i)industrystandardsfortechnicalspecificationsforatender,
(ii)alistofrecommendeddocumentsforsubmissionwithtenderbidstoensurequality,and(iii)sample
specificationsfromanactualtender.
Introduction
Future economic growth and energy access need to be planned along a sustainable path that integrates
energyconservationandrenewableenergyusewithtraditionalenergysources.Accesstoenergyisessential
foreconomicgrowth,especiallyinurbanareas.AsAsia,Africa,andLatinAmericacontinuetogrow,thedemand
forenergywillincreaseexponentially,placingexcessivepressureonfiniteresourcesandincreasingenergycosts.
Inaddition,theuseoffossilfuelsaddstoGHGemissions,whicharealreadyatunsustainablelevels.
Globally,wecansignificantlyreduceGHGemissionsby670MTannuallyandassociatedenergycostsby50
70%followingaswitchtoLEDbasedefficientlighting.1TheInternationalEnergyAgency(IEA)estimatesthat
lightingaccountsfor19%ofglobalelectricityconsumptionandabout1.9billiontonsofCO2emissionsannually.2
AswitchtoLEDlightingcanhelpsaveanaverage50%inenergycosts,whichresultsinglobalsavingsof$160
billioninenergycosts,555milliontonsofCO2,and1.5billionbarrelsofoileveryyear.Thisistheequivalentof
theannualoutputof530mediumsizedpowerstationsat2TWh/year.Roadlightingaccountsfor4%ofglobal
totallighting3andupto40%ofacitysannualelectricitybill.4Thus,itoffersanopportunityforquickwinsand
demonstrabilitythatcanleadothers,especiallyprivateentities,tomaketheswitchtoefficientlighting.
LEDs are the most EE option for road lighting today and can help municipalities achieve 5070% in energy
savings over conventional road lighting technologies such as mercury vapor and highpressure/lowpressure
sodium lamps. In addition, the shift to LED based EE road lighting technologies would help reduce GHG
emissionsandgeneratesignificantbudgetarysavingsthatcouldbereinvestedinotherpublicservicessuchas
education,healthcare,orinfrastructure.
EERoadLightingisparticularlyrelevantforTransport,Urban,andRuralDevelopmentsectors:
Transport: The transport sector accounts for roughly 26% of global energy consumption,5 mainly fossil fuels,
makingitaprioritysectorinthesustainabilityagenda.EEroadlighting,nonmotorizedtransport,masstransit
systems, and clean fuels are all effective ways of promoting sustainable transport. This manual focuses
exclusivelyonbenefitsofEEroadlightingandwaystoincorporateandmainstreamEEroadlightinginexisting
and new roads, in cities and rural areas. LED technology, with solar power or otherwise, is strongly
recommendedfornewroadsandBusRapidTransit(BRT)systems.Itisthemostcostefficienttechnologywhen
productlifetimeandenergycostsareconsidered.Besidesenergysavingsandsustainability,EEroadlightingalso
promotessafetyandothersocialbenefits.
Urban: Cities house roughly half the worlds population today and consume about 67% of the worlds energy
supply, with energy demand in cities expected to grow by almost 60% by 2030.6 The lighting sector offers an
opportunitytocapturequickgainsthroughaswitchtoLEDlighting,startingwithroadlighting.Inadditiontothe
financial and environmental benefits, good quality road lighting promotes security, better aesthetics, efficient
use of road network, and reduces roadrelated accidents. These benefits encourage tourism and extended
shoppinghoursorrelatedoutdooractivitiesatnight,resultinginincomegenerationforurbanresidents.These
aresubstantialbenefitsandneedtobefactoredinwhenconsideringLEDroadlighting.
RuralDevelopment:Forruralcommunitieswithlimitedornoaccesstoelectricity,LED/solarLEDroadlighting
can make a significant impact. Using a fraction of the budget needed for grid extension and energy supply
expansion, governments can provide LED outdoor lighting and bring light to previously unlit communities.
Extended daylight hours in communal areas and properly lit roads enable business, health, education,
community and employmentrelated activities at night, promote social cohesion by bringing members of the
LEDROADLIGHTINGDESIGNMANUAL 1

community closer together, and make these areas safer at night. Several projects implemented over the last
fewyearsindiverselocationsacrossbothdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesdemonstratethelongevity,low
maintenance,andcommunitybenefitsofLEDoutdoorlighting.
As this manual will demonstrate, LED road lighting is a lowhanging fruit that can help governments and
municipalities significantly reduce their electricity bills, the energy demandsupply gap, and environmental
degradation, while promoting economic, social, and sustainable development. This manual will provide a
practical guide to LED road lighting project design and implementation, and aims to serve as an impetus for
governmentsandinstitutionstomainstreamLEDintotheirprojects.
2 LEDROADLIGHTINGDESIGNMANUAL

FeaturesofanLEDRoadLightingSystem
ThissectionexplainsthebasicsofLEDs,LEDroadlightingsystems,andsolarLEDroadlightingsystems,aswellas
thefactorstoconsiderwhenbuildinganefficientandqualityLEDroadlightingsystem.
Thereareseverallightingtechnologiesthatcanbeusedforroadlightingandotheroutdoorlightingneeds,such
as for parks, public areas, or parking lots. Conventional lighting technologies include sodium vapor (high/low
pressure sodium), mercury vapor, metal halide, fluorescent tube lights, compact fluorescent lamps, and
incandescentlights.ThelatestroadlightingsystemsarebasedonLEDtechnology.
WhatareLEDsandLEDRoadLightingSystems?
TheLEDroadlightingsystemissimilartoconventionalroadlightingtotheextentthatthebasicpartsarethe
samebothsystemshavethepole,cabling,andtheluminairewhichhousesthelightsource.However,while
conventionallightingtechnologiesincludeasinglelightsource(thebulb),theluminaireofanLEDroadlightunit
houses several parts, starting with multiple LED chips arranged in an array, combined with optics, heat
management,andadriverallenclosedinahighpressurediecastaluminumandglasscover.
LEDs: LED lights are diodes that emit light, are digital, and are based on the same technology as
computer chips. LEDs first appeared in the 1960s, emitting a lowintensity red light and were used as
indicator lights. Over the years, LEDs have evolved rapidly and are now available across the visible,
ultraviolet,andinfraredwavelengthswithveryhighbrightnessandpower.Ithasthusbecomepossible
touseLEDsinvariouslightingapplications,withilluminationdistancesof400feet(150meters)ormore.
CurrentLEDsareveryrobustwhensourcedfromqualitymanufacturers,ofwhichthereareanumberin
business today. Highquality LEDs typically have good color consistency, high lumen efficacy, and can
maintainhighlumenoutputovertheLEDslifetime.Asadigitaltechnology,itispossibletomanipulate
thelightcolorsandlightlevelsacrossacontinuum.
Optics:Opticsmanagesthedistributionoflight.Speciallydesignedlenssystemsshouldhaveaunique
inner and outer profile to allow maximum spacing between the poles and cover higher road widths.
Opticsshouldbearrangedinmultiplelayerstoensureadequateluminanceandilluminanceuniformity
intheunlikelyeventofindividualLEDfailure.

BadOptics:
MultipleSpotOptics
GoodOptics:
MultipleLayerOptic
Thermal:LEDsourcesgenerateheatviaconduction,thoughnotinthelightproduced.Heatdissipation,
(i.e.,removingheatfromtheLEDsource)iscriticaltolumenmaintenance,lightoutput,lightcolor,light
quality,andlifetimesinceheatnegativelyaffectsthesefactors.
Driver: The driver provides the right amount of current to the LEDs and isan important part of total
systemreliability.Besidesprovidingastableflowofcurrent,thedriverisresponsibleforallintelligence,
suchasdimmingandsensorinterfacing.
Luminaire: This houses all the components and is responsible for effective protection from dust and
wateringression,aswellasheatmanagement.
Fixture:Mechanicalcomponentssuchasthepoleandinternalcablescompletethefixtureandconnect
theluminairetotheundergroundcablessupplyingelectricity.
FeaturesofaSolarLEDRoadLightingSystem
LEDroadlightingtechnologyhasprogressedtoincludesolarenergyasanenergysource.SolarLEDroadlighting
systems have additional components that are not required for gridconnected LED road lighting systems. In
addition to the pole, luminaire, and cables that make up a conventional LED road lighting unit, the solar unit

comprisesasystemthatcollects,stores,anddeployssolarenergy.AcompletesolarLEDlightingsystemconsists
offivemaincomponents:
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Panel is the energy

generatingcomponentresponsibleforharvesting
energyfromthesunandconvertingittoausable
formofelectricity.
Battery is the energy storage and supply

component of the system; it converts stored
chemical energy into electrical energy. The
battery in a solar lighting system is typically
rechargeable and designed to supply energy to
thelightingsystemforupto35consecutiverainy
or nonsunny days. There are called autonomy
days,definedasthenumberofdaysthebattery
can support the lighting system without
recharging.
ChargeControllerisconsideredtheheartofthe
system. It harvests the current to charge the
battery during the daytime and discharges the
batteryduringthenighttopowertheLEDmodule
asefficientlyaspossible.Italsoregulatestheflow
of electric current to and from the battery and
preventsovercharging,overdischarging,orover
voltage, all of which may reduce battery
performance or lifespan, and may pose a safety
risk.
LuminairehereisthesameasinthegridconnectedLEDlightingsystem.InasolarLEDlightingsystemit
isidentifiedastheenergyconsumingcomponentresponsibleforprovidinganadequateamountoflight.
MechanicalComponents(poles,internalcables)supportthewholesystembyconnectingthePVpanel,
battery, controller, and luminaire altogether. In a solar LED lighting system, this component plays an
evenmoreessentialroleintheoverallreliabilityofthesystem.
Havinggoodqualitycomponentsisnotenoughtoensurereliabilityofthesystem.Infact,preciselybecausethe
separatecomponentsneedtobeconfiguredandintegratedintoasinglesystem,solarLEDlightingrequiresa
system approach that looks at how the whole unit works optimally and not just the performance of each
individual component. A solar LED lighting system is more than just the sum of its parts: it requires seamless
systemintegrationandconfigurationtodelivertherequiredfunctionalityandperformance.
ThekeytoareliableandrobustsolarLEDlightingsystemistoguaranteethequalityofeachcomponentand
toensuretheirproperconfigurationandintegration.


PerformanceComparisonofLEDsandConventionalTechnologies
WhencomparingthequalityoflightacrosstechnologiesaswellasacrossdifferentLEDsolutions,itisimportant
tounderstandthekeylightingparametersthatdefinequalityroadlighting.Theseare:
Lumenoutput(Lm):Amountoflightemittedbythelightsource.
Lampwattage(W):Amountofelectricityrequiredbythelamptoemitthelumenoutput.
Luminousefficacy(Lm/W):Luminousorlumenefficacymeasurestheefficacyofthelightsourcean
LEDinthecaseofLEDlightingsystem,andlampsincaseofconventionaltechnologies.Itmeasureshow
muchlightisbeingemittedbythelightsourceperunitofpowerandisexpressedinlumenperwattof
electricityused.
Systemwattage(W):Amountofelectricityrequiredbythesystemtoemitthelumenoutput.
System efficacy (Lm/W): Luminaires include ballasts, drivers, heat management systems, optics, all of
whichcandiminishtheoriginalluminousefficacyofthelightsource.Sincetheroadsurfaceisbeinglit
upbytheluminaireasawhole,systemefficacyisabettermetrictousethanluminousefficacywhen
makingcomparisons.
Watts per square meter (W/m2): The amount of power required for each lighting appliance to
illuminatearoadsurfacetotherequiredlightlevel.Forroadlighting,thisisthemostappropriateway
tomeasuretheefficiencyofalightsource,thoughlumenefficacyorlumenoutputareoftenconsidered
easiertomeasure.
Lifetime (hours): Lifetime of LEDs is measured differently than conventional lighting technologies,
whichreachendoflifeatthepointwhentheystopproducinglightentirely.However,LEDstypicallydo
notstopproducinglightcompletely,butdepreciateordimovertimetoapointwherethelumenoutput
isinsufficienttomeettherequiredlightlevels.ForLEDs,industrydefineslifetimeasthepointwhenthe
LEDslumenoutputreaches70%oftheoriginal.
ColorRenderingIndex(CRI):Anindexusedtomeasureanartificiallightsabilitytoreproducethecolors
of an object, relative to the natural light source (the sun) with CRI of 100. Higher CRI means better
visibility.
The table on the next page compares the most popular road lighting technologies in use today across key
parameters.Forthistable,wehaveassumedaonekilometerstretchofanM2road7thatneedstobelitup,with
polesinthecentermedian.Basedonindustrybestpracticesforlightinglevelsrequiredtolightonekilometer
ofroad,wecanexpectthefollowing:

Table1:ComparisonofRoadLightingTechnologies
HighPressureSodiumVapor HighPressureMercury
LED
(HPSV) Vapor
DistancebetweenPoles 30m 30m 30m
NumberofPoles 33 33 33
Investment($) $$$ $$ $
LampWattage 70W 150W 250W
SystemWattage 70W 180W 300W
90130Lm/W
LuminousEfficacy 100Lm/W 60Lm/W
(rapidlyimproving)
90130Lm/W
SystemEfficacy 80Lm/W 48Lm/W
(rapidlyimproving)
2
Wattspersquaremeter(W/m ) 0.33 0.86 1.42
Lifetime 50khours 12khours 5khours
AnnualEnergyconsumption
$1,532 $3,938 $6,563
(@$0.15/kWh)
HazardousSubstances No Yes Yes
ColorRenderingIndex(CRI) >70 25 <60
Themostimportantdifferencestonoteamongthethreetechnologiesinthetableabovearethefollowing:
W/m2andenergyconsumptioncosts:LEDsprovidedirectionallight,makingthemveryefficientwhen
lighting up specific surfaces like roads, and thus bringing down the W/m2 values. In comparison,
conventional lamps dissipate light in all directions, including where it is not needed. Hence, LEDs use
muchlesselectricitytoprovidethesamelightinglevelontheroad.Thisisreflectedintheannualenergy
consumptioncosts,forwhichLEDshavethelowest.
Lifetime:LEDsalsohavethelongestlifetime,anddespitehigherinitialinvestment,LEDstendtobethe
mostcosteffectivelightingoptioninthelongrun.Thisisduetoothercostsavingsincurredduringits
operationallifetimeincludingmaintenance,repair,replacement,anddisposalcosts.
Hazardous substances: LED systems are safer for the environment as they do not contain hazardous
substances(e.g.,mercury)asdefinedininternationalnormsandalsolastlonger,thusconvertingthem
totrashfewertimes.
NotallLEDsarecreatedequal
Lowqualitylightingmanufacturersoftenputoutmisleadingclaims,especiallypairinghighlightlevelswithlow
prices.Toguidepractitioners,themanualhasprovidedaMythsandFactssectioninAnnex1tohighlightsome
ofthemoreprevalentones.Inaddition,belowareafewkeyguidelinespractitionersshouldfollow:
Manufacturersclaimacertainperformanceefficacyfortheirproduct.Makesurethistakesintoaccount
theperformanceofthecompletesystemapplication(includingrawcomponentsandthefixture),rather
than just that of the LED chips (e.g., for LED chips with a luminous efficacy of 130 lm/W, the whole
luminairemayonlyhaveanefficacyof90lm/W).

Besuretochooseupgradable,futureproofluminairedesigns,whichallownewLEDmodulestoreplace
oldones,withoutdismantlingtheluminairefromthepoleandwithnochangetothedriversorother
componentsoftheluminaire.
Manufacturers offer a variety of warranties. Make sure any warranty offered is comprehensive and
coverstheentireLEDapplication,notjustindividualcomponents.Ifthechipsareunderwarrantyforten
years,buttheopticsorheatmanagementisfaulty,theproductwillnotfunctionproperly.Mosthigh
endmanufacturerswillofferacomprehensivewarrantyofaroundthreeyears.
Amanufacturerwithareliableproductwillhavetestreportstobackupallreliabilityandperformance
claims. Make sure these tests and documents are available. Otherwise, be skeptical of ambitious
performanceclaims.

BenefitsofLEDRoadLighting
KeyBenefitsofLEDRoadLighting
LED road lighting solutions offers significant benefits and options which are not possible with conventional
lighting.SomebenefitsholdtrueforallLEDlightingapplications,whileothersarespecifictoLEDroadlighting.
Technological benefits: LEDs represent the next stage in the evolution of lighting technology, moving lighting
solutionsfromanalogtodigitaltechnology.Thisisthetrendseenacrossdifferentelectricalappliances;radio,
telephone, television, and camera have made the switch to digital in the past few decades. The technical
benefitsofferedbyLEDsinclude:
Highlumenefficacy:Currently,commerciallyavailableluminairesfromqualitysupplierstypicallyhave
efficacy levels of 90100 lm/W. However, with the efficacy levels of LEDs rapidly evolving, it is always
recommendedtoconsultwithreliablemanufacturersorindustryrepresentativesforthelatestefficacy
levels.
DirectionalityandReducedLightPollution:LEDsdirectionalitycontributessignificantlytotheirenergy
savingpotential.LEDsprovidedirectionallight,reducinglightwastageanddirectingthelightwhereitis
mostneeded.Thiscanalsopreventunwanteddispersionoflighttoresidences,nearbyareas,andthe
nightsky,therebyreducinglightpollution.8
The high lumen efficacy combined with directionality makes LEDs suitable for many energysaving
lightingapplications.

Longlifespan:LaboratorytestingandexperienceindicatethatwellproducedLEDsystemslast50,000
hoursormore9,dependingonusage.Thiscomparesfavorablyagainstthe5,000to15,000hourlifetime
ofmostconventionallamps.
Superior quality of light: LED lighting has a high CRI, which together with its white light, offers
enhancednighttimevisibility,makingtheroadsbrighterandsafer.SomeinitialresearchshowsthatLED
roadlampsachievegreaterlightpenetrationthroughfog.10

ComparisonofLED(left)andHPSV(right)underrainandfogconditions:WhitelightfromLEDproduceslessglare
thantheyellowlightofHPSVinrainandfogconditions.
Extended controllability: LED lighting is a digital technology making dimming and similar control
functions possible and easy. LED users can make precise adjustments to brightness, monitor fixture
operationfromacentralizedlocation,andoptimizeenergyefficiencybyalteringlightoutputasneeded.
In addition, while conventional lighting technologies have shorter useful lives when they are dimmed,
theeffectonLEDsistheopposite:LEDlifeisextendedwhendimmed.11
Durability:LEDsarehighlyresistanttovibrationandothermechanicalstressmakingthemsuitablefor
roadlighting,especiallyonbridges,elevatedhighways,andwheretheremayberiskofvandalism.12
Aesthetics: LED lighting applications can provide colors across the full spectrum13, and thus help in
improving aesthetics of outdoor spaces, bridges, roads and buildings. Some examples include the
EmpireStateBuildinginNewYork,USA;theDragonBridgeinDaNang,Vietnam;andtheBaronPalacein
Cairo,Egypt.

LEDImprovesAestheticAppealofFamousLandmarks:EmpireStateBuildinginNewYork,USA(topleft),BaronPalaceinCairo,Egypt
(topright),andDragonBridgeinDaNang,Vietnam(bottom).
EconomicBenefits:ThestrongestargumentforaswitchtoLEDroadlightingiseconomic.Thedirectandindirect
economicbenefitsofLEDlightinginclude:
Lowerlifetimecost:Duringitsmuchlongerlifetimeof50,000hours(comparedto15,000hoursorless
for an alternative conventional technology), the total cost of ownership (TCO) of an LED road lighting
systemislowerby50%ormore.TheTCOofaroadlightingsystemincludesenergy,lampreplacement,
andlaborandmaintenancecosts.
Incomegeneration:Effectiveroadlightinghelpsextendlighthoursincitiesaswellasruralareas.This
promotes tourism; longer business hours for businesses such as food vendors, shops, entertainment
centers;andothereveningactivitiesresultinginjobsandincomegeneration.

Savings along the energy sector value chain: By being more efficient, LED road lighting reduces the
amount of energy needed from the grid and frees up capacity during peak hours. This allows
governments to meet growing energy needs from existing infrastructure and avoid or postpone
investmentssuchasforpowerplants,transmissionlines,anddistributionnetworks.Similarly,inoffgrid
andruralareas,standalonesolarLEDroadlightingcanhelpgovernmentsmeeturgentlightingneedsas
investmentsneededtoextendthegridarestillbeingmade.
SocialBenefits:
Road safety: LED road lighting provides better quality light, which increases visibility for both drivers
and pedestrians. In offgrid locations, solar LED road lighting can light dangerous intersections or
populated unlit spots. Road lighting, and especially LED road lighting, can significantly improve road
safetyconditions,especiallyinpoorlylitareasandhighlypopulatedcitiesindevelopingcountries.
o The World Health Organization predicts that roadrelated accidents will be the worlds fifth
leadingcauseofdeathby2030.14
o AccordingtoBeyerandKer(2009),roadlightingcanbeaneffectivemeasurethatreducesthe
incidenceofroadtrafficcrashes,injuries,andfatalities.15
o InStokeonTrentintheUK,crimesdecreasedby43%intheareaswithimprovedlightingandby
45%intwoadjacentareas,comparedwithadecreaseofonly2%intwocontrolareas.16
o Oyaetal.(2003)estimatethatinstallationoflightingonintersectionscanreducenightaccidents
byasmuchas40%.17
o Clarke (2002) argues that improved lighting can be a good crime deterrent especially in high
crimeneighborhoods.18
Energy savings, environmental benefits: Road lighting forms a significant part of overall energy
consumptionbylighting.Besidestheenergysavings,ashifttoLEDtechnologyresultsinanequivalent
drop in GHG emissions, about 0.6375 Kg per kWh saved.19 In addition, LEDs have other green
benefits: They do not emit infrared radiation or harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays and do not contain
mercury,atoxicmetalfoundinseveralconventionallightingtechnologies.
Better citizen security, livable cities: LEDs add to a citys aesthetic appeal vibe, helps improve city
branding, and cultivates civic pride. In a 2012 survey by The Climate Group, 80% of those surveyed
reportedthatLEDstreetlightingmadethemfeelsaferforreasonssuchasbrighterlightingandbetter
facialrecognition.20
Theworldhasanopportunitytoadoptenergyefficiencyonalargescale,andhenceensureamoresustainable
future.Thesemeasuresarenecessarygiven:
TheIEAestimatesthatelectricitydemandwillcontinuetosurgeandisexpectedtogrowbyasmuchas
67% by 2035; this demand will be primarily met with fossil fuels. Carbon emissions from the power
sectorwillrisefrom13.0GTin2011to15.2GTin2035.21Despitethegrowth,theIEAstillpredictsthat
nearly one billion people will continue to live in the dark by 2035, as they will not have access to
modernenergyservices.22

TheUnitedNationsstressestheurgencyofactiontoreverseclimatechange,asthelongersocietywaits
toimplementmeasuresagainstclimatechange,themorecostlyanddifficultitwillbetoreverseorlimit
itseffects.23
The world needs costeffective, easy to implement, and highimpact solutions to reduce carbon emissions. EE
lightingisastepintherightdirectiontoachievegreenerandsafertransport,decarbonizeandbeautifycities
andurbanplaces,andpromotesustainableandinclusivegrowthinruralareas.
Theneedishighandtheurgencyisnow!ToaskifweshouldswitchtoLEDornot,isthewrongquestion.Instead
thequestionishowquicklywecanmaketheswitch,andwheredowestart.
KeyBenefitsofaSolarLEDRoadLightingSystem
Depending on the context, solar LED road lights deliver additional benefits compared to gridconnected LED
roadlightingsystems:
Higherenergysavings:SolarLEDroadlightsprovide100%energysavingsoverconventionalroadlights,
andhencehighersavingsontheenergybill.
Lowerinitialinvestmentinoffgridareas:Whenwefactorinthecostofconnectinganoffgridareato
theelectricitygridsoitmayhaveroadlights,theinitialcostofsettinguproadlightsismuchlowerwith
solarLEDlights.
Energyaccessinoffgridareas:Inmanyruralareas,solarroadlightsprovidetheonlysourceoflight.
When situated in an offgrid community center, solar LED road lights help lengthen the work day,
supporting increased economic activities, community interaction, and educationrelated activities.
Community lighting also becomes the first step to energy access, as households start demanding and
payingforenergyaccessintheirhomes.
Climate change mitigation: As part of their climate change mitigation strategies, many utilities and
countries are now setting targets for GHG mitigation and energy generation from renewable sources.
SolarLEDroadlightscanbeagoodwayforcountries/utilitiestomeetboththesetargets.Installation
of solar LED lights can count as solar power generation, and a switch to solar LED lights helps reduce
GHGemissionssignificantly.
WhenissolarLEDtheoptimumchoice?
AssolarLEDlightinghasahigherinitialinvestmentcostcomparedtogridconnectedLEDlighting,weexamine
thesituationswheresolarLEDroadlightingisthebestoption:
Limited, unstable, or no generation capacity: In most emerging markets, energy demand outstrips
supply,anditmaybedifficulttoincreasegenerationcapacityintimetomeetgrowingdemandforroad
lighting.ThisisespeciallytrueinmanymarketsinSouthAsiaandAfrica.
Offgridlocations:Foranyareathatiscurrentlyamileormoreawayfromanelectricitygrid,itismore
costeffectivetoinstallsolarroadlightingthantoextendthegrid.Inareaswithsparsepopulationitis
oftenfasterandmoreeconomicaltoprovidesolarroadlightingandsimilaroffgridsolutionsforother
energyneeds.

Opportunity costs: Often, limited energy supply and competing demands from industry/essential
services together impose significant constraints on the electricity grid. In instances such as this, and
especiallyifenergycostsarehigh,addingsolarenergysupplyintothemixthroughsolarLEDroadlights
maybeaneffectivewaytoprovidesignificantreliefduringpeakdemandtimes.
Newinstallationcosts:Insomecases,whereenergycostsarehighandwhenlightingaroadforthefirst
time,itmaybecosteffectiveovertheproductlifetimetooptforasolarsolution.Onecansaveonthe
cablingnetworkbetweenthepoles(sincenocablingisinvolved)andevenreducethenumberofpoles
neededperkilometerthroughsmartdesign.

ImplementingaRoadLightingProject
Thissectionprovidesaguidetochoosingthebestroadlightingsolutionfordifferentsituations,tacklingtopics
suchas:whattechnology touse;what lightlevelmightberequired;poleplacement,height,andspacing,and
controls.
Project managers first need to consider the type of LED lighting project being undertaken: An LED retrofit,
whereexisting,energyinefficientroadlightsareswitchedoutforEELEDs,oranLEDGreenfieldproject,where
eitherneworexistingroadsarebeinglitupforthefirsttime.
InthecaseofanLEDretrofitproject,themainpurposeofroadlighting,i.e.,tolightuproads,isalreadybeing
met.TheLEDretrofitprojectisbeingimplementedtoachieveothergoalssuchasenergysavings,betterlighting
levels or GHG emission reduction. For LED greenfield projects, while the need to light up the roads is
paramount,theadditionalfeaturesofLEDsoffermoreoptions.Inaddition,theabsenceofanexistingsystem
providesmoreflexibilityinchoosingthemostcosteffectiveandfutureprooflightingsolutionpossible.
1. DefineProjectObjective:
Asmentionedabove,themainpurposeofroadlightingistoprovideappropriatelightinglevelsfordriverand
pedestriansafety.However,withLEDroadlighting,manyadditionalobjectivescanbemetsuchasreductionin
peakenergydemand,lowerenergybills,improvedlightinglevels/aesthetics,lowerGHGemissions,andlighting
forroadsinoffgridareas.Projectmanagersneedtochoosethemostimportantprojectobjectiveandbalance
otherprojectgoalsastheobjectivewilldirectlyinfluencethechoiceofalightingsolution.
For example, if the key objective for an LED retrofit project is energy savings, with reduced peaktime energy
demand and quick payback as the next two concerns, one might recommend a no frills LED retrofit, with no
dimmingorcontrols.However,withthekeyobjectivebeingenergysavings,ifthenexttwoconcernsarelower
energybillsandlowerGHGemissions,onemightwanttooptforcontrols.
2. EnsureFinancialViabilityandBudgetAvailability:
For both retrofit and greenfield LED projects, it is essential to consider the financial viability and budget
availability of the project. Though the lifecycle costs of LED road lighting projects are typically lower than
conventionalsolutions,thehighinitialinvestmentcontinuestobeakeybarrierforLEDroadlightingprojects.
Therearefinancingoptionsavailable,includingonesthatavoidtheneedforupfrontinvestmenttohelpaddress
thiscommonchallenge.Thelifecyclecostingmodelsandfinancingoptionsarediscussedinthefinancingsection.
3. CreatetheProjectDesign:
TheprojectdesignforLEDprojectsissplitintotwophases.Thefirstphaseisalightingaudit,whichisadetailed
assessment of the current lighting situation that measures the baseline situation especially around energy
consumptionandidentifiescriticalgapsandareasofimprovement.
The factors affecting the lighting audits of LED greenfield projects and LED retrofit projects are usually very
different.Accordingly,thefirstphaseforeachhasbeenaddressedhereseparately.

PhaseI:LightingAudit
LEDretrofitproject:Sometypicalquestionsaddressedduringanauditinclude:
A. Given the road size, the current and projected vehicular and pedestrian traffic, is the current
installedsystemadequateformeetingthelightingneeds?Whatisthecorrectlightinglevel?
B. What is the pattern of traffic on this road is it never busy; busy during certain hours; or busy
throughoutthenight(e.g.,airportroad)?
C. Do the current installed poles have the right height, strength, and distance to ensure appropriate
lightingontheentireroad?
D. Can the current infrastructure support the proposed LED luminaire, making a luminaire switch
possible,ordothepolesneedtobereinstalled/modified?
E. Whatistheconditionofthecablingandwiringbetweenandinsidethepoles?
F. Isthewholelightingsystemsodepreciatedthatitneedstobereinstalledinitsentirety?
G. WhatisthecurrentenergyspendingforroadlightinginKWhandindollars?
H. Whatisthepublicperceptionofthecurrentlightingsystem?
LEDgreenfieldproject:LEDroadlightingsolutionsoffermanyadditionalfeatures,betterlightinglevels
and aesthetics, as compared to conventional lighting. These additional parameters need to be
considered in the design of a greenfield road lighting solution. Typical questions addressed during a
lightingauditforanLEDgreenfieldprojectinclude:
A. What is the optimum lighting level for the road given its size, pedestrian requirements and the
currentandprojectedvehicularandpedestriantraffic?
B. What is the pattern of traffic on this road is it never busy; busy during certain hours; or busy
throughthenight(e.g.,airportroad)?
C. Whatishappeningaroundtheroad?Arethereambientbrightlights,trees,openland,pedestrians?
D. Havetheprojectownersexpressedapreferenceregardingthepolespacingandlocation?
Thesecondphaseinvolvesdesigninganoptimallightingsolutionthatmeetstheprojectobjectivesandbudget
while incorporating results of the lighting audit as well as the local regulations, lighting/physical factors, and
internationalguidelinesaroundroadlighting.
PhaseII:SolutionDesign
Agoodroadlightingsystemwillensurevisualdetectionofanobjectatgreaterdistances.Theabilityof
roadlightingtoilluminateanobjectexpressedasrevealingpower(RP)isaffectedbylightingfactors
suchasqualityoflight,glare,uniformity,andphysicalfactorssuchastrafficlevelandroadsurface.

The project team designs an optimal lighting solution that would balance the project objectives and
budget, address the gaps highlighted in the lighting audit, and incorporate industry best practices/
standardsandregulationstoensuresafedrivingconditions.
Please refer to Annex 2 for details on the various lighting and physical factors considered while
designinganeffectivelightingsystem,andtheminimumstandardsthatneedtobemettoensuresafe
drivingconditions.
Projectproponentsareencouragedtotestprojectviabilitybycomparingexperiencesofothersuccessful
projects, or testing the solution through a smaller pilot prior to scalingup. Such benchmarking helps
reduce the risk of project failure by providing data around light levels, aesthetic appeal, product
stability/suitability,andenergysavings.
4. ImplementProject:
Afterdeterminingtheviabilityoftheprojectandthefinancingmechanism,projectimplementationisthenext
step. Implementation involves the procurement, supply and installation, and integration of luminaires to the
lighting infrastructure and, if necessary, programming of the smart control systems. Postimplementation
services, which include operation, maintenance, and monitoring and evaluation (M&E) are also vital to the
success of a road lighting project. These services are essential to ensure the quality of the lighting system
throughoutitslifecycle.
Procurement
TheLEDlightingmarketcanbeprofitableandisgrowingrapidly.Withlowbarrierstoentry,thesectorhas
attractedmanyplayersofferingproductswithwidelyvaryingqualityandspecifications.Theindustryisstill
working towards harmonizing specifications and creating an international standard. This poses a
procurement challenge for most municipalities/ governments, as it is difficult to procure LEDs based on
specificationsalone.ListedbelowaretwokeypointstoconsidertohelpprocurequalityLEDroadlighting
products:
A. SettingtheRightSpecs
Followinginternationalstandardsandsettingtherightspecificationsarenecessarystepstoensurethe
qualityandsuitabilityoftheLEDroadlightingtobeprocured.Thespecificationsneedtobealignedwith
the project objective(s). For instance, if the objective is to increase light level, then a luminaire with
higherlumenpackageneedstobespecified,whileincaseswheretheobjectiveistosaveenergy,the
luminaireshouldhaveahigherefficacy.
ItisimportanttonotethatLEDisarapidlychangingtechnology,witholderproductsbeingconstantly
discontinued.Atthesametime,manufacturersinnovateatdifferentrates.Toensurewidercompetition
andalsocapturethelatesttechnicalinnovations,specificationsshouldideallybeaspirationalbutshould
alsoallowforsomeflexibility.Toassistprojectplanners,andasastartingpoint,thismanualprovides
industryrecommendedspecificationsinAnnex4.
B. ChoosingtheRightSupplier
Equally important is choosing the right supplier. The LED technology has initiated the transition of
lighting from a lowvalue, fastmoving commodity type product to a highvalue durable solution. The

buyingdecisionshouldthenlikewiseneedtotransitionfromgettingtheonewithlowestinitialcostto
the one that considers performance level and lowest total cost of ownership. Buyers need to pick a
reliabletechnologypartner,withroadlightingprojectexperience,innovationhistory,financialstability,
andsomeassuranceofcompanylongevity.Thebestwaytoachievethismaybetoprequalifysuppliers
basedonspecificcriteriaandthentenderforprice.Somesuggestedareasinclude:
Technical Capability criteria that demonstrate the suppliers capability to supply products to
matchtherequiredspecificationsandprojectdesign
ContractualExperiencecriteriathatdemonstratethesupplierspreviousexperienceinsuccessfully
implementingsimilartypesofprojects
Financial Capability criteria to evaluate the suppliers capability to back the project (including
warranties)overtheprojectslifetime
MonitoringandEvaluation
An important aspect of project implementation, especially for LED retrofits, is a robust M&E mechanism.
This provides the project owners and stakeholders a picture of the program and its effectiveness with
respecttotheprojectsobjectivesandhelpsmeasuretheimpactoftheprogram.Typicalmeasuresinclude,
amongothers:
Improvementinlightinglevels
Savingsinenergyusageandcosts
ReductioninCO2emissions
M&Eallowsprojectownerstosetbenchmarks,identifyprojectlearningsandproviderecommendationsto
ensuremoresuccessfulroadlightingprojectsinthefuture.


ChallengestoLEDRoadLightingAdoption
LEDroadlightingisatechnologicallysuperiorproductandhasasignificantlylowerlifecyclecostcomparedto
conventional technologies. However, several challenges need to be addressed before LED road lighting is
mainstreamed into all transport, urban development, rural development, and energy sector projects. These
challengesinclude:
1. Limited political will, lack of a champion: Benefits of energy efficiency projects are not visible. There is
nothingtangible,suchasapowerplant,aroad,oraschooltoshowforthesubstantialinvestmentmade.
What is visible is the substitution of new lights for old ones that are now brighter and more aesthetically
appealing,whiletheenvironmentalbenefits,energy,andbudgetarysavingsremainhidden.Itthusbecomes
difficulttojustifywhyscarceresourcesshouldbeallocatedtoaservicethathasalreadybeenprovided.The
challenge is in finding a champion for this project who appreciates the benefits and can market them
effectivelywithinthegovernmentandtothecitizens.Thelimitedpoliticalwillstemsfrom:
a. Lackofawareness:Mostownersofexistingornewroadlightingarenotawareofthefactsaround
LEDroadlightingtechnologies,thelowerlifetimecostingcomparedtoconventionallighting,orhow
toinitiate,design,andimplementsuchaproject.
b. Distributed customer base: Typically, road lighting is procured and/or managed by various road
authorities,municipalities,urbanbodiesandcounties.Thecustomerbaseinacountryisthussplit
intoseveralsmallentities,makingitdifficulttomarket,educate,andaggregatetoachievescaleand
lowercosts.
c. Ownership mismatch, which limits investment: The owner of the lighting assets and the one
carrying the energy costs are often different entities. This limits motivation for either to invest in
highcostassetstoreduceannualmaintenanceandenergycosts.
d. Incumbent concessionaires: Many road lighting contracts have been given out to private sector
companiesinmultiyearcontracts.Inmanycases,thegovernmentmustwaituntiltheendofthat
concessionaryperiodbeforetheycanswitchthelights.
e. Failure of early pilots: Failure of some early pilots which used substandard products and often
poorprojectandlightingsolutiondesignhasscaredoffearlyconverts.Manygovernmentsarenow
waitingforlongertermproofoftechnicalsuccessandasharpdeclineinproductcosts.
2. Lackoffinancing:Evenwhereenergycostsareveryhigh,thelackofaccesstotheupfrontcosthaslimited
manyprojects.
3. Lackofgloballyacceptedinternationalstandards:Thereisstillnoconsensusregardingwhatstandardsto
followforLEDroadlightingsystems.Itisacomplex,newproductandnotmanyknowhowtoseethrough
tricksplayedbylowqualitysuppliers,andsetatenderthatwouldkeepoutpoorqualityproducts.
Throughthismanual,wehopetoaddresssomeoftheconcernsabove,especiallytheriskofprojectfailure.The
manual will help inform policy makers and project managers in governments/institutions across the globe on
howtodesignaneffectiveLEDlightingproject,whatpitfallstoavoid,andespeciallyhowtosetatenderthatwill
steerthemtoqualityproductsandnotjustoneswithalowinitialcost.

CostEffectivenessandFinancing
ThissectionaddressesthetwoelephantsintheroomrelatedtoLEDroadlighting:
CostEffectiveness:IsLEDreallymorecosteffectivethanthenextbestroadlightingproduct?Howcanone
evaluatethedifferentoptions?
Financing: How can project proponents source the upfront financing for the high initial cost of either
greenfieldorretrofitLEDroadlightingsolutions?
ThissectionlaysoutthetypicalupfrontcostsofimplementinganLEDroadlightingsolution,thelifetimecosting
whenconsideringthetotalcostofownership,andsomesuccessfulfinancingmodelsthathavebeentested.
CostEffectivenessofLEDRoadLighting
TotalCostofOwnership
LED road lighting has a higher initial cost as compared to conventional road lighting. However, when we
considertheTCOofaroadlightingsolution,whichincludestheinitialproductinvestment,energycosts,lamp
replacement, repairs and maintenance costs over the 20 year product lifetime, an LED solution is far less
expensive.
RetrofitProjects:Fortheexamplebelow,wehaveonlyconsideredthesavingsfromthefirst10yearsfollowing
theretrofittoLED.Ascanbeseen,acityneeds$1.7milliontoretrofita100kmstretchofroadwithLED.Over
the first 10 years following the switch, the city would be able to save $7.7 million in energy costs and $1.3
millioninmaintenancecosts.Thecitythusachievesatotalof53%savingsoverconventionaltechnology.
Table2:TCOCalculationofaRetrofitRoadLightingProject
RETROFITof100KMROAD,5,000LUMINAIRES
Conventional LED Savings Savings
COSTS&SAVINGSOVERFIRST10YEARS
$000 %
Fixture+InstallationforLEDsystem(est.) $1,675 $1,675
EnergyCosts $12,513 $4,784 $7,729 62%
Maintenance,partsreplaced,repair,disposal $1,329 $ $1,329
TotalCostofOwnership $13,842 $6,459 $7,383 53%

CO2Emission(Metrictons) 47,468 18,149 29,318 62%
PowerSupply(KW)(Energyspent) 1,700 650 1,050 62%
Assumptions:
TheroadisTypeM3with50%MercuryVapor(systempower400W)&50%HPSV250W(Systempower280W)
AllarereplacedbyLED130W(Systempower130W)withnocontrols
#offixtures:5,000assumingpolesare40metersapart;installedinthecentermedian;twoLuminairesperpole
Burninghoursof12hoursperday;Calculationhorizon:10years
Energyprice:$0.15/kWh;Inflationisestimatedat2.5%peryear
CO2conversionfactor:0.6375kg/kWh
Luminairepricesareforproductsonlyandexcludedeliveryandfulfillmentrelatedcosts.Thesecostsvaryfromprojectto
projectgiventhechosenprojectgotomarketstructure.

Achangeinassumptions,suchasaddingcontrols,increasing/decreasingelectricitycost,typeoflampreplaced,
ortypeofroadwouldimpactthepaybackperiod.However,inmostcases,overitslifetime,theLEDsystemis
4070%cheaperthanaconventionalproductoverthesametimeperiod.
GreenFieldProjects:Whenitcomestolightingnewlybuiltroads,currentlythreeoptionsareexamined:
1.Donotinstallroadlighting
2.InstallHPSVroadlighting(businessasusualscenario)
3.InstallLEDroadlighting
Onceprojectownersdecidetolightuparoadoraportionoftheroad,theycomparethelifetimecostsofLEDto
HOSVgreenfieldprojects.Foroursampleroad,thescenariocouldbeasfollows:
Table3:TCOCalculationofaGreenfieldRoadLightingProject
GREENFIELDROADLIGHTINGPROJECTof100KMROAD,5,000LUMINAIRES
HPSV LED Savings Savings
COSTS&SAVINGSOVERFIRST10YEARS
$000 %
Fixture+InstallationCosts $1,050 $1,675 $625
EnergyCosts $12,513 $4,784 $7,729 62%
Maintenance,Partsreplaced,Repair $1,329 $ $1,329
TotalCostofOwnership $14,892 $6,459 $8,433 57%

CO2Emission(Metrictons) 47,468 18,149 29,318 62%
PowerSupply(KW)(Energyspent) 1,700 650 1,050 62%
Assumptions:sameasabove.
MostoftheLEDperformancedataavailabletodayhavebeentestedinpilotsandfullscaleprojectsinseveral
countries across the globe, some of which are presented in this report. A number of these projects were
presented as case studies in The Climate Groups report, Lighting the Clean Revolution, published in June
2012. The case studies share proof points, benefits of LED road lighting, and the different reasons cities have
adoptedLED.
BusinessCase
Forgreenfieldprojects,thebusinesscaseisestablishedbydoingalifecycle,totalcostofownershipcomparison
betweenthevariousoptionsasdemonstratedinTable3above.
For retrofit projects, the Payback Method is the most straightforward and oftenused method to build a
business case. The payback method simply measures the number of years it takes to recover the initial
investmentandhighlightsthecontinuingsavingsfollowingloanpayback.
To accurately compute the payback period of LED road lighting projects, one must consider the real costs of
electricity (not the subsidized tariff rates) and financing costs as these factors strongly affects a projects
businesscase.
Forlistoffinancingoptions,pleaserefertoFinancingOptionstowardstheendofthissection.

ThepaybackfortheretrofitexampleinTable2aboveisasfollows:
Table4:PaybackCalculations
FINANCING RETROFITPROJECT
SimplePayback 2.1years
Paybackwithfinancing 2.4years
Assumptions:
Annualfinancingrate8%
Tenor:4years,4paymentsperyear
Warranty3years
CASESTUDY:BusinessCasefortheCityofLosAngeles
TheCityofLosAngeles(LA)ownsthesecondlargestroadlightingsystemintheUnitedStates,afterNewYork
City. There are an estimated 210,000 street lights on 4,500 miles of lighted streets, of which 140,000, mostly
HPSVlights,wereconvertedtoLEDsbetween2009and2013.
Theproject,implementedincollaborationwiththeLAMayorsoffice,LADepartmentofWater&Power,Bureau
ofStreetLighting(BSL),theClintonClimateInitiative,andtheCity,wasdeliveredontimeandwithhigherthan
projectedenergysavings.
Theprojectcostof$56.7millionwasfundedthrough$13.2millioninenergyefficiencyrebate($0.24perkWh
reduced),a$3.5millionfundfromtheBureausStreetLightingAssessmentFundandaloanof$40millionatan
interest rate of 5.25%. The payback for the project was calculated at seven years based on expected annual
energy and maintenance savings of around $8.2 million.24 Once the loans are paid off, the City will save $10
millionannuallyonroadlightsoperationandmaintenancecomparedtocurrentcosts.
Below are the projects statistics, as shown in a recent report of BSL (June 2014),25 showing how the project
exceededitsexpectedannualenergysavingsof68GWh.
Table5:LosAngelesStreetLightingProjectStatistics
TotalNumberofUnits 152,986
%EnergySavings 62.9%
AnnualCO2Reduction(inmetrictons) 53,724MT
AnnualEnergySavings(GWh) 90.84GWh
AnnualEnergySavings($) $8,082,842
FinancingOptions
TherearemanywaysoffinancingLEDprojects,dependingontheavailabilityoffundsandtheCity/Municipality/
RoadAuthoritysabilitytointernallymarketandselltheprojectandfinancingmodel.Inmostemergingmarkets,
implementing demandside energy efficiency initiatives has become an imperative as energy demand far
outstrips supply. The TCO analysis above and the list of financing options provided below should help project
proponentsdesignandmarkettheseprojects.Somepopularfinancingmechanismsarelistedbelow.
SelfFinancing: This is the traditional and straightforward strategy for funding road lighting projects. This
allocatesfundingdirectly fromthelocalgovernmentsannualcapitalbudget,orloans/grantsfrombilateralor
multilateral development agencies focused on climate change and energy and efficiency initiatives. Self

financing can lower the total costs of projects as commercial bank financing is generally more expensive.
However, the availability of funds and the internal approvals needed to allocate, approve, and disburse the
fundingmaydelayaproject.
Leasing:Acustomercouldchoosetorentthelightingsystemratherthanpurchaseitfromthesupplier/project
developers.Avarietyoffinancingstructuresareavailable,includingtheoperatinglease,capital/financelease,
and hirepurchase agreements. The product is handed over to the city once the payback on the project has
beenachieved,usuallyapredesignatedtimeperiod.
PublicPrivatePartnerships(PPPs):Thisisacontractbetweenthegovernmentandtheprivatesector.InPPPs,
theprivatesectorbringsincapitalfundingandexpertise,andtakesinallthefinancialandperformancerisksof
theprojectwhilethegovernmentretainsthemanagementcontrolandkeydecisionpowers.
Performance Contracting: Energy Performance Contracts are comprehensive bundles of services technical
evaluations, equipment installations, energy monitoring, and evaluation and are usually implemented by
EnergyServiceCompanies(ESCOs).Inthesharedsavingperformancecontractingmodel,thebulkofthecapital
isprovidedbytheESCO,anditisstructuredinawaythatenergysavingsaresharedbetweentheESCOandthe
client over adefined period of time. In the guaranteed savings performance contracting model, the customer
raisesprojectcapitalbasedonthesavingperformanceguaranteeissuedbytheESCO.Bothcontractingmodels
workontheassumptionthatthelightingsystemwillincurenoughenergysavingstocompensateforthecapital
outflow. However, performance contracting may not work in emerging countries, where the right enabling
environmentislacking,andthereforetheESCOsectorinthesemarketsisvirtuallynonexistent.
CarbonFinancing:EEroadlightingprojectscanberegisteredtoearnCertifiedEmissionCredits,whicharethen
traded in the carbon market. The carbon funds from the trading of these Certified Emission Credits are then
used to make the project economically viable. However, this mechanism has not been active in the past few
yearsasthemarketvalueofthesecreditshasdeclinedtoverylowlevels.Alternativecarbonfinancingsources
areavailablethroughmultilateraldevelopmentbanksandselectcommercialbanks.
To determine which of these strategies is most suitable for a project, it is important to carefully assess the
customersavailablecapitalresources,appetiteforrisk,needforexternalexpertise,desireforassetcontrol,and
impactoftheprojectonthecustomersbalancesheet.


Annex1:LEDMythsandFacts
TheMythsandFactspresentedinthissectionarelargelybasedontheinformationcollatedbyPhilipsLightingintheir
tool,TheRoadPlannersGuide.26
No. Myth Fact

Awelldesignedluminairedeliversatleast70%ofinitiallumenoutput(L70)over50,000
hoursofuse.Thistranslatestonearlytwelveyearsofreliableuse,basedonadaily12
hourdutycycle.
Highambienttemperaturesandelectricalgridinstabilitycaninfluencelumen
LEDsarenot
1 depreciation.
reliable
NotallLEDchipsareofequalquality.Toensurequality,refertoindependenttestreports
liketheLM80forthetrueindicationoftheprojectedlifetimeoftheLEDsusedat
differentoperatingtemperatures.
TCOanalysesdemonstratethatLEDsystemscostlessthanconventionalsystemsover
lifetime,as
o LEDsystemstypicallyoffer5070%ofenergysavingscomparedtoconventional
technologies.
LEDsystemsare
2
tooexpensive o LEDsystemsdonotrequirefrequentlampchanges,reducingexpensivelaborcosts
andreplacementoflamps.
Thebreakevenpointontheinitialinvestmentvariesbetween2to3yearsbasedonthe
costofenergy.
Claimsfromvendorsthatshowimpressivelumenoutputof160lumens/wattorhigher
donotreflectrealworlduse.Thesevendorsuse,forexample,isolatedpulsetests(that
switchontheLEDforperiodsshorterthanasecond)whichdonotreflecttherealuseof
Higherlumenper theLEDchip.Althoughpercentagesvary,itisnotuncommontoseelossesof30to40%in
3 wattperforming lumen/wattpowerwhenthechipsareplacedintheluminaire.
LEDsarebetter
Checkifthetestsareconductedbyindependenttestinglaboratoriesandnotbasedsolely
onthemanufacturersownclaims.
Conventionallightingsourcesonlyconvertafractionofelectricalpowerintovisiblelight,
therestiswastedasheat(infraredradiation).Asthisexcessiveheattravelswithinthe
lightbeam,itreducesthelight'seffectiveness.Prolongedexposuretoheat(infrared
radiation)canbehazardoustoeyes,skin,andfabrics.
LEDchipsdonot
4
generateheat LEDchipsontheotherhand,areabletoconvertmostofelectricalpoweraslightandthe
emittedlightdoesnotcarryheat.However,anamountofheatisgeneratedattheLED
driverandPCB(printedcircuitboard)section.
Acarefullyengineeredheatsinkhelpstodissipateheatefficiently.ChooseanLEDroad

No. Myth Fact

lightingsystemvendorthatdesigns,simulates,andteststheirproductsforhighthermal
efficiencytoensureoptimalperformanceandmaximizethelifetimeoftheLEDs.
Sinceitsinventionin1963,LEDtechnologyhasbecomeahighlyevolvedlightingsolution
LEDtechnologyis thatoffersexcellentefficacy,usability,andreliability.Today,LEDsareusedinawide
5
stillinitsinfancy rangeofdemandingoutdoorlightingapplicationsandareheretostay.
LEDlightsarenot Withnomovingparts,filamentsorfragileglassenclosures,LEDchipsareperfectforusein
6 resistantto road&bridgelightingapplicationswheretherearehighrisksofvibrationandvandalism.
vibration
LEDchipscannot LEDsarecapableofreachingtheirfulloutputalmostinstantlyafterswitchingonandcan
7 switchonandoff remainonforlongperiodswithoutshorteningtheusefullife.
rapidly
LEDlightscannot
LEDlightfixturesoperatinginextremecoldtendtobemoreefficientandenjoyalonger
operatein
8 lifetime.
extremelycold
environments
LEDlightingsystemsarehighlycustomizable.Systemscanbeupgradedwithlight,traffic,
LEDlightscannot andvisibilitysensors.
9 bedimmedand
Acontrolsystemcaneasilymanipulatelightintensitytosuittheprevailingweatheror
controlled
trafficconditions.
LightingvendorswhoarenotcriticalintheirqualitycontrolandLEDchipselectionprocess
canendupwithLEDlightingsolutionswithinconsistentcolortemperature.
LEDchipshave HighqualityvendorssubjecttheirLEDchipsto100%testing,andemploysophisticated
10
consistentcolor binningtechnologytoensuresimilarlightcharacteristicsforeveryfixture.LeadingLED
chipmanufacturersintheindustrytodayincludePhilipsLumileds,Cree,Nichia,and
Osram.
TheCorrelated LEDsareavailableinmanydifferentcolortemperatures.LEDswithcolortemperatures
Color from3000Kelvinto6500Kelvinareconsideredaswhiteandaresuitedforroaduse.
Temperature
11
(CCT)ofLEDsare Inmanycountrieswarmervariantsareusedforurbanandpedestrianwalkways,whilethe
alwaysverycold, coolertemperaturesareusedforroadsandexpressways,dependingonlocalpreference.
almostbluish
InastudycommissionedbytheMayorofLondonsofficeontheeffectsofLEDroad
lighting,anoverwhelmingmajorityofthosesurveyedsaidthat,withthesameamountof
LEDlightquality lumenoutput,thewhitelightofLEDroadlightingallowedthemtoseebetter.27
12
ispoorforroads
TheCRIforwhiteLEDlightisaround70ascomparedtoaCRIof25forconventionalHPSV
light.AhigherCRIindicatesbetterrecognitionofobjects.
LEDroadlighting GiventhelowpowerconsumptionofLEDs,theyareperfectlysuitableforusewithsolar
13 requirespower powertechnologiesinareaswheregridpowerislimitedornotavailable.
gridconnection

No. Myth Fact

ThefollowingtablecomparesthepowerconsumptionofLEDandconventionallighting
solutions,bothoffercomparablelightingperformanceontheroad.
Table6.LEDEquivalentsofTypicalHPSVWattages
ConventionalWattage
LEDWattage*
(HPSV)
LEDroadlighting 70W 35W
fixturesare 150W 70W
expensiveyet 250W 130W
14 provideminimal 400W 280W
energysavings *Actual comparison may be favorable when
overconventional compared to poorly designed or low quality
fixtures. conventionalfixture.

LEDsystemsgiveasuperiorTCOoverthetotalprojectlifetimecomparedtoconventional
lighting.
Dependingonthecostofenergy,thepaybackperiodtypicallyvariesbetween2to3years.
Conventionallightsourcesemitlightovertheirentiresurface.Acomplexsystemof
Therequired reflectorsanddiffusersareneededtodirectthelighttotheroad,whichresultsin
lumenoutputof significantlossoflightonthesurface.
LEDfixtures
LEDlightsourcesprojecttheirlightinadirectionalmanner,hencerequirefewerlumen
15 shouldmatch
sappingreflectorsanddiffuserstodirectthelightontotheroad.
thoseof
conventional
Thatisthereasonwhyaconventional3800lumenlightsourcecanbereplacedbya2800
fixtures
lumenLEDfixtureapproximately.
LEDscontain UnlikeHPSV,FluorescentorInduction.basedtechnologies,LEDsdonotcontainmercury,
16 hazardous leadorothertoxicmaterials.
substances

Annex2:KeyFactorstoConsiderWhen
DesigningaRoadLightingProject
Themainpurposeofroadlightingistoprovideanappropriatelevelofvisibilitytomotoriststoensuresafetyindriving.
In cities, road lighting plays an additional role of creating a more inviting and safe environment. The ability of road
lightingtoilluminateanobjectexpressedasRPisaffectedbythequalityoflightandotherphysicalfactorssuchas
trafficlevelandroadsurface.Agoodroadlightingsystemwillensurevisualdetectionofanobjectatgreaterdistances.
Thissectiondescribesthevariouslightingfactorstheindustryconsiderswhiledesigninganeffectivelightingsystem,and
theminimumstandardsthatneedtobemettoensuresafedrivingconditions.

Comparison between HPSV (left) and LED (right): While conventional technologies can
meetthekeylightingfactors(luminance,uniformity,glare,surroundratio,colorrendering
index),LEDsmeettheseatmoredesirablelevels,makingitmorepleasingtotheeye,as
evidentinthepicturesabove.
1. Road Luminance is a measure of how visible the road is to a motorist. Luminance is dependent on the light
distributionoftheluminaires,thelumenoutputofthelamps,theinstallationdesignoftheroadlighting,andthe
reflectionpropertiesoftheroadsurface.Thehighertheluminancelevel,thebetterthelighting.Basedonindustry
standards,a75%RPisconsideredsufficientinmostroadconditions.

LuminanceonDifferentRoadSurfaces:(Upperleft)Smoothanddryroadsurface,(Upperright)Smoothandwet
surface,(Lowerleft)Roughanddrysurface,(Lowerright)roughandwetsurface.
2. Uniformity is a measure of how evenly distributed the light on the road is, which can be expressed as Overall
Uniformity(UO)andLongitudinalUniformity(UL).Agoodoveralluniformityensuresthatallspotsandobjectsonthe
roadaresufficientlylitandvisibletothemotorist.TheindustryacceptedvalueforUOis0.40.

OverallUniformity.ThepictureontheleftshowsaroadwithgoodUOwhilethepictureontherighthaslowlevelofUO.The
box is more visible in the road with higher UO. Having higher UO allows the motorist to see the road clearly and anticipate
potentialroadhazards(e.g.openmanholes,roadexcavations,sharpobjectsontheroad,peoplecrossingthestreet).

Ontheotherhand,agoodleveloflongitudinaluniformityensurescomfortabledrivingconditionsbyreducingthe
patternofhighandlowluminancelevelsonaroad(i.e.zebraeffect).Itisapplicabletolongcontinuousroads.

LongitudinalUniformity.ThepictureontherightshowsaroadwithlowlevelofULdemonstratingthezebraeffectwhilethepictureonthe
lefthashighlevelofUL.Thezebraeffectcancausediscomforttomotorists,posingarisktoroadsafety.Ensuringgoodlevelofuniformitycan
reducetheluminancelevelneeded.
3. Glareistheblindingsensationwhenthebrightnessofthelightexceedstheadaptationlevelofthehumaneyeto
light. It produces discomfort and reduces road visibility. It is measured in Threshold Increment (TI), which is the
percentageincreaseinrequiredluminancetocompensatetheeffectofglare(i.e.,maketheroadequallyvisibleasin
theabsenceofglare).Theindustrystandardforglareis10%TI.

Glare.Thepicturesabovedemonstratetheeffectofglare.Highlevelsof
glarecanmaketheroadappearhazy(lessvisible)whichposesasafety
risktomotoristsandpedestrianalike.

4. SurroundRatio(SR):Roadlightingshouldlightupnotonlytheroad,butalsotheadjacentareassomotoristscan
see objects in the periphery and anticipate potential road obstructions (e.g., a pedestrian about to step onto the
road). The SR is the visibility of the roads periphery relative to that of the main road itself. As per industry
standards,SRshouldbeatleast0.50,asthisisidealandsufficienttocreateaproperadaptationtotheeyes.

Surround Ratio: (Left) A schematic diagram of how road lighting should illuminate both the main road and its
periphery.(Right)AreallifeexampleofaroadwithgoodSR.

5. Color Rendering Index measures the ability of the artificial light to show or reproduce the colors of the road or
objectsontheroad,relativetoanaturallightsource.Thenaturallightsource(thesun)hasCRIof100.Thehigher
thisindexthebetterthevisibilitywillbe.ForalltypesofroadCRI70isrecommended.

ColorRenderingIndex:Roadundernaturallight(left),HPSV(middle),andLED(right).
IndustryStandardsforRoadLightingLevels
TherightlevelsofthesefactorsaredeterminedbytheinternationallyacceptedstandardCommissionInternationalede
lclairage(CIE,InternationalCommissiononIllumination).28Thisstandarddefinestherequiredlightingforeverytypeof
motorized road, with roads classified according to a set of defining characteristics such as traffic volume and
composition, number of lanes, usage, weather conditions (fog, rain), and type of road surface (paved, unpaved,
cemented,asphalt,cemented),amongothers.29
TheroadsareclassifiedfromM1toM6withM1beingthelargest(e.g.,highways,expressways).Table1belowdisplays
thelightingperformanceexpectedforeachofthesefactors,basedonthetypeofroad.
Table7.LightingClassesforMotorizedTraffic30
Road Surround
Road Uniformity Glare
Luminance Ratio
category
Lav(cd/m2) U TI(%) Rs
M1 2.0 0.4 10 0.5
M2 1.5 0.4 10 0.5
M3 1.0 0.4 15 0.5
M4 0.75 0.4 15 0.5
M5 0.50 0.35 15 0.5
M6 0.30 0.35 20 0.5

Additionally,theCIEstandardhasrecommendedlightinglevelsforpedestrianroadsorareas.Theseroadsareclassified
from P1 to P6, according to traffic volume and composition, ambient luminance, and the requirement for facial
recognition,amongothers.31Animportantlightingparametertoconsiderforthistypeofroadisilluminance.
RoadIlluminanceistheamountoflight(lumens)incidentonperunitareaoftheroadsurface,andisexpressed
aslm/m2(lumenspersquaremeter)orlux.


Table8.LightingClassesforPedestrianandLowSpeedTrafficAreas32
AdditionalRequirementiffacialrecognition
Average Minimum isnecessary
Road Horizontal Horizontal Minimumsemi
category Illuminance Illuminance MinimumVertical
cylindrical
Illuminance
Illuminance
Eh,av(lx) Eh,min(lx) EV,min(lx) Esc,min(lx)
P1 15 3.0 5.0 3.0
P2 10 2.0 3.0 2.0
P3 7.5 1.5 2.5 1.5
P4 5.0 1.0 1.5 1.0
P5 3.0 0.6 1.0 0.6
P6 2.0 0.4 0.6 0.4
PhysicalFactors
Physicalfactorscaneitherenhanceordetractfromtheperformanceoftheroadlight,soitisimperativetogivethese
factorsampleconsiderationwhencreatingalightingsystem.
Polesshouldbestrongenoughtocarryandsupporttheluminaire,shouldhavetheappropriateheight,andshouldbe
properlyspacedtoachieveoptimallighting.Obstructivestructuresliketreesshouldalsobetakenintoconsiderationin
planningforthelayoutofroadlighting.
Smart Control Systems are infrastructure communication systems that allow instantaneous control of the lighting
system. These can automatically adjust the level of lighting depending on the condition of the surroundings. Studies
show that LEDbased road lighting coupled with smart control systems can maximize the lifespan of the luminaires,
minimizemaintenancecosts,andincreaseenergysavingsupto80%.33
Cablesconnecttheluminairetotheenergysourceandtothesmartcontrolsystems.Itshouldmatchandberesponsive
totheenergydemandsofthelightingsystem.
Whenauditingaroadlightingdesign,theimportantfactorstocheckare34:
Istheroadlightingluminanceappropriatetotrafficsafetyneedsofroadusers,keepinginmindphysicalfactors,
uniformityandglareeffects?
Isthelightontheroaduniform?Arethereunlitshortlengthsofroadwaymixedwithlitsections?
Aretherelightingtransitionsprovidedwhereroadlightingends?
Dothelightingpolesandcablesconstitutearoadsidehazardorsignificantlyobstructdriverssight?

Annex3:SuccessStories
LEDRoadLighting:Malaysia
Client:MalaysiaMinistryofWorks(MOW),MaintenanceDepartment
Location:KualaLumpur,Malaysia
Background
As part of Malaysias commitment to green solutions, the prime minister of Malaysia called for a reduction in CO2
emissions by 40% by 2020, based on 2005 levels. Existing lighting systems in the country were all based on HPSV
technology,leadingtogrowingconcernsaboutlightingperformance,reliability,andenergyandmaintenancecosts.To
helpthecountryreachbothitsemissionsreductionstargetandtoaddresstheseconcerns,thegovernmentofMalaysia
developed a lighting retrofit project for the expressways of Kuala Lumpur. The contract replaced 3,145 HPSV lamps
(400W)withLEDroadlightingluminaires(186W),replaced2,010polesfrom12mhighto10mhigh,installedmorethan
100kmofnewpowercables,andreplacedexistingfeederpillarswithnewfeederpillarsandrelevantaccessories.
Theproject wasimplementedacrossthreeofthe citysmajorarterialroadstotaling63.1 km: Middle RingRoad(45.3

km),FederalHighway(10.1km),andSubangAirportRoad(7.7km).
Challenges
The inefficiency and unreliability of the road lighting on Kuala Lumpurs expressways were imposing budgetary
constraintsforMalaysiasMOW(theauthorityresponsibleforpublicroadlighting).TheHPSVroadlightswereresulting
in increased spending on both energy costs as well as maintenance costs. The MOW sought a solution that could
improve efficiency and thereby reduce costs as well as help the country reach its CO2 emissions targets while
simultaneouslycreatingclearnightvisionandasafeenvironmentformotorists.
Solution
Thelightingretrofitsolutionwascustomizedtocomplywithcurrentroadsafetyregulationsandlocallightingstandards,
and the contractor was able to offer a bundled solution that also included project financing support and longterm
maintenanceservices.

Benefits
Achievedanaverageenergysavingsof62%
Improvedthedistributionoflighttoguaranteeexcellentlightuniformity
Arangeofcolortemperaturesfromwhitetocoollightensuremotoristsarecomfortableandsafetotravelat
night,withoutanydistractingglare
Allowedforaestheticallypleasingandenjoyableexperienceontheroadduetothelightshighcolorrendering
Ensuredlongtermreliability,asthesolutionhasagoodheatsystemmanagementandhaslongerlifetimethan
HPSV
SolutionsmodularconceptprovidesflexibilityforLEDupgrades,futureproofingthelightingsystem
HassuccessfullypioneeredLEDroadlightinginMalaysia,demonstratingtangibleresults,andopeningthedoor
forpossiblefutureLEDroadlightingprojects
Financing
Theprojectwasfinancedthroughtwoindependentcontracts.
1. A commercial bank was brought in by the contractor to serve as intermediary with the government. The
government provided a sovereign guarantee (fixed, monthly rate to the bank throughout the 7 years of the
contract). In turn, the bank paid the contractor in 9 tranches based on preagreed milestones of installed
productsandservicesdelivered.
2. A separate independent servicing contract between the contractor and the government is in place. The
government will pay the contractor every quarter throughout the 7 years of the contract for the ongoing
maintenanceoftheLEDsystem.

SolarLEDRoadLighting:China
Client:NanyangRoadBureau
Location:Nanyang,HenanProvince,China
Background
TheNanyangcitygovernmentconstructed
the city circular highway to facilitate the
logistics for the upcoming National
Peasant Games. In the longterm, the
highwaywillserveasakeytransportation
channel that connects the villages to the
citycenter.
Under a businessasusual scenario, the

city would have installed gridconnected
HPSV (400W) luminaires on the road,
whichwouldhaveledtohighenergycosts
and poor quality of light. However,
because of the citys drive to improve
their green image, the Nanyang city
government decided to install solar LED
roadlightingalongthe14.4kmstretchof
road to help reduce the citys CO2
emissions. The contract was a
comprehensive solution from technical
studies and lighting design up to the
supply,installation,andcommissioningof915setsofoffgridsolarLEDsystems.Theprojectisoneofthelargestsolar
roadlightingprojectsinChinabyvolume.
Challenges
The city government wanted to be green and therefore considered installing solar lighting along the new road. To
better understand how they could be green and meet the lighting performance requirements, during the planning
process, the Nanyang city government consulted with other Chinese cities with regards to prior solar lighting
installations. Through these consultations, they found that some prior solar lighting installations have had lower life
spansresultinginhighermaintenancecostsandpoorlightingperformance(i.e.poorvisibility)atnight,allduetopoor
systemconfigurationandbatteryperformance.TheNanyangcitygovernmentwasnotconvincedofthereliabilityand
capability of solar lighting technologies to deliver required lighting performance yet still wanted to install an
environmentallyfriendlylightingsolution.
Solution
Addressingthegovernmentsreservations,thecontractorofferedacomprehensiveapproachtotheproject.Inaddition
to project implementation, project preparation was a crucial part of the contract. The project conducted technical
studies to determine key system parameters (e.g. autonomy days), created an optimal lighting design following local
Chineseroadlightingstandards,andensuredpropersystemconfiguration.
The project also included an initial pilot installation of 40 sets to demonstrate the reliability of the technology to the
government and to verify that the actual lighting performance met both the expected and the required lighting

performance. To further assuage any lingering doubts, the contractor also provided a full 2year system warranty to
protectthecustomerfromanyprematurefailures.
The proposed solution addressed the city governments reservations and reinstilled their confidence in solar lighting
technologysabilitytodeliverrequiredlightingperformance.
Performance
FieldtestresultsshowthatthesolarLEDlightingsolutionmeettherequiredlightinglevelsassetoutinthelocalChinese
roadlightingstandard.Asummaryofthelightingperformance(plannedversusactuallevels)isfoundinthetablebelow.
AsofMay2014,nearlytwoyearsafterinstallation,nofailureshavebeenreportedatestamenttothetechnologys
highquality,robustness,andreliability.
Table9:LightingPerformanceTestResultsforNanyangSolarRoadLightingProject
LightingPerformance Planned Actual
Centralilluminance 18.9lux 22lux
Averageilluminance 12.5lux 14lux
Illuminanceuniformity 0.6 0.67
Averageluminance 0.86cd/m 0.86cd/m
luminanceuniformity 0.59 0.66
Uniformglare 7.5 7.5
Surroundratio 0.5 0.5
Autonomydays 3 3
Benefits
AchievedthefollowingannualsavingsandreductionswhencomparedtoconventionalHPSV:
o 1.3GWhofelectricitysaved(equivalentto$208,000)
o 530tonsofCO2emissionsreduced
Improvedthedistributionoflighttoguaranteeexcellentlightuniformity
Allowedforaestheticallypleasingandenjoyableexperienceontheroadduetothelightshighcolorrendering
Ensured longterm reliability because of proper configuration of the charge controller with the rest of the
lightingsystem
SolutionsmodularconceptprovidesflexibilityforLEDupgrades,futureproofingthelightingsystem
Resulted in excellent illumination with no grid energy input, which makes it possible to save 100% on energy
costs

TCOReport
Satisfyingthelocalclimaticandenvironmentalneeds,thesolarlightingsolutionofferedtriplebenefitstothecustomer:
improvedlightingperformance;minimizedenvironmentalimpact;andquickeconomicreturnsconsideringtheTCO.
WhiletheinitialinvestmentforoffgridsolarLEDroadlightingsolutioninanewroadismoreexpensivethantheongrid
HPSVlightingsystem,thedifferencecaneasilyberecoveredthroughenergyandmaintenancecostsavings.
Infact,consideringtheaverageannualenergyandmaintenancecostsavingsforthisproject,savingsonthefirstyear
alreadyaccountedforthedifferenceininitialinvestment.ToillustratethecostadvantageofsolarLEDlightingsolution,
thetablebelowshowstheTCOcalculation.
Table10:TCOCalculationforNanyangSolarRoadLightingProject
GREENFIELDSOLARLEDROADLIGHTINGPROJECTof14.4KMROAD,915LUMINAIRES
COSTSOVER3YEARS HPSV SolarLED Savings
Luminaire+InstallationCosts $688,635 $2,469,048 $(1,780,413)

EnergyInfrastructureCosts
$1,564,444 $1,564,444
(cables,transformersubstations)
TotalInitialInvestment $2,253,079 $2,469,048 $(215,969)
EnergyCosts $624,046 $624,046
Maintenance,Partsreplaced,Repair $35,619 $35,619
TotalOperationalCostsover3years $659,665 $659,665
TotalCostofOwnershipover3years $2,912,744 $2,469,048 $443,696

Annex4:TechnicalSpecifications
This section provides (i) industry standards for technical specifications for a tender, (ii) a list of recommended
documentsforsubmissionwithtenderbids,and(iii)samplespecificationsfromanactualtender.
Appropriate technical specifications (Tech Specs) ensure procurement of quality products and hence the operational
effectiveness and efficiency of a road lighting project. This section lists key technical parameters that should be
consideredtoensurequalityproducts,asperindustrybestpractices,andexplainsimportanceofeachkeyparameter.
Itisimportanttonotethattechnicalparameterschangewithtechnologicaldevelopments.Inaddition,theparameters
areinterdependent,whichmeansachangeinonemayrequireorresultinachangeinanotherparameter.Hence,tech
specsshouldalwaysbeconsideredasasetorawhole.Whilethislistservesasaguidetoensuretheprojectproponents
are aware of the key specifications and their relevance, it is important to continuously engage in a dialogue with the
industry (especially since LED technology is rapidly evolving); have a technical expert design the actual tender specs
basedontheprojectgoals,latestproductsavailable,andbudget;andconsidertestingshortlistedproducts.
Thelistofrecommendeddocuments,testreports,andcertificationsonthenextpageshelpsensurethatmanufacturers
provideproofregardingthequalityoftheproductbeingsupplied.

TechnicalSpecificationsandDocumentsforLEDRoadLightingSolutions
Thissectionliststhetypicaltechnicalspecificationsandrecommendeddocumentationrequirementforgridconnected
LEDroadlightingsolutions.
RecommendedTechnicalSpecifications
ProofofTechnical
Parameters IdealSpecifications Reason/JustificationforRecommendation
Compliance
9pointlightlevel
LightQuality
Theseparameterswillensuresufficientlevelsof measurementbasedon
andOverall AsperCIEstandardfor
1 lightontheroadforsafetypurposes,perenduser mockupsubmitted,
Uniformity roadtype
roadspecification measuredusing
Ratio
calibratedluxmeter
Allqualitysupplierstodayoffer90lm/Wsystem
efficacy,atwhichlevelonecanensuremorethan
50%energysavingsatthesystemlevelcomparedto
existingHPSVsolutionsofeven85lm/Wefficacy.
(LEDsprovidedirectionallightresultinginhigher
lightlevelsontargetedsurfaceforthesamelumen
output.)

Thereisadifferenceinefficacyvaluesbetween
System
2 90lm/W AlternatingCurrent(AC)andDirectCurrent(DC) LM79testreport
Efficacy
luminaires,withtheformerhavinglowerefficiency
tooptimizecost.Meanwhile,DCbasedluminaires
havehigherefficacytooptimizethesystem(i.e.
moreefficientluminairesneedlessenergyand
hence,willrequiresmallersolarpanelandbattery)

NB.EfficacyvaluesofLEDsarerapidlyevolving.Itis
alwaysrecommendedtoconsultwithareliable
manufacturerforthelatestefficacylevels.
LEDluminairestypicallydonotgotozerooutputas
conventionallightsdo.Theyjustdimovertime,until
thelightoutputisnotsufficientforrequired
function.Thelightingindustryhasdeterminedthat
LEDceasestobeausefullightsourcewhenits
lumenorlightoutputreducesto70%ofitsoriginal
RatedLifetime level.ThelifetimeofanLEDisthusdeterminedto
L70at50,000hoursor bethepointintime(inhours)whenitslumen LM80LEDLumen
3 andLumen
better outputdepreciatesto70%oftheinitiallumens. Maintenancereport
Maintenance
Theindustryhassetupastandardwaytotesttheir
LEDapplicationsforlifetime,andthisispresentedin
theLM80LEDLumenmaintenancereport.
Currently,theindustrystandardforlifetimeforLED
roadlightsisat50,000hours.
Thisspecificationasksforthetemperaturerange
withinwhicharoadlightingfixtureneedstobeable
Operating tooperate.Roadlightsoperateduringnighttime
4 30Cto45C IEC60598Testreport
Temperature (i.e.,from6:00PMto6:00AM).Eveningoperating
temperaturesusuallydonotexceed40degrees;
hencearangefrom30to45degreesissufficient.
Acrispneutralwhitecolorcreatesamoreinviting
4000500K(Neutral
environment. LM79TestReport
CCTandColor White)
5 LEDManufacturer
Consistency
InasurveyconductedbyTheClimateGroup,the Declaration
<7SDCM
publicshowedpreferenceforthewhitelight

ProofofTechnical
Compliance
providedbyLEDsoverthecolorofconventional
roadlighting,asitallowedthemtofeelsafer.35

Bettercolorconsistencypreventsvisualcolor
differencesbetweenlightpoints.
Color ACRIof70isspecifiedtoensureenhancedability LM79TestReport
6 Rendering 70 overHPSV(withCRIof25to30)toshowtruecolors LEDManufacturer
Index ofobjects. Declaration
IPensureslifetimeprotectionofLEDs&other
electroniccomponentsinsidetheluminaire.Theuse
ofglueisnotsuitablesinceitsbondingproperties
weakenovertimebecauseoftheheatandexternal
weatherconditions.
IP66withoutglue
(forluminaireswith AnIP66ratingisrecommendedforluminaireswith
lumenpackageof higherlumenpackagesbecauseitssealsareunder
Ingress
>7000lumens) heavierstressduetothefollowing:
7 Protection(IP) IEC6059823TestReport
IP65withoutglue 1. Higherlumenpackageluminairestendtobe
Rating
(forluminaireswith placedatahighermountingheightand
lumenpackageof thereforemoreexposedtoweatherinfluences
<7000lumens) 2. Becausetheyaremountedhigher,higher
lumenpackageluminairesaretypicallyless
accessible.IP66wouldrequirelessfrequent
maintenance.
3. Thehigherthelumenpackage,themoreheatis
generatedwithintheluminaire.
IKratingspecifiesforprotectionagainstvandalism&
8 IKRating IK08 breakage.Forroadlightingluminaires,IK08is IKtestreport
sufficient.
Luminaire
Glasshasbetterlighttransmittanceoveritslifetime.
Manufacturers
Temperedglassissafertouse;whenbroken,it
9 Cover Temperedglasscover declaration
disintegratesintosmallpieces.Italsoprotects
Visualinspectionof
againstentryofdust,water&UVraysfromthesun
sample
Luminaire
Highpressurediecast
Manufacturers
aluminumw/heat Thespecifiedhousingshouldbelonglasting,robust,
10 Housing Declaration
managementsystemin andwithgoodheatmanagement.
Visualinspectionof
lightgraycolor
sample
10,000lumens<7kg
Fixtureshouldnotbetooheavytobesuitablefor Visualinspectionof
11 Weight 15,000lumens<9kg
existingpoleinstallation. sample
30,000lumens<15kg
Toollessopening Formaintenancecostsaving,specifyforafixture Visualinspectionof
12 Maintenance
Replaceablegeartray thatiseasytoopenandreplacecomponents. sample
5yearsfullwarrantyfor Luminaire
Afullwarrantyprovidespeaceofmindandreal
theLEDsystem(chip/ Manufacturers
13 Warranty warrantyincaseoffailure.Thiswillguardtheclient
driverandother Declaration
againstprematurefailuresbelow50%ofratedlife.
accessories)
System Systemvoltageshouldbesuitabletooperateasper 3rdpartyreport/
14 220V240V,50Hz/60Hz
Voltage thepowergrid. certification
Voltage
Thisistheusualrangeofvoltagefluctuationof
3rdpartyreport/
15 Fluctuation +/10% certification
electricity.
Tolerance
GridconnectedLEDluminairesshouldbeHigh 3rdpartyreport/
16 PowerFactor 0.90 PowerFactortobemorecompatiblewiththepower certification
grid(lessreactivepower).

ProofofTechnical
Compliance
17
Electrical
ClassI
ClassIwillmakereplacement/routinemaintenance IEC6059823TestReport
Insulation safeformaintenancestaff.
Doublestagesurge
3 partyreport/
rd
Electrical Thiswillensurethereisprotectionforthesystem
18 protectionforbothLEDs
Protection againstpowersurgeofupto10KV. certification
anddriver10KV
Termination Plug&playterminal Plug&playterminalblocksenableeaseof IEC6059823Test
19
Type blocks maintenance. Report
RecommendedDocumentsforSubmissionwithBid
ThefollowingReliabilityChecklistlistsdocumentsthatdemonstratethequality,durability,andsafetyofanLEDroad
lighting luminaire and should be required in all road lighting tenders. Additionally, these test reports should be
accompaniedbytheissuingtestinglaboratorysISO17025accreditationcertificatetoprovereliabilityoftheresults,i.e.
labisproperlycalibratedandtestsareexecutedaccordingtointernationalprotocols.
Lighting
Documentrequired Reason/JustificationforRecommendation
Component
IEC6059823TestReport
ParticularRequirements Generalrequirementsforroadlightingluminairesincludingclassification,marking,and
Luminaire
LuminairesforRoadandRoad mechanicalandelectricalconstruction.
Lighting
LM79TestReport
Measurestheluminairesperformanceincludinglumenoutput,lightdistribution,luminous
Luminaire PerformanceTestReportfor
efficacy,colorcharacteristics(CCT,CRI),amongothers.
Luminaires
Indicates:
(EN55015Emissions)iftheluminairesEMemissionsarewithinlimitsanddoesnot
affectradio,telecommunications,andotherequipment
ElectromagneticCompatibility
Luminaire (EN61547Immunity)theluminairesimmunitytointerference/emissions(i.e.there
(EMC)TestReports
isnolossinperformance)
(IEC610032Harmonics)iftheluminairemeetsthelimitsonharmoniccurrent
emissionandvoltagefluctuation(flicker)
ChecksiftheluminairecomplieswiththeEMFrestrictionsgivenintheICNIRP
IEC62493ElectromagneticFields
Luminaire (InternationalCommissiononNonIonizingRadiationProtection)publicationGuidelines
(EMF)TestReport
forLimitingExposuretoTimevaryingElectric,MagneticandElectromagneticFields.
IEC62471PhotobiologicalSafety Coverstheopticalradiationsafetyofluminairestothehumanskinandeye.Indicatesif
Luminaire
TestReport theluminaireiswithintheprescribedradiationemissionlimits.
Luminaire SaltSprayTest(ISO9227) Checksthecorrosionresistanceofthefixture
Indicates the luminaires robustness to vibration and other mechanical stress (i.e.
Luminaire IEC60598VibrationTestReport resistance to breakage). The test must be executed in accordance with IEC 60598 and
takesintoaccountvibrationoverallthreeaxes.
Indicates the lumen maintenance and lifetime (based on extrapolated data) of the
LEDChip LM80LEDTestReport
luminaire.AvailablefromtheLEDchipmanufacturers.
IEC613471andIEC61347213
Driver Measuresthesafetyparametersofthedriver
SafetyTestReportforLEDDriver
IEC62384PerformanceTestReport
Driver Indicatestheperformanceofthedriver
forLEDDriver
ISO9001or
Ensuresthatqualitystandardsinthefactorywherethecomponentsaremanufactured.
AllComponents ISO14001or
Thesestandardsareauditedonaregularbasis.
OHSAS18001

TechnicalSpecificationsandDocumentsforSolarLEDRoadLightingSolutions
Thissectionliststhetypicaltechnicalspecificationsandrecommendeddocumentationrequirementsforsolarpowered
LEDroadlightingsolutions.Requirementsforthedifferentkeypartsarelistedseparately.Forsolar,thekeyconcerns
includeensuringthehighestefficiencyofeachpart,andhowthepartsareconnectedtoeachotherinthemostefficient
manner,therebylosingtheleastamountofenergy.
RecommendedTechnicalSpecifications
I. LuminaireandLEDDriver(LuminaireTestStandards:IEC/EN605981,IEC/EN6059823,IEC/EN62471,IEC624712,IEC
62778,EN62493,EN55015,EN61547,EN61000|LEDDriverTestStandards:IEC613471,EN61347213,EN62384,EN
55015,EN61547,EN61000)
Parameters IdealSpecifications Reason/JustificationforRecommendation ProofofTechnicalCompliance

LM79TestReport
LightQualityand Theseparameterswillensuresufficientlevelsoflight
AsperCIEstandardfor DataSheet
1 Overall ontheroadforsafetypurposes,perenduserroad
roadtype LuminaireSupplier
UniformityRatio specification
Declaration
Allqualitysupplierstodayoffer100lm/Wsystem
efficacyforDCbasedluminaires,atwhichlevelone
canensuremorethan50%energysavingsatthe
systemlevelcomparedtoexistingHPSVsolutionsof
even85lm/Wefficacy.(LEDsprovidedirectionallight
resultinginhigherlightlevelsontargetedsurfacefor
thesamelumenoutput).

ThereisadifferenceinefficacyvaluesbetweenAC
2 SystemEfficacy 100lm/W LM79TestReport
andDCluminaires,withtheformerhavinglower
efficiencytooptimizecost.Meanwhile,DCluminaires
havehigherefficacytooptimizethesystem(i.e.more
efficientluminairesneedlessenergyandhence,will
requiresmallersolarpanelandbattery)

NB.EfficacyvaluesofLEDsarerapidlyevolving.Itis
alwaysrecommendedtoconsultwithareliable
manufacturerforthelatestefficacylevels.
Acrispneutralwhitecolorcreatesamoreinviting
environment

4000500K(Neutral InasurveyconductedbyTheClimateGroup,the
LM79TestReport
CCTandColor White) publicshowedpreferenceforthewhitelightprovided
3 LEDManufacturer
Consistency byLEDsoverthecolorofconventionalroadlighting,
36 Declaration
<7SDCM asitallowedthemtofeelsafer.

Bettercolorconsistencypreventsvisualcolor
differencesbetweenlightpoints
ACRIof70isspecifiedtoensureenhancedability LM79TestReport
ColorRendering
4 70 overHPSV(withCRIof25to30)toshowtruecolorsof LEDManufacturer
Index
objects. Declaration
Highpressurediecast
Thespecifiedhousingshouldbelonglasting,robust, LuminaireManufacturers
aluminumw/heat
5 Housing andwithgoodheatmanagement. Declaration
managementsystemin
Visualinspectionofsample
lightgraycolor
Glasshasbetterlighttransmittanceoveritslifetime.
LuminaireManufacturers
Temperedglassissafertouse;whenbroken,it
6 Cover Temperedglasscover declaration
disintegratesintosmallpieces.Italsoprotectsagainst
Visualinspectionofsample
entryofdust/water&UVraysfromthesun
Toollessopening Formaintenancecostsaving,specifyforafixturethat
7 Maintenance Visualinspectionofsample
Replaceablegeartray iseasytoopenandreplacecomponents.

9,000lumens<7kg
Fixtureshouldnotbetooheavytobesuitablefor
8 Weight 12,000lumens<9kg Visualinspectionofsample
existingpoleinstallation
19,000lumens<15kg
IPistoensurelifetimeprotectionofLEDs&other
electroniccomponentsinsidetheluminaire.Theuse
ofglueisnotsuitablesinceitsbondingproperties
weakenovertimebecauseoftheheatandexternal
IP66withoutglue weatherconditions.
(forluminaireswith
lumenpackageof AnIP66ratingisrecommendedforluminaireswith
>7000lumens) higherlumenpackagesbecauseitssealsareunder
9 IPRating heavierstressduetothefollowing: IEC6059823TestReport
IP65withoutglue 1. Higherlumenpackageluminairestendtobe
(forluminaireswith placedatahighermountingheightandtherefore
lumenpackageof moreexposedtoweatherinfluences
<7000lumens) 2. Altitudeofhigherlumenpackageluminairesis
typicallylessaccessible.IP66wouldrequireless
frequentmaintenance.
3. Thehigherthelumens,themoreheatis
generatedwithintheluminaire
IKratingspecifiesforprotectionagainstvandalism& IKTestReport
10 IKRating IK08 breakage.Forroadlightingluminaires,IK08is IEC60598VibrationTest
sufficient. Report
Electrical
SurgeProtectionof2KV Thisspecificationwillprotecttheluminaireagainst 3rdpartylabreport/
11 Protectionfor
Device powersurgefromlightningstrikeofupto2kV. datasheet
Luminaire
LEDLuminairestypicallydonotgotozerooutputas
conventionallightsdo.Theyjustdimovertime,until
thelightoutputisnotsufficientforrequiredfunction.
ThelightingindustryhasdeterminedthatLEDceases
tobeausefullightsourcewhenitslumenorlight
outputreducesto70%ofitsoriginallevel.Thelifetime
Ratedlifetime ofanLEDisthusdeterminedtobethepointintime
L70at50,000hoursor LM80LEDLumen
12 andLumen (inhours)whenitslumenoutputdepreciatesto70%
better maintenancereport
Maintenance oftheinitiallumens.
Theindustryhassetupastandardwaytotestingtheir
LEDapplicationsforlifetime,andthisispresentedin
theLM80LEDLumenmaintenancereport.
Currently,theIndustrystandardforlifetimeforLED
roadlightsisat50,000hours.
Thehigherthevoltage,thehighercapabilityto
Datasheet
InputVoltageof 12V(<6000lm)or supporthigherlumenpackages.Specifyingforinput
13 LuminaireSupplier
LEDDriver 24V(6000lm) voltageoftheLEDdriverwillreducecablelossand
Declaration
powerconsumption.
Thisspecificationasksforthetemperaturerange
withinwhicharoadlightingfixtureneedstobeableto
Operating
14 40Cto45C operate.Awiderangeofoperatingtemperature IEC60598TestReport
Temperature
providesstableperformanceforaggressiveoutdoor
applicationsindifferentlocations.
Electrical ClassIwillmakereplacement/routinemaintenance
15
Insulation
ClassI
safeformaintenancestaff.
Plug&playterminal Plug&playterminalblocksenableeaseof
16 TerminationType IEC6059823TestReport
blocks maintenance.
Electrical OutputShortCircuit
SpecifyingforthiswillprotectLEDdriverandavoid
17 Protectionfor OutputOverload IEC61347213TestReport
prematurefailuresduetoelectricalmalfunctions
LEDDriver Inputreverseprotection


II. SolarPhotovoltaicModule(TestStandards:IEC61215,IEC61730)

Crystallinesiliconhasahigherchargingefficiencythan Datasheet
SolarPVModulesmadeof othercurrentsolarcelltechnologies,thusrequiring Panelsupplierdeclaration
polyormonocrystalline smallersolarpanels. Certificateoftesting
General
1 siliconsolarcells, showingproduct
Requirements Theweatherproofconnectorsprovidesafeandlong
equippedwithweather conformingtorelevantIEC
proofconnectors lastingconnectionbetweenthemoduleandother
standards.
components.

Datasheet
Itisimportanttohaveapanellargeenoughto
RatedOutput 250Wpwithtoleranceof PVpanelsupplier
2 generateelectricitythatwillensuretheactualpower
Power 5W Declaration
neededfortheluminairetobeoperationalatnight.
IEC61215TestReport
VoltageatRatedOutputPowerisanecessarytechnical
parametertoidentifythepanelfeature.This
VoltageatRated Testreport
3 17.5Vforeachmodule specificationisimportanttoensurethatthebattery
OutputPower Datasheet
willbecharged.TypicalVoltageatRatedOutputPower
is17.5Vforsolarpanels.
OpenCircuitVoltageisanecessarytechnicaldatato
identifythepanelfeature.Iftheopencircuitvoltageof
thesolarpanelexceedsthemaximumamountof
OpenCircuit Testreport
4 22.0Vforeachmodule voltagethatcanbeappliedtoanelectricalequipment
Voltage Datasheet
(e.g.luminaire),theequipmentwillbedamagedor
destroyed.Typicalvalueforopencircuitvoltageis
22.0Vpermodule.
IP65forjunctionbox Waterproofanddustproofspecificationsmakethe
5 IPRating Testreport
IP67forcableconnector panelandconnectorsmorereliableandlastlonger.

III. ChargeController(TestStandards:EN621091,EN55015,EN61547,EN61000)
TheChargeControllerisconsideredtheheartofthesystemthatregulatestheflowofcurrentinthesystemandstarts
thelightwhenitdetectsdarkness.ItcontrolspowerharvestedfromthePVpaneltochargethebattery,withtheintent
ofsafelyandreliablymaintainingbatterylifeandahighstateofcharge.Multiplestagesofbatterychargingprotectthe
battery from overdischarging, thereby extending battery life. The charge controller also controls the power available
fromthebattery,withtheintentoflimitingthedepthofbatterydischargetoprolongbatterylife.

Chargecontrollersaffecttheenergyefficiencyofthe
systemaswellasthelifeofthebattery,akeyand
Designedtomatchthe expensivecomponent.Itisimportanttoensurethat
proposedsolarPVmodule, thecontrolleriscompatiblewiththesystem(panel, Testcertificatesfrom
battery,andLEDdrivers. battery,luminaire)toachieveoptimalperformance. internationalaccredited
General Controllersarenottypicallyboughtofftheshelf. testingandcertification
1
Requirements Tohaveaclearandreliable Lowqualitychargecontrollersthatarenotproperly organizationproviding
LEDorLiquidCrystal configuredwithothercomponentscouldresultin multiplestagesofbattery
Displaythatindicates earlyfailuresofthesolarlightinginstallation. charging.
operatingstatus. Theoperatingstatusindicationisimportantand
convenientforfieldinstallation,monitoring,and
debugging.
Nominal Autovoltagedetectionoffersthecustomerthe
2 Charge 12/24VDCAuto flexibilitytoputitinto12Vor24Vsystemwithout Datasheet
Voltage preconfiguration.
Awiderangeofoperatingtemperatureprovides
Operating
3 40Cto60C stableperformanceforaggressiveoutdoor Datasheet
Temperature
applicationsindifferentlocations.

HighProtectionClassprovidesthecapabilityto
4 IPRating IP66 sustainoperationunderaggressiveapplication Datasheet
environments.
Loaddisconnect/reconnect
voltage
Batteryovervoltage
protection
Fullelectricalprotectionsafeguardsbatteryandload
Shortcircuit
operations.Italsopreventsthecomponentsfrom
Protection Reversepolarity
5 damageduetoinstallationmishandling(i.e.human Datasheet
Class
error)orexternalenvironment/electrical
OverCharge,Over
interference.
Discharge,Overload,Short
circuit,Reversecurrent,
polarityreverseconnection,
Surge
IV. Batteries(TestStandard:IEC61427)
ProofofTechnical
Compliance
Leadacidandgelbatteriesarecommonlyusedtypes
Shallbesealed
ofbatteriesforsolarroadlightinginstallations.
maintenancefreelead
However,Gelbatterieshavelongercyclelifetime,
acidorgeltypebattery. Testcertificatesfrom
longerstoragetime,andbetterdeepdischarge
internationalaccredited
General recoveryability.
1 Fullysealed testingandcertification
Requirements
Maintenancefreegel organization
Maintenancefreebatteriesallowforsavingsin
battery Datasheet
maintenancecosts.Themake,type,nominalvoltage,

andnominalcapacitymustbeavailablefrombattery

manufacturer/recognizedtestlab.
Specifyingformaximumcapacityensuresthatthe
batterycanstoreenoughpowertosupportthe
operationofthelightingsystem.

Inaddition,whenevaluatingbidderswithsimilar
capacity(i.e.250Ah),considertherateofdischarge
(CX,wherexisthenumberofhoursbeforethebattery
getsdischarged).Usually,dischargeratesareC10or
C20.Thus,a250AhC10batterydischarges25Aevery
Maximumcapacity hourfor10hours.
2 RatingCapacity Datasheet
12V/250Ahor24V/250Ah
Toillustrate,supposealoadprofileofaroadlighting
tenderis10Afor10hoursandthetenderonlyindicate
theratingcapacity(e.g.100Ah).Then,ManufacturerA
offereda105AhC10battery(10.5A/hourdischarge
rate)andManufacturerBoffereda109AhC20battery
(5.45A/hourdischargerate).Evidently,whileboth
meettherequiredratingcapacity,onlymanufacturer
Aiscapableofsupportingtheloadprofileofthe
tender.
Averageselfdischargerateshouldbeasspecifiedto
AverageSelf
3 3%permonthat25C minimizetheimpactontheremainingcapacityofthe Datasheet/testreport
DischargeRate
battery
Batteriestobesupplied
inaboxwithprotection Dustandwateringresswillimpactthebatterycapacity
ProtectionClass
ClassofatleastIP68, andlifetime.SufficientIPprotectionwillprolongbattery 3rdpartytestreport/
4A (Underorabove
whichensuresbatteries capacityandlifetime. certification
ground)
notdamagedif1.3m
underwaterfor30days.

ProofofTechnical
Compliance
Batteriestobesupplied Dustandwateringresswillimpactthebatterycapacity
ProtectionClass inaboxorasuitable andlifetime.SufficientIPprotectionwillprolongbattery 3rdpartytestreport/
4B
(onthepole) enclosurewithprotection capacityandlifetime. certification
ClassofatleastIP21
Highertemperaturesimpactthebatterysservice
Charge(22Cto55C) lifetimewhilelowertemperaturesimpactthebatterys
Operating
5 Discharge(10Cto55C) actualcapacity.Awiderrangeofoperating Datasheet
Temperature
Storage(22Cto55C) temperaturecanprolongbatterylifetimeand
guaranteebatteryperformance.
Asbatterieschargeanddischarge,asmallamountof
Graphicalinformationon
Cyclelifeofthebattery damageisdonetothem.Theamountofdamage
cyclelifeversusdepthof
mustexceed700cycles dependsonthetypeofbatteryandhowdeepthe
discharge(atspecified
6 CycleLife whendischargeddown dischargeis.Batteriesarelabtestedtodeterminehow
temperatures)
toanaveragedepthof manycyclesthebatterycanexperiencebeforeit

discharge(DOD)of50% reachesitsresiduallife.Thesecycletestresultsarean
Datasheet
excellentwayofcomparingbatteries.
V. OtherSpecifications

Shallbeprovidedwith
completesetofwiring
Waterproofaccessoriesespeciallyforoutdoor
3 partylab
rd
andterminalswitha
1 Accessory applicationswillensurelongerlifetimeandenhance
minimumofIP67 report/certification
systemmechanicalandelectricalperformance.
protectionclass,mast
arms,andbrackets.
Anysystem
equipment/component rd
Thesystemshouldbeabletoendurethecritical 3 partylab
2 WindLoadRating inthepoleshall
conditionsinoutdoorenvironment. report/certification
withstandamaxwind
loadof2.0Pa(57m/s).
Min.of2yearsfromdate
ofdelivery.Warranty
shouldbeforthefull
Warrantygivescustomersgoodservicewithina
3 Warranty system(luminaire, Warrantypaper
guaranteedperiodoftime.
chargecontroller,PV
panel,battery,andother
accessories.

RecommendedDocumentsforSubmissionwithBid
ThefollowingReliabilityChecklistlistsdocumentsthatdemonstratethequality,durability,andsafetyofasolarLED
road lighting luminaire and should be required in all road lighting tenders. Additionally, these test reports should be
accompaniedbytheissuingtestinglaboratorysISO17025accreditationcertificatetoprovereliabilityoftheresults,i.e.
labisproperlycalibratedandtestsareexecutedaccordingtointernationalprotocols.
Lighting
Documentrequired Reason/JustificationforRecommendation
Component
ParticularRequirements Generalrequirementsforroadlightingluminairesincludingclassification,marking,and
Luminaire
LuminairesforRoadandRoad mechanicalandelectricalconstruction.
Lighting
LM79TestReport
Measurestheluminairesperformanceincludinglumenoutput,lightdistribution,
Luminaire PerformanceTestReportfor
luminousefficacy,colorcharacteristics(CCT,CRI),amongothers.
Luminaires
Indicates:
(EN55015Emissions)iftheluminairesandchargecontrollersEMemissionsare
Luminaireand withinlimitsanddoesnotaffectradio,telecommunications,andotherequipment
Charge EMCTestReports (EN61547Immunity)theluminairesandchargecontrollersimmunityto
Controller interference/emissions(i.e.thereisnolossinperformance)
(IEC610032Harmonics)iftheluminaireandchargecontrollermeetsthelimits
onharmoniccurrentemissionandvoltagefluctuation(flicker)
ChecksiftheluminairecomplieswiththeEMFrestrictionsgivenintheICNIRPpublication
Luminaire IEC62493EMFTestReport GuidelinesforLimitingExposuretoTimevaryingElectric,MagneticandElectromagnetic
Fields.
IEC62471Photobiological Coverstheopticalradiationsafetyofluminairestothehumanskinandeye.Indicatesif
Luminaire
SafetyTestReport theluminaireiswithintheprescribedradiationemissionlimits.
Luminaire SaltSprayTest(ISO9227) Checksthecorrosionresistanceofthefixture
Indicatestheluminairesrobustnesstovibrationandothermechanicalstress(i.e.
IEC60598VibrationTest
Luminaire resistancetobreakage).ThetestmustbeexecutedinaccordancewithIEC60598and
Report
takesintoaccountvibrationoverallthreeaxes.
Indicatesthelumenmaintenanceandlifetime(basedonextrapolateddata)ofthe
LEDChip LM80LEDTestReport
luminaire.AvailablefromtheLEDchipmanufacturers.
IEC613471andIEC613472
Driver 13SafetyTestReportforLED Measuresthesafetyparametersofthedriver
Driver
IEC62384PerformanceTest
Driver Indicatestheperformanceofthedriver
ReportforLEDDriver
Indicates if the emission (radiated and conducted) of radio disturbances of the driver is
Driver CISPR15TestReport
wellwithintolerablelimits
SolarPanel IEC61215TestReport Indicatestheperformanceofthesolarpanel
Measuresthesafetyparameters(electrical,thermal,mechanical,firehazards)ofthesolar
SolarPanel IEC61730TestReport
panel
Charge Measuresthesafetyparameters(electrical,thermal,mechanical,firehazards)ofthe
EN62109TestReport
Controller chargecontroller
Battery IEC61427 Measurestheperformanceofbatteriesusedinphotovoltaicenergysystems
ISO9001or
All Ensuresthatqualitystandardsinthefactorywherethecomponentsaremanufactured.
ISO14001or
Components Thesestandardsareauditedonaregularbasis.
OHSAS18001

SampleSpecifications
Captured in the table below are the specifications from a successful LED road lighting tender under the Turnkey,
PakistanBRTSystemproject.Thesuccessfromthisexperiencewasattributedtothefollowingtwofactors:
Awelldefinedsetofspecificationsandstandardsthatleftnoroomforambiguityandensuredthequalityof
thelightingsystemstobeprocured.
Comprehensive Scope (including design, maintenance and local support) helps deter the participation of
substandard,inexperiencedcompaniesinthetender.Inaddition,havingthewinningbidderresponsibleforfull
project lifecycle (i.e., design, maintenance and local support) ensures the seamless integration, efficient
operation,andrequiredperformanceofthesystemthroughitsexpectedlifetime.
SampleSpecificationsofaTurnkeyTender
Client PakistanTrafficEngineeringandTransportPlanningAuthority,LahoreDevelopmentAuthority
Project MetroBusTransitSystem/BRTSystemforLahore,Pakistan
Supply,Installation/SupervisionduringInstallation,Testing,andCommissioning
ContractTitle DateofTender July2012
ofLEDRoadLightingFixtures(NationalCompetitiveBidding)
ScopeofContract
Design,manufacturing,supply,installation,testing,andcommissioningofLEDRoadLightingFixturesofmakePhilips,Indal, Thorn,
conformingtotheinternationalstandardsandsuitableforME1,ME2,andME3roads.
MajorContractComponents:
1. LightingDesignCalculationsforprojectspecificrequirements
2. Designandmanufacturing
3. TypeTesting(ortestreportsfromindependentlaboratoriesonsimilarfixtures)
4. FactoryAcceptanceTesting
5. SupplyandTransportationtoSiteandInstallationatSite
6. SiteAcceptanceTestingandCommissioning
7. Maintenanceandlocalsupportduring3yearwarrantyperiodafterdefectliabilityofoneyearandtheassociatedequipment
orhardwarethereof.
TechnicalSpecifications
9095W SurgeProtection Minimumsurgeprotectionof2kV
120135W
Wattage IP66forreliableperformanceandminimal
180200W
Ranges IPProtection/ maintenance
220240W
ImpactResistance ImpactResistanceofIK08orbetter
FloodLights90120W
Nochemicalglueshouldbeused
Fulldiecastaluminumhousingprovidingadequaterigidity,strength,andheatdissipation
ThehousingshallhaveintegrateddriverandLEDlampcomponentsforbetterheatdissipationandconvenience
Housingand
inmaintenance,andshallfeaturehighlyreflectivecomponentstoincreaselightoutput.
GlassCover
TheLEDcompartmentshallhaveextrawhitethermallyhardenedglasscoverandhighqualitysilicongaskets.
Theglasscovermustbetightlysecuredwiththehousing.
LightOutputRatioof85%andEfficiencyof65lumenperwatt
Themultilayeropticsdesignshallensureadequateluminanceandilluminanceuniformityintheunlikelyevent
ofanindividualLEDfailure.
Optics
Thefixtureshallofferchoiceofnarrow,medium,widebeamlightdistribution
The optical lens system shall feature long life with no discoloration (UV protection), highest possible light
transmissionandwhitepaintedcircuitboardforhighreflectivityformaximumlightoutput

PreferredManufacturers:
PreferredManufacturers:Harvard,
PhilipsLumiled,Cree,Nichia,Osram
TCI,Philips,Lumotech,VOSSLOH
LumenMaintenance:L70atambienttemperatureof
LEDDriver/ Schwabe,Ligtech
35C
Electronic Shouldoperateat230V+10%, LEDs
Burninghours:50,000hours
ControlGear 15%,50Hz,singlephasemainsAC
ColorRenderingIndex:7010
supply
ColorTemperature:>5000K(preferably6500K)
Efficiency:85%
ColorConsistency:within7SDCM
ForLEDDrivers
IESTypeIandIIdistribution ForFixtures
pattern,withshortormedium EN613471andEN61347213
longitudinaldistribution
Applicable IEC605981 EN62384
Photometrics Standards IEC6059822 EN55015
LM80LEDandphotometrictest
andCodes IEC6059823 EN61547
reportsandIESfilesfromathird
partylaboratoryisrequired IEC62471 EN6100032:2006
EN6100033:2008
NOTE:Onemaynoticethedifferencesinthespecificationslistedinthiscasestudyandthespecificationsrecommended
in Annex 3, specifically on efficiency of the luminaire and color consistency of LEDs. These are a result of continuous
technologicalimprovementsinLED.Soitisalwaysimportant,insettingspecificationsforaprojectortender,tohave
consultations with reputable representatives from the lighting industry on the latest standards and level of
specifications.

Glossary

Autonomydays The number of days the battery can support the road light without charging in the day
due to weather conditions. For example, a fullycharged battery with 3 autonomy days
canprovideelectricitytoaroadlightfor3consecutivedays,withoutchargingondays2
and3.
Averageilluminance Averageamountoflight(illuminance)overaspecifiedsurface.Inpractice,thisparameter
canbeapproximatedbyanaverageoftheilluminanceatarepresentativenumberof
pointsonagivensurface.
Averageluminance Averageluminousintensity(luminance)overaspecifiedsurface.Inpractice,this
parametercanbeapproximatedbyanaverageoftheluminanceatarepresentative
numberofpointsonagivensurface.
Centralilluminance Theamountoflight(illuminance)inthebrightestlitspotsoveraspecifiedsurface.
CycleLifeofBattery Thenumberofchargeanddischargecyclesbeforethebatterysresiduallifedropsbelow
80%oftheratedAhcapacity.Italsoindicatestheusefullifeofabatteryandvariesfrom
technologytotechnology.
Depthofdischarge Themeasureofthebatterycapacitythathasbeendischarged,expressedasapercentage
ofmaximumcapacity(e.g.,aDODof100%meansthebatteryisfullydischargedwhilea
DODof80%meansthatthebatterystillhas20%capacity).
Glare Aconditionofvisionwherethereisdiscomfortorareductionintheabilitytoclearlysee
anobjectortheroad.Thisiscausedbyunsuitabledistributionofluminanceorwhenthe
brightnessofthelightexceedstheadaptationlevelofthehumaneye.
Illuminance Theamountoflightthatfallsonasurface,measuredinlumenspersquaremeterorlux.
Illuminancecanbeexpressedashorizontal(illuminanceonhorizontalplaneslikeroads)or
vertical(illuminanceonverticalplaneslikewalls).
Illuminanceuniformity Measureofhowequallydistributedtheilluminanceisonasurface.Itisexpressedasthe
ratiooftheminimumilluminanceandaverageilluminanceofagivensurface.Thecloser
thetwovalues(i.e.theratioiscloseorequaltoone),themoreuniformtheilluminanceof
thespaceis.
LightEmittingDiode Asolidstatesemiconductordevicethatconvertselectricalenergydirectlyintolight.On
itsmostbasiclevel,itiscomprisedoftwoparts:(i)pregionwhichcontainspositive
electricalcharges;and(ii)nregionwhichcontainsnegativeelectricalcharges.When
voltageisappliedandcurrentbeginstoflowfromnregiontopregion.Themovementof
electronsreleasesenergywhichproducesphotonswithvisiblewavelengths(light).
LEDlifetime LEDstypicallydonotstopproducinglightcompletely,butonlydepreciateovertime.As
perindustrydefinition,LEDlifetimeisdefinedasthepointwhentheLEDsreach70%of
theiroriginallumenoutput.
LongitudinalUniformity Theratiooftheminimumtothemaximumluminanceinthelongitudinaldirectionalong
thecenterlineofeachlane
Lumenmaintenance Lumenmaintenanceisameasurethatcomparestheinitialamountoflightproducedfrom
alightsourcetotheamountoflightoutputataspecifictimeinthefuture(i.e.,howmuch
hasthelightdepreciatedoveraspecifiedtime).

Lumens/ Theamountoflightbeingemittedbyalightsource
Lumenoutput
Luminance Theluminousintensityorbrightnessofasurfaceinagivendirectionperunitarea.
Luminanceuniformity Measureofhowequallydistributedtheluminanceisonasurface.Itisexpressedasthe
(OverallUniformity) ratiooftheminimumluminancetoaverageluminanceofagivensurface.Agoodoverall
uniformityensuresthatallspotsandobjectsontheroadaresufficientlyvisibletothe
motoristandpedestrian.
Luminousefficacy Measurestheefficacyofthelightsource,i.e.howmuchlightisbeingemittedbythelight
sourceforeveryunitofelectricityconsumed.
Lux TheSIUnitforilluminance,orluminousfluxincidentonaunitarea.
MinimumHorizontal Minimumilluminancelandingonahorizontalsurfacesuchasaroad.
Illuminance
Minimumsemi Minimumilluminancelandingonaverticalsemicylindricalsurface.Thisisanimportant
cylindricalIlluminance measureespeciallyforpedestrianareaswherefacialrecognitionisnecessary.
MinimumVertical Minimumilluminancelandingonaverticalsurfacesuchasawall.Thisisanimportant
Illuminance measureespeciallyforpedestrianareaswherefacialrecognitionisnecessary.
SurroundRatio Theratiooftheaverageilluminanceonthe5mwidthstripzonesadjacenttotheedgesof
bothsidesofthecarriagewaytotheaverageilluminanceontheadjacentstripsinthe
carriageway.
Systemefficacy Thepercentageoftotallamplumensthatalightingsystememits,netofanyopticallosses
anddriverinefficiencies,foreveryunitofelectricityused.Systemefficacyisalwayslower
andmorerelevantincomparingacrosstechnologiesthantheefficacyoftheLEDchip.
Systemwattage: Amountofelectricityrequiredbyalightingsystemtoemitthelumenoutput
ThresholdIncrement ThresholdIncrementisthepercentageincreaseinrequiredluminancetocompensatethe
effectofglare(i.e.,maketheroadequallyvisibleasintheabsenceofglare).
Zebraeffect Thepatternofhighandlowluminancelevelsonasurfacesuchasaroad,resultingfrom
poordistributionoflight.

References
1
TheClimateGroup.LightingtheCleanRevolution:TheriseofLEDsandwhatitmeansforcities.London:TheClimateGroup,2012.
2
InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA).LightsLaboursLost:PoliciesforEnergyEfficientLighting.Paris:OrganizationforEconomicCo
operationandDevelopment(OECD)/IEA,2006.AccessedMay2014.
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/light2006.pdf.
3
InternationalEnergyAgency(IEA).LightsLaboursLost:PoliciesforEnergyEfficientLighting.Paris:OrganizationforEconomicCo
operationandDevelopment(OECD)/IEA,2006.AccessedMay2014.
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/light2006.pdf.
In2005,roadlightingconsumedabout114TWh,whichisestimatedtobe4.3%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedbylighting
globally.
4
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2010.
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tableinthismanualisasimplifiedversionofthetablefromthetechnicalreport.
31
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32
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BasedonTable7.LightingClassesforPedestrianandLowSpeedTrafficAreasonpage19.

33
34
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36

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Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Panel is the energy

Battery is the energy storage and supply

No. Myth Fact

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Theproject wasimplementedacrossthreeofthe citysmajorarterialroadstotaling63.1 km: Middle RingRoad(45.3

Under a businessasusual scenario, the

COSTSOVER3YEARS HPSV SolarLED Savings

Luminaire+InstallationCosts $688,635 $2,469,048 $(1,780,413)

Parameters IdealSpecifications Reason/JustificationforRecommendation ProofofTechnicalCompliance

Parameters IdealSpecifications Reason/JustificationforRecommendation ProofofTechnicalCompliance

Parameters IdealSpecifications Reason/JustificationforRecommendation ProofofTechnicalCompliance

Parameters IdealSpecifications Reason/JustificationforRecommendation ProofofTechnicalCompliance

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