Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 6

Error

For other uses, see Error (disambiguation).


An error (from the Latin error, meaning wandering)

One error and its catastrophic results: Napoleons retreat from


Moscow, painted by Adolph Northen in the 19th century

signs meant, that would be an error. The rst


time it would be an error. The second time it
would be a mistake since I should have known
better.[1]

In human behavior the norms or expectations for behav-


ior or its consequences can be derived from the intention
of the actor or from the expectations of other individu-
Montparnasse derailment, France, 1895 als or from a social grouping or from social norms. (See
deviance.) Gaes and faux pas can be labels for certain
is an action which is inaccurate or incorrect. In some us- instances of this kind of error. More serious departures
ages, an error is synonymous with a mistake (for instance, from social norms carry labels such as misbehavior and
a cook who misses a step from a recipe might describe labels from the legal system, such as misdemeanor and
it as either an error or a mistake), though in technical crime. Departures from norms connected to religion can
contexts the two are often distinguished. For instance, have other labels, such as sin.
in statistics error refers to the dierence between the
value which has been computed and the correct value.
1.1 Oral and written language
An individual language users deviations from standard
1 Human behavior language norms in grammar, syntax, pronunciation and
punctuation are sometimes referred to as errors. How-
One reference dierentiates between error and ever, in light of the role of language usage in everyday
"mistake" as follows: social class distinctions, many feel that linguistics should
be descriptive rather than prescriptive to avoid reinforc-
An 'error' is a deviation from accuracy or ing dominant class value judgments about what linguistic
correctness. A 'mistake' is an error caused by forms should and should not be used. One may distin-
a fault: the fault being misjudgment, careless- guish various kinds of linguistic errors[2] some, such
ness, or forgetfulness. Now, say that I run a as aphasia or speech disorders, where the user is unable
stop sign because I was in a hurry, and wasn't to say what they intend to, are generally considered er-
concentrating, and the police stop me, that is rors, while cases where natural, intended speech is non-
a mistake. If, however, I try to park in an area standard (as in dialects), are considered correct speech in
with conicting signs, and I get a ticket because descriptive linguistics, but errors in prescriptive linguis-
I was incorrect on my interpretation of what the tics. See also Error analysis (linguistics).

1
2 2 SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

1.3 Medicine

See medical error for a description of error in medicine.

2 Science and engineering

Herzliya Airport (Israel) runway location and trac pattern chart


(left) was erroneously printed as a result of black layer 180
misplacement. The corrected chart is on the right.

The 'Judas Bible in St Marys Church, Totnes, Devon. This edi-


tion is known as the 'Judas Bible because in Matthew c26 v36
'Judas appears instead of 'Jesus. In this copy the mistake is cor-
rected with a slip of paper pasted over the misprint.[3]

1.2 Gae
Erroneous trac sign in Israel. The correct sign is depicted on
the lower-right corner.
See also: microphone gae, political gae, and howler
(error) See also: Observational error, Bias (statistics), and
Measurement uncertainty
A gae is a verbal mistake, usually made in a social en-
vironment. The mistake may come from saying some- In statistics, an error (or residual) is not a mistake but
thing that is true, but inappropriate. It may also be
rather a dierence between a computed, estimated, or
an erroneous attempt to reveal a truth. Finally, gaes measured value and the accepted true, specied, or theo-
can be malapropisms, grammatical errors or other verbal retically correct value.
and gestural weaknesses or revelations through body lan-
guage. Actually revealing factual or social truth through In science and engineering in general an error is dened as
words or body language, however, can commonly result a dierence between the desired and actual performance
in embarrassment or, when the gae has negative conno- or behavior of a system or object. This denition is the
tations, friction between people involved. basis of operation for many types of control systems, in
which error is dened as the dierence between a set point
Philosophers and psychologists interested in the nature of and the process value. An example of this would be the
the gae include Freud and Gilles Deleuze. Deleuze, in thermostat in a home heating systemthe operation of
his Logic of Sense, places the gae in a developmental the heating equipment is controlled by the dierence (the
process that can culminate in stuttering. error) between the thermostat setting and the sensed air
Sports writers and journalists commonly use gae to temperature. Another approach is related to considering
refer to any kind of mistake, e.g., a dropped ball by a a scientic hypothesis as true or false, giving birth to two
player in a baseball game. types of errors: Type 1 and Type 2. The rst one is when
3

a true hypothesis is considered false, while the second is 5 Biology


the reverse (a false one is considered true).
Engineers seek to design devices, machines and systems Main article: mutation
and in such a way as to mitigate or preferably avoid the
eects of error, whether unintentional or not. Such errors
In biology, an error is said to occur when perfect delity
in a system can be latent design errors that may go unno-
is lost in the copying of information. For example, in an
ticed for years, until the right set of circumstances arises
asexually reproducing species, an error (or mutation) has
that cause them to become active. Other errors in engi-
occurred for each DNA nucleotide that diers between
neered systems can arise due to human error, which in-
the child and the parent. Many of these mutations can be
cludes cognitive bias. Human factors engineering is often
harmful, but unlike other types of errors, some are neu-
applied to designs in an attempt to minimize this type of
tral or even benecial. Mutations are an important force
error by making systems more forgiving or error-tolerant.
driving evolution. Mutations that make organisms more
(In computational mechanics, when solving a system such adapted to their environment increase in the population
as Ax = b there is a distinction between the error the through natural selection as organisms with favorable mu-
inaccuracy in x and residualthe inaccuracy in Ax.) tations have more ospring.

6 Philately
3 Numerical analysis
In philately, an error refers to a postage stamp or piece
of postal stationery that exhibits a printing or production
Numerical analysis provides a variety of techniques to mistake that dierentiates it from a normal specimen or
represent (store) and compute approximations to math- from the intended result. Examples are stamps printed in
ematical numerical values. Errors arise from a trade-o the wrong color or missing one or more colors, printed
between eciency (space and computation time) and pre- with a vignette inverted in relation to its frame, produced
cision, which is limited anyway, since (using common without any perforations on one or more sides when the
oating-point arithmetic) only a nite amount of values normal stamps are perforated, or printed on the wrong
can be represented exactly. The discrepancy between the type of paper. Legitimate errors must always be produced
exact mathematical value and the stored/computed value and sold unintentionally. Such errors may or may not be
is called the approximation error. scarce or rare. A design error may refer to a mistake
in the design of the stamp, such as a mislabeled subject,
even if there are no printing or production mistakes.

4 Cybernetics 7 Law

The word cybernetics stems from the Greek Main article: Error (law)
(kybernts, steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder the
same root as government). In applying corrections to the In appellate review, error typically refers to mistakes
trajectory or course being steered cybernetics can be seen made by a trial court or some other court of rst instance
as the most general approach to error and its correction in applying the law in a particular legal case. This may in-
for the achievement of any goal. The term was suggested volve such mistakes as improper admission of evidence,
by Norbert Wiener to describe a new science of control inappropriate instructions to the jury, or applying the
and information in the animal and the machine. Wieners wrong standard of proof.
early work was on noise.
The cybernetician Gordon Pask held that the error that
drives a servomechanism can be seen as a dierence be-
tween a pair of analogous concepts in a servomechanism: 8 Stock-Market
the current state and the goal state. Later he suggested
error can also be seen as an innovation or a contradiction
depending on the context and perspective of interacting Main article: Fat-Finger error or Erroneous trade
(observer) participants. The founder of management cy-
bernetics, Staord Beer, applied these ideas most notably A stock-market transaction that was done due to an error,
in his Viable System Model. i.e. due to human failure or computer errors
4 11 SEE ALSO

9 Governmental policy Trial and error


Margin of error
Within United States government intelligence agencies,
such as Central Intelligence Agency agencies, error refers Uncertainty
to intelligence error, as previous assumptions that used
to exist at a senior intelligence level within senior intel- Psychology of error
ligence agencies, but has since been disproven, and is
sometimes eventually listed as unclassied, and therefore Absent-mindedness
more available to the American public and citizenry of the
United States. The Freedom of information act provides Freudian slip
American citizenry with a means to read intelligence re-
ports that were mired in error. Per United States Central Lapsus
Intelligence Agencys website (as of August, 2008) intel-
ligence error is described as: Error in reasoning
Intelligence errors are factual inaccuracies in analysis re-
Cognitive bias
sulting from poor or missing data; intelligence failure is
systemic organizational surprise resulting from incorrect, Fallacy
missing, discarded, or inadequate hypotheses.[4]
Informal fallacy
Formal fallacy
10 Numismatics
Errors in language
In numismatics, an error refers to a coin or medal that
has a minting mistake, similar to errors found in philately. Chinglish
Because the U.S. Bureau of the Mint keeps a careful eye
Clerical error
on all potential errors, errors on U.S. coins are very few
and usually very scarce. Examples of numismatic errors: Faux pas
extra metal attached to a coin, a clipped coin caused by
the coin stamp machine stamping a second coin too early, Grammatical error
double stamping of a coin. A coin that has been over-
Malapropism
dated, e.g.: 1942/41, is also considered an error.
Spoonerism
Typographical error
11 See also
Errors in science, technology
Blooper

Blunder (disambiguation) Custom error page

Error analysis (disambiguation) Divide by zero

Error message Mathematical fallacy

Genetic error Innite loop


Stack overow
Howler (error)
Software bug
Error (baseball)

Sin Error diagnosis, correction and prevention

Kinsley gae Error-correcting code memory


Observational error Error detection and correction
Perfection Error Detection and Handling
Popular errors Forensic engineering
Refractive error Root cause
5

Root cause analysis

Spell checking
Swiss cheese model of accident causation in human
systems

Production quality terminology

Defect
Fault

Flaw
Nonconformity

12 References
[1] Robinson, P. In the Matter of:The Gatekeeper: The Gate
Contracts

[2] Mistakes, Arnold Zwicky, 1980, Advocate Publishing


Group, OCLC 8468508 The ISBN printed in the docu-
ment (0-89894-030-5) is invalid, causing a checksum er-
ror

[3] According to a note in St Marys Church, Totnes, Corn-


wall, UK

[4] United States Central Intelligence Agency. Analytic Cul-


ture in the U.S. Intelligence Community. Retrieved Au-
gust 30, 2008.

13 External links
Errors contained in reference books Internet Ac-
curacy Project
6 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

14 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses


14.1 Text
Error Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error?oldid=767943369 Contributors: Derek Ross, Tarquin, XJaM, Fredbauder, Fubar Ob-
fusco, Ryguasu, Patrick, Michael Hardy, DopeshJustin, MartinHarper, Shoaler, Minesweeper, Jeandr du Toit, Emperorbma, Charles
Matthews, Dino, Jay, Tpbradbury, Vaceituno, Jerzy, Finlay McWalter, Aleph4, Donarreiskoer, Bearcat, Robbot, Fredrik, Rfc1394, Rur-
sus, Alan Liefting, Mintleaf~enwiki, BenFrantzDale, Lethe, Naufana, Gadum, Utcursch, Andycjp, CryptoDerk, PSzalapski, Histrion,
Saurus~enwiki, Ukexpat, Avihu, CALR, Discospinster, Rich Farmbrough, Timsabin, Xezbeth, Elwikipedista~enwiki, Nigelj, Spalding,
Mordemur, John Vandenberg, ZayZayEM, Unquietwiki, A.t.bruland, Nashikawa, Alansohn, Gary, SlimVirgin, Wtmitchell, Clockwork-
Soul, Kernoz, Stemonitis, WilliamKF, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Uncle G, Before My Ken, MFH, BD2412, Sj, Rjwilmsi, Koavf,
Art187, Strait, Margospl, Bruce1ee, Vegaswikian, Guinness2702, CQJ, The wub, JamesEG, Margosbot~enwiki, Nihiltres, Alphachimp,
Chobot, BreakDecks~enwiki, DVdm, YurikBot, TexasAndroid, RussBot, Markild, Akamad, Gaius Cornelius, Kimchi.sg, GunnarRene,
Dysmorodrepanis~enwiki, Robertvan1, Snarius, CockBot, Richardcavell, Www.wikinerds.org, Knowlengr, Reyk, Genepi2, RunOrDie,
Philip Stevens, SmackBot, Ashenai, Dangherous~enwiki, DCDuring, David.c.h, Duke Ganote, Dingar, Jero77, Valley2city, Keegan, Rk-
itko, Nbarth, A. B., Mladilozof, Scwlong, Brucethompson, TheSlyProfessor, Xyzzyplugh, Addshore, COMPFUNK2, DMacks, Ohcon-
fucius, The undertow, Lambiam, Nick Green, Poa, Peterlewis, Santa Sangre, Hjfreyer, Iridescent, Ziusudra, Tawkerbot2, Dan1679, East-
law, JForget, Peter1c, RSido, Wafulz, Memetics, Green caterpillar, ShelfSkewed, Steel, Shirulashem, Thijs!bot, Aleph-4, RickinBalti-
more, Uruiamme, Escarbot, Stannered, AntiVandalBot, Saimhe, PhJ, Ghmyrtle, TuvicBot, Hectorlamadrid, Bongwarrior, VoABot II,
JamesBWatson, BigChicken, Rich257, Iahead, Jacobko, BetBot~enwiki, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Erkan Yilmaz, J.delanoy, Rlsheehan,
MarkKampe, Belovedfreak, Josh1238, MetsFan76, Jonathan Back, Idioma-bot, Deor, DoorsAjar, Jwe crzy, Kv75, Anna Lincoln, Wiki-
dan829, PopeFlick, NeniPogarcic, AlleborgoBot, LuigiManiac, SieBot, Mbz1, Keilana, Flyer22 Reborn, Paolo.dL, Boogster, Neswa, Light-
mouse, Hobartimus, Sunrise, Jojocurler, Anchor Link Bot, ImageRemovalBot, ClueBot, Wikikosti, TransporterMan, Boing! said Zebedee,
RenamedUser jaskldjslak903, NuclearWarfare, 7&6=thirteen, Jonverve, Versus22, Tomoya pl, Roxy the dog, 0Bammer, Alexius08, Ad-
dbot, Fgnievinski, CanadianLinuxUser, Zorrobot, Jarble, Ale66, Luckas-bot, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, Poshi, Synchronism, Jim1138, Etan
J. Tal, Ubergeekguy, Bluerasberry, Materialscientist, Parthian Scribe, Doggie221, Senfer~enwiki, Abce2, Africy, Tuos, Glic16, Dougof-
borg, FrescoBot, , Sky Attacker, Cutlass2009, Rhalah, Pinethicket, Rushbugled13, Tinton5, Ashlee12345, Robo Cop, Rgam-
bord, Lotje, TheGrimReaper NS, Adi4094, Mean as custard, Bobex12345, Enauspeaker, EmausBot, GoingBatty, Ida Shaw, Jmp007, Rc-
sprinter123, Ego White Tray, JonRicheld, LM2000, Frozenwind21, ClueBot NG, BOMBINI, Kuguar03, CocuBot, Xc ggre233, MerlIw-
Bot, Danielh32, Rasheeq1, MusikAnimal, Canoe1967, Timbamford, Greenbean249, Laberkiste, Khazar2, EuroCarGT, Siuenti, Thewaltzy,
Enterprisey, Dexbot, Piotrusp98, Lugia2453, Brirush, ProtossPylon, Master of Time, MagicatthemovieS, Racer Omega, AfrorofAzeroth,
Slsl2000, Kelvinmike09, Little b forev, Joeleoj123, Bobthenotbuilder, Amortias, Narky Blert, Loraof, Caeciliusinhorto, IAmNotARobot-
Captcha, Knife-in-the-drawer, Jay1818, Misterms735, Email is already in use, Madarchod123, Mrwhatnextformenow, KarlDischler, Hy-
perbolick and Anonymous: 198

14.2 Images
File:Edit-clear.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The
Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist:
The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the le, specically: Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although
minimally).
File:Judas_Bible2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Judas_Bible2.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Etan J. Tal
File:Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_
moscow.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: Adolph Northen (18281876)
File:PrintingError.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/PrintingError.jpg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Aeronautical Information Publication - Domestic (AIP) of the Israel Civil Aviation Administration presently Civil Aviation
Authority (CAA) Original artist: Etan Tal
File:TrafficSignIsraelError.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/TrafficSignIsraelError.JPG License:
CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Etan J. Tal
File:Train_wreck_at_Montparnasse_1895.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Train_wreck_at_
Montparnasse_1895.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: the source was not disclosed by its uploader. Original artist: Photo credited
to the rm Levy & ls by this site. (It is credited to a photographer Kuhn by another publisher [1].)
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rei-artur
File:Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg License: CC BY-
SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dan Polansky based on work currently attributed to Wikimedia Foundation but originally
created by Smurrayinchester

14.3 Content license


Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

Вам также может понравиться