Akrotiri and Dhekelia

Akrotiri and Dhekelia (Greek: - Sovereign Base Area and were given humanitarian aid,
, Akrotiri kai Dekeleia, Turkish: Arotur ve Di-with those from Achna setting up a new village (Dasaki
kelya), ocially the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri Achnas or Achna Forest) which is still in the Dheke-
and Dhekelia, is a British Overseas Territory on the lia Sovereign Base Area.[3] The Turkish advance halted
island of Cyprus. The Areas, which include bases and when it reached the edge of the Dhekelia Sovereign Base
other land, were retained by the British, under the 1960 Area to avoid military conict with the United Kingdom.
treaty of independence, agreed and signed by the United In the Akrotiri Sovereign Base Area a tented refugee
Kingdom, Greece, Turkey and representatives from the camp was set up at Happy Valley (part of the Episkopi
Greek and Turkish Cypriot communities, which granted Cantonment)[4] to house Turkish Cypriots eeing from
independence to the Crown colony of Cyprus. The terri- Limassol and the villages surrounding the Area, until in
tory serves an important role as a station for Signals In- 1975 they were own out of RAF Akrotiri via Turkey
to northern Cyprus.[5] Some Greek Cypriot refugees re-
telligence and provides a vital strategic part of the United
Kingdom communications gathering and monitoring net- main housed on land in the parts of Trachoni[6] and
work in the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Kolossi[7] villages that fall within the Akrotiri Sovereign
[8]
The territory comprises two Areas. One is Akrotiri Base Area.
(Greek: [akrotiri]; Turkish: Arotur),
or the Western Sovereign Base Area (WSBA), which in-
cludes two main bases at RAF Akrotiri and Episkopi Can- 2 Criticism and disputes
tonment, plus all of Akrotiri Villages district (includ-
ing Limassol Salt Lake) and parts of eleven other village In July 2001, protests were held at the bases by local
districts.[1] The other Area is Dhekelia Cantonment (- Cypriots, angry at British plans to construct radio masts at
[ecea]; Dikelya), or the Eastern Sovereign the bases as part of an upgrade of British military com-
Base Area (ESBA), which includes a base at Ayios Niko- munication posts around the world. Locals claimed the
laos plus parts of twelve village districts.[2] masts would endanger local lives and cause cancer, as well
as have a negative impact on wildlife in the area. The
British and Cypriot governments jointly commissioned
health research from the University of Bristol and the
1 History Ministry of Health of the Republic of Cyprus, and that
research project reported in 2005 that there were no ev-
Main article: Modern history of Cyprus idence of health problems being caused by electromag-
netic elds from the antennas.[9] The Sovereign Base Ar-
The Sovereign Base Areas were created in 1960 by the eas Administration has carried out assessments and sur-
veys into the eects on wildlife, which have fed into an
Treaty of Establishment, when Cyprus achieved indepen-
dence from the British Empire. The United Kingdom de- Akrotiri Peninsula Environmental Management Plan,
published in September 2012.[10]
sired to retain sovereignty over these areas, as this guar-
anteed the use of UK military bases on Cyprus, includ- The United Kingdom has shown no intention of ceding
ing RAF Akrotiri, and a garrison of the British Army. the base areas in their entirety to Cypriot control, al-
The importance of the bases to the British is based on the though it has oered to cede 117 square kilometres (45
strategic location of the island, at the eastern edge of the sq mi) of farmland as part of the rejected Annan Plan
Mediterranean, close to the Suez Canal and the Middle for Cyprus. As of 2010, around 3,000 troops of British
East; the ability to use the RAF base as staging post for Forces Cyprus are based at Akrotiri and Dhekelia. Ayios
military aircraft; and for training. Nikolaos Station, in the ESBA, is a GCHQ electronic
In 1974, following a military coup by the Greek-Cypriot intelligence [11]
listening station of the UKUSA intelligence
National Guard attempting to achieve enosis (union with network.
Greece), Turkey invaded the north of Cyprus, leading The election of left-wing Dimitris Christoas as Cypriot
to the establishment of the internationally unrecognised president in February 2008 prompted concern in the
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. This did not af- United Kingdom. Christoas pledged to remove all for-
fect the status of the bases. Greek Cypriots eeing from eign military forces from the island as part of a future
the Turks were permitted to travel through the Dhekelia settlement of the Cyprus dispute, calling the British pres-

1
2 4 GOVERNANCE

ence on the island a colonial bloodstain.[12] He left of-

ce in 2013 with the bases in place.
On 29 August 2013, during the Syrian Civil War, some
Cypriot and British media sources speculated that long-
range ballistic missiles, red from Syria in retaliation
for proposed British involvement in military interven-
tion against the Syrian government of Bashar al-Assad,
could hit Cyprus, and could potentially deliver chemi-
cal weapons. In some Cypriot media it was stated that
the proposed interdiction of the Syrian civil war, utilis-
ing Akrotiri and Dhekelia, could recklessly endanger the
Cypriot populations near to those bases.[13] Two days ear-
lier, on 27 August 2013, Cypriot foreign minister Ioannis
Kasoulides had moved to calm Cypriot concerns, saying
that the British bases were unlikely to play a major part A US Marine Corps CH-53 helicopter at RAF Akrotiri.
in any intervention.[14]
base, although in that case the base was to be used by
the United States and the inhabitants (Chagossians) were
3 Reviews all removed.
The basic philosophy of their administration was declared
In January 2010, a newspaper article appeared in the by Her Majestys Government in 'Appendix O' to the
British press[15] claiming that as a result of budgetary con- 1960 treaty with Cyprus, which provided that the British
straints arising from the late 2000s recession, the British government intended:
Ministry of Defence drew up controversial[16] plans to
withdraw the United Kingdoms 3,000 strong garrison Not to develop the Sovereign Base Areas for other
and end the use of Cyprus as a staging point for ground than military purposes.
forces. The Labour government under whom the pro-
posal appeared was replaced by the Conservative-Liberal Not to set up and administer colonies.
Democrat coalition and their defence review did not men- Not to create customs posts or other frontier barriers
tion the issue. between the Sovereign Base Areas and the Republic.
On 15 December 2012 in a written statement to the lower
Not to set up or permit the establishment of civilian
house the Secretary of State for Defence of the UK gov-
commercial or industrial enterprises except insofar
ernment (Phillip Hammond) revealed the ndings of a re-
as these are connected with military requirements,
port on the SBA military bases following the completion
and not otherwise to impair the economic commer-
of a review of their operations by Lord Ashcroft:
cial or industrial unity and life of the Island.

The Sovereign Base areas are in a region of
geo-political importance and high priority for
the United Kingdoms long term national secu-
rity interests...Our military personnel, United
Kingdom civilians and locally employed per-
sonnel in the Sovereign Base Areas make a ma-
jor contribution to the national security of the
United Kingdom and will continue to do so in
the future.[17]
4 Governance
The SBAs were retained in 1960 to keep military bases
in areas under British sovereignty, along with the rights
retained to use other sites in what became the territory
of the Republic.[18] That makes them dierent from the
other remaining British Overseas Territories, except for
the British Indian Ocean Territory which was similarly
carved out of a former colony as a site for a military
Not to establish commercial or civilian seaports or
airports.
Not to allow new settlement of people in the
Sovereign Base Areas other than for temporary pur-
poses.
Not to expropriate private property within the
Sovereign Base Areas except for military purposes
on payment of fair compensation.[19]
The ancient monuments and antiquity (in particular
the site and remains of Curium, Sanctuary of Apollo
Hylates near Curium, the Stadium of Curium and
the Church and remains of the Monastery of St.
Nicholas of the Cats) will be administered and main-
tained by the Republic of Cyprus. Licences for an-
tiquity excavation will be issued by the Republic but
will be subject to the consent of the authorities of the
Sovereign Base Areas. Movable antiquities found in
excavations or discovered will be the property of the
Republic.[20]
 3

According to the Ministry of Defence,

Because the SBAs are primarily required

as military bases and not ordinary dependent
territories, the Administration reports to the
Ministry of Defence in London. It has no for-
mal connection with the Foreign and Common-
wealth Oce or the British High Commission
in Nicosia, although there are close informal
links with both oces on policy matters.[21]
An enlargeable map of the Island of Cyprus showing Akrotiri
and Dhekelia
The territory is administered by an Administrator, who is
also the Commander of British Forces Cyprus (Air Vice-
Marshal Mike Wigston).[22] The Administrator is o-
cially appointed by the British monarch, on the advice
of the Ministry of Defence. The Administrator has all
the executive and legislative authority of a governor of an
overseas territory. A Chief Ocer is appointed, and is
responsible to the Administrator for the day-to-day run-
ning of the civil government, with subordinate Area O-
cers responsible for the civil administration of the two ar-
eas. No elections are held in the territory, although British
citizens are normally entitled to vote in United Kingdom
elections (as British Forces or overseas electors).
The Areas have their own legal system, distinct from
the United Kingdom and the Republic of Cyprus. This
consists of the laws of the Colony of Cyprus as at Au-
gust 1960, amended as necessary. The laws of Akrotiri
and Dhekelia are closely aligned with, and in some cases
identical to, the laws operating within the Republic of
Cyprus.[23] The Court of the Sovereign Base Areas is
concerned with non-military oences committed by any
person within Akrotiri and Dhekelia, and law and or- Map of Akrotiri, Western Sovereign Base Area, BFPO 57.
der is maintained by the Sovereign Base Areas Police,
while oences involving British Forces Cyprus and mili-
tary law are dealt with by the Cyprus Joint Police Unit.
Fire and Rescue services are provided by the Defence
Fire and Risk Management Organisation through stations
at Episkopi, Akrotiri, Dhekelia and Ayios Nikolayos. The
Defence Medical Services provide emergency ambulance
cover based from medical centres in the main bases. All
emergency services are accessible from any telephone us-
ing the Europe-wide emergency number 112.

5 Geography
See also: Geography of Cyprus
Episkopi Bay is on the west coast of Akrotiri.

Akrotiri and Dhekelia cover 3% of the land area of

Cyprus, a total of 254 km2 (98 sq mi) (split 123 km2
(47 sq mi) (48.5%) at Akrotiri and 131 km2 (51 sq mi)
(51.5%) at Dhekelia). 60% of the land is privately owned
as freeholds by Cypriot citizens; the other 40% is con-
trolled by the Ministry of Defence as Crown lease hold
land.[24][25] In January 2014, an agreement between the
Cypriot and UK governments was signed, ensuring that
residents and property owners in the British Bases will
enjoy equal rights for the development of property.[26]
In addition to Akrotiri and Dhekelia, the Treaty of Es-
tablishment also provided for the continued use by the
British Ministry of Defence and the British Armed Forces
of certain facilities within the Republic of Cyprus, known
as Retained Sites.
4 9 MEDIA

delicacy served to restaurant diners. The 2015 survey es-

timated a maximum19 km of mist nets across both the
Republic and the British Territories, and more than 5,300
limesticks removed, mainly in the Republic. It is esti-
mated that over 2 million birds were killed in 2015 in-
cluding over 800,000 on British Territories.[28][29]

7 Demographics
See also: Languages of Cyprus

When the Areas were being established, the boundaries

were deliberately drawn to avoid centres of population.
Approximately 15,700 people live in the Areas. About
7,700 native Cypriots work in the Areas themselves, or
on farmland within the boundaries of the Areas. The
British military and their families make up the rest of the
population.[30]
Map of Dhekelia, Eastern Sovereign Base Area, BFPOs 58 & 59.
Persons may in theory be eligible to claim the British
Overseas Territories citizenship or the BOTC status
Akrotiri is located in the south of the island, near the city through a personal connection to the Areas; but unlike
of Limassol (or Lemesos). Dhekelia is in the southeast, most other British Overseas Territories, there is no pro-
near Larnaca. Both of these areas include military bases, vision in the British Nationality Acts by which British cit-
as well as farmland and some residential land. Akrotiri izenship (with the right of abode in the United Kingdom)
is surrounded by territory controlled by the Republic of can either be claimed through automatic entitlement or
Cyprus, but Dhekelia also borders on the United Nations be applied for by means of registration, from or through
(UN) buer zone and the area controlled by the Turkish a sole personal connection to the Base Areas.
forces. Under the terms of the 1960 agreement with Cyprus es-
Ayia Napa lies to the east of Dhekelia. The villages tablishing the Sovereign Base Areas, the United Kingdom
of Xylotymbou and Ormidhia, also in the Republic of is committed not to use the Areas for civilian purposes.
Cyprus, are enclaves surrounded by Dhekelia. The This was stated in 2002 as the primary reason for the ex-
Dhekelia Power Station, divided by a British road into clusion of the Areas from the scope of the British Over-
two parts, also belongs to the Republic of Cyprus. The seas Territories Act 2002.
northern part is an enclave, like the two villages, whereas
the southern part is located by the sea, and therefore not
an enclave, though it has no territorial waters of its own.
8 Economy
Territorial waters of 3 nautical miles (5.556 km) are
claimed, and the right according to the laws of the United There are no economic statistics gathered for Akrotiri and
Nations to extend the claim of up to 12 nautical miles Dhekelia. The main economic activities are the provi-
(22.224 km) is reserved.[27] sion of services to the military, as well as limited agri-
culture. When the territory under the eective control
of the Republic of Cyprus switched currencies from the
6 Wildlife and ecology Cypriot pound to the euro on 1 January 2008, Akrotiri
and Dhekelia followed suit making the Sovereign Base
Areas the only territory under British sovereignty to o-
Cyprus is an important migration yway for birds be- cially use the euro.[31]
tween Africa and Europe and millions of birds are killed
yearly as they migrate over the island. To protect resi-
dent and migratory birds, BirdLife Cyprus and the RSPB
survey areas of illegal trapping. More than 150 species 9 Media
of birds, over half of conservation concern, have been
trapped in nets, or on limesticks, and it is estimated that BFBS Radio 1 and 2 are broadcast on FM and can be
organised crime gangs earn over 15 million Euros yearly. widely received across Cyprus. BFBS Television is now
The dead birds are sold to provide the main ingredient only available to entitled viewers via satellite, having been
for ambelopoulia in the Republic of Cyprus; an illegal conned to the SBAs or encrypted in 1997 for copyright

reasons,[32] before BFBS switched o its analogue trans-
mitters in 2009.[33] Limassol BBC Relay is situated lo-
cally.
10 Communications
The base areas form part of the Republic of Cyprus
telephone numbering plan, using the international prex
+357. Landline numbers are in the same eight-digit for-
mat, with the last four digits being the extension number.
Numbers in Dhekelia begin with the digits 2474,[34] while
those in Akrotiri begin with the digits 2527.[35]
Postal services are provided by the British Forces Post
Oce, with mail to Akrotiri being addressed to BFPO
57[36] and mail to Dhekelia and Aylos Nikolaos being ad-
dressed to BFPO 58.[37]
The bases are issued dierent amateur radio call signs
from the Republic of Cyprus. Amateur radio stations on
the bases use the International Telecommunication Union
prex of ZC4, which is assigned to Great Britain.[38]
There are about 52 amateurs licensed in this manner.
Amateur radio direction nding identied RAF Akrotiri
as the location of the powerful but now defunct shortwave
numbers station "Lincolnshire Poacher". Several curtain
antennas there have had been identied as being used for
these transmissions.[39]
11 Education
Service Childrens Education oversees education for chil- trieved 10 October 2012.
dren of personnel and MoD employees. The East- [11] The UKUSA signals intelligence system is sometimes
ern Sovereign Base Area is served by Dhekelia Primary
School and Ayios Nikolaos Primary School, which are
feeders for King Richard School. The Western Sovereign
Base Area is served by Episkopi Primary School and
Akrotiri Primary School, which are feeders for St. Johns Boston/London and others, 1990, p.194 note 145.
School.
12 Travel to Northern Cyprus
A passport is required to travel between Cyprus/SBAs
and Northern Cyprus. Issues concerning the validity
of car insurance and customs are speced by SBAs
administration.[40]
13 See also
Index of Akrotiri and Dhekelia-related articles
Outline of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Sovereign Base Areas Customs
5
United Nations Buer Zone in Cyprus
List of British overseas territories
List of British Army installations
14 References
[1] See map at Akrotiri Area Oce page on SBA Adminis-
tration website
[2] See map at Dhekelia Area Oce page on SBA Adminis-
tration website
[3] PRIO. prio-cyprus-displacement.net. Retrieved 24
March 2015.
[4] See UN photos of the refugee tents, and an account of the
camp on the RAF Akrotiri website
[5] PRIO. prio-cyprus-displacement.net. Retrieved 24
March 2015.
[6] See PRIO Centre report on Trachoni, and gures for hous-
ing units on Trachoni Village website
[7] See PRIO Centre report on Kolossi
[8] See Motor Vehicles and Road Trac (Motorway and
Speed Limits) Order 2008 for grid refs and street names
for Trachoni, Kolossi and Achna Forest refugee settle-
ments
[9] Bristol University website (PDF). electric-
elds.bris.ac.uk. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
[10] SBAA website (PDF). sbaadministration.org. Re-
known as 'ECHELON,' which is a codeword used by the
system whose exact status is not clear. Jerey Richelson
& Desmond Ball, The Ties the Bind: Intelligence Coop-
eration between the UKUSA Countries, Unwin Hyman,
[12] Cyprus elects its rst communist president, The
Guardian, 25 February 2008.
[13] Cyprus placed in the cross hairs of Syria mess. cyprus-
mail.com. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
[14] "Cyprus will not play major role in any Syria strikes".
cyprus-mail.com. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
[15] Oliver, Jonathan; Smith, Michael (24 January 2010).
Ocer Training Corps faces the axe. The Times (Lon-
don). Retrieved 23 April 2010.
[16] Login. timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
[17] Cyprus (PDF), UK Parliamentary Statement (London),
15 December 2012, retrieved 24 March 2013
[18] Treaty concerning the establishment of the Republic of
Cyprus, with annexes and selected exchanges of notes
(PDF). Retrieved 16 June 2013.
6 16 EXTERNAL LINKS

[19] SBAA website. sbaadministration.org. Retrieved 10 15 Further reading

October 2012.

[20] Treaty of Establishment, 1960,p.112,p.116 Fouskas, Vassilis K. (2003). Zones of Conict: U.S.
Foreign Policy in the Balkans and the Greater Middle
[21] SBAA website. sbaadministration.org. Retrieved 10 East. Pluto Press. pp. 93, 111. ISBN 0-7453-2030-
October 2012. 9.
[22] Defence minister visits British forces in Cyprus.
GOV.UK. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
16 External links
[23] The SBA Administration. Sovereign Base Area - Court.
sbaadministration.org. Retrieved 24 March 2015. Wikimedia Atlas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
[24] House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 08
Sovereign Base Areas Administration web-pages
Oct 2013 (pt 0001)". parliament.uk. Retrieved 24 March
2015. BBC News UK oers to cede Cyprus land
[25] Cyprus. theyworkforyou.com. Retrieved 24 March BBC News Cyprus protesters clash at UK base
2015.
Cyprus Mail, Nathan Morley Mystery of Dheke-
[26] "Historic bases deal to boost development. cyprus- lia Cemetery
mail.com. Retrieved 24 March 2015.
Cyprus Mail, Nathan Morley Dhekelia at 60
[27] Cyprus. Hansard. Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Retrieved 25 March 2013. Akrotiri entry at The World Factbook
[28] RSPB Mass killing continues on British military base in Dhekelia entry at The World Factbook
Cyprus. BirdGuides. Retrieved 16 March 2016.
The Princess Marys Hospital RAF Akrotiri
[29] Hundreds of thousands of birds still being illegally killed
on British military base in Cyprus but annual increase Cyprus Independence Agreement Hansard Ocial
halted. RSPB. Retrieved 16 March 2016. UK Parliament Record
[30] Akrotiri Population and Dhekelia Population. Retrieved James Rogers and Luis Simn. The Status and Lo-
24 December 2013. cation of the Military Installations of the Member
[31] Theodoulou, Michael. (27 December 2007). Euro
States of the European Union and Their Potential
reaches eld that is for ever England, The Times. Re- Role for the European Security and Defence Policy
trieved 4 January 2008. (ESDP). Brussels: European Parliament, 2009. 25
pp.
[32] BFBS pulls the plug on Larnaca viewers, Cyprus Mail 10
May 1998
Coordinates: 3435N 3259E / 34.583N 32.983E
[33] Screens go blank as BFBS TV switches o transmitters.,
Cyprus Mail, 8 January 2009

[34] British forces overseas posting: Dhekelia, Cyprus.

www.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 March 2015.

[35] British Forces overseas posting: RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus.

www.gov.uk. Retrieved 24 March 2015.

[36] BFPO Indicator List BFPO Static Postcodes (PDF). UK

Government. Retrieved 3 January 2016.

[37] BFPO INDICATOR LIST STATIC BRITISH FORCES

POST OFFICES

[38] Amateur Radio, Volume 59, Issues 1-6 Steve Bowden,

ZC4BX, recently returned to the UK after three years on
Cyprus, where he initiated and managed the ZC4 award.

[39] Lincolnshire Poacher. Numbers and Oddities. Re-

trieved 2008-05-25.

[40] SBA Customs and ImmigrationTravelling to Northern

Cyprus
 7

17 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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Akrotiri and Dhekelia Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia?oldid=721655015 Contributors: The Anome,
Hoshie, Menchi, Arwel Parry, Kaihsu, WhisperToMe, Tpbradbury, Astrotrain, Joy, Adam Carr, Carlossuarez46, Chrism, Henrygb, Tim-
rollpickering, Jeroen, David Edgar, SoLando, DocWatson42, Seabhcan, Wilfried Derksen, Herbee, Cantus, PRB, Zoney, Sesel, Fuzzy
Logic, Beland, Hammersfan, Urhixidur, Trilobite, Demiurge, Thorwald, A-giau, Brianhe, Rich Farmbrough, Ebelular, Qutezuce, Vsmith,
Quiensabe, Bender235, Andreas Herzog, SElefant, *drew, Zscout370, El C, QuartierLatin1968, Martey, Man vyi, Sully, SnowFire, Buaidh,
Raymond, Dark Shikari, Mavros, SidP, Mtiedemann, Harej, Instantnood, Nightstallion, Deror avi, Pcpcpc, B1mbo, Woohookitty, Tiger-
Shark, ScottDavis, Chochopk, Nakos2208~enwiki, Apokrif, StephenDawson, , Palica, Teemu Leisti, Dashers, Reisio, Election-
world, Rjwilmsi, Cxbrx, MapsMan, LJ Holden, Ian Pitchford, CalJW, NekoDaemon, Kakonator, Glenn L, Valentinian, Chobot, Bgwhite,
EamonnPKeane, YurikBot, Retaggio, Sceptre, Wester, Kordas, RussBot, Hede2000, Van der Hoorn, Gaius Cornelius, Nicke L, Robert-
van1, JAJ, RL0919, Danlaycock, Tony1, Pietras1988, BOT-Superzerocool, Caerwine, Kmusser, Zello, Orioane, Paul Magnussen, Arthur
Rubin, Cypriot stud, JoanneB, Kyriakosn, Willtron, Kingboyk, robot, Sintonak.X, SmackBot, Pwt898, David Kernow, Hux, Ya-
maguchi , Gilliam, Brianski, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Chris the speller, TimBentley, Cattus, MalafayaBot, Aidan Work, Akanemoto,
Bazonka, DHN-bot~enwiki, Zhinz, Cplakidas, Cripipper, OrphanBot, MJCdetroit, Benjamin Mako Hill, Zvar, Khoikhoi, Cybercobra,
KRBN, Blockinblox, Sammy1339, LeoNomis, Ohconfucius, SalopianJames, Xtrememachineuk, SashatoBot, Harryboyles, The idiot, Cron-
holm144, Ekpyrotic Architect, Robferrer, Green Giant, Jxb311, Ckatz, Hvn0413, Tasc, Apcbg, Girmitya, Martian.knight, Heitordp, Dr.K.,
Digsdirt, Paukrus, Istanbuljohnm, Shoeofdeath, Goran.S2, RaviC, Threadnecromancer, Lavateraguy, BeenAroundAWhile, Erik Kennedy,
Naomhain, Kerne, A!, Reaper7, Cumulus Clouds, Neelix, Cydebot, TimmyRaa, Danrok, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Chuggsymalone, Ar-
skoul, B, Kozuch, Omicronpersei8, Lo2u, BetacommandBot, Thijs!bot, Marek69, SGGH, Satesclop, Dawkeye, Trengarasu, RobotG, Bo-
kicaK, Fayenatic london, Danger, Kitia, JAnDbot, The Transhumanist, Biloxibear, Joshua, .anacondabot, , Magioladitis, El
Greco, Kajasudhakarababu, Michael Goodyear, Buckshot06, The Anomebot2, Dmsimms, Taamu, Rif Wineld, DerHexer, Ashishbhatna-
gar72, Welshleprechaun, Aristovoul0s, CommonsDelinker, Johnpacklambert, Nev1, JamesR, Maurice Carbonaro, Abhijitsathe, Plasticup,
Tauex, STBotD, Bnynms, VolkovBot, One Night In Hackney, Thomas.W, Je G., Amikake3, TXiKiBoT, Rizalninoynapoleon, Dorm-
skirk, John Carter, Barfmth, Synthebot, Ignacio Bibcraft, Truthanado, EmxBot, Oliver Han, The Red Hat of Pat Ferrick, Samvjones,
SieBot, Cokes360, Gerakibot, Nikos327, Atchy007, Musicandnintendo, Jdaloner, Lightmouse, BenoniBot~enwiki, Johnanth, Se16teddy,
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sans, Copperhead331, YBG, Shadowjams, Seric2, George2001hi, FrescoBot, LucienBOT, Troglo, Trijnstel, LittleWink, Tahir mq, Jaguar,
MKFI, Just a guy from the KP, Full-date unlinking bot, Bewitched fan 2k, Orenburg1, TobeBot, Gaius Octavius Princeps, Dinamik-bot,
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Lokpest, Demiurge1000, Alborzagros, Whoop whoop pull up, CocuBot, Movses-bot, Frietjes, Ozzymandiles, Wbm1058, RoyalExcalibur,
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Makecat-bot, SiBr4, Volemviurealpais, Tony Mach, Kim Darby, Elevatorrailfan, Waldronfan, Rob984, Cacw, Gasmonitor, 1, YiFei-
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17.2 Images
File:20061019_Episkopi_Bay.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/20061019_Episkopi_Bay.jpg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Karpouzi
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tributors: This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator. Original artist:
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projection%29.svg License: GFDL Contributors: Map by Ssolbergj
Aquarius.geomar.de
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File:CIA-Akrotiri.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/CIA-Akrotiri.png License: Public domain Con-
tributors: CIA World Factbook https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ax.html Original artist: CIA
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lic domain Contributors: CIA World Factbook https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dx.html Original artist:
CIA, Hoshie
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tributors: ? Original artist: ?
8 17 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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Original artist: U.S. Marine Corps photo by Sta Sgt. Demetrio J. Espinosa

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