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1
2 2 SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
1.3 Medicine
1.2 Gae
Erroneous trac sign in Israel. The correct sign is depicted on
the lower-right corner.
See also: microphone gae, political gae, and howler
(error) See also: Observational error, Bias (statistics), and
Measurement uncertainty
A gae is a verbal mistake, usually made in a social en-
vironment. The mistake may come from saying some- In statistics, an error (or residual) is not a mistake but
thing that is true, but inappropriate. It may also be
rather a dierence between a computed, estimated, or
an erroneous attempt to reveal a truth. Finally, gaes measured value and the accepted true, specied, or theo-
can be malapropisms, grammatical errors or other verbal retically correct value.
and gestural weaknesses or revelations through body lan-
guage. Actually revealing factual or social truth through In science and engineering in general an error is dened as
words or body language, however, can commonly result a dierence between the desired and actual performance
in embarrassment or, when the gae has negative conno- or behavior of a system or object. This denition is the
tations, friction between people involved. basis of operation for many types of control systems, in
which error is dened as the dierence between a set point
Philosophers and psychologists interested in the nature of and the process value. An example of this would be the
the gae include Freud and Gilles Deleuze. Deleuze, in thermostat in a home heating systemthe operation of
his Logic of Sense, places the gae in a developmental the heating equipment is controlled by the dierence (the
process that can culminate in stuttering. error) between the thermostat setting and the sensed air
Sports writers and journalists commonly use gae to temperature. Another approach is related to considering
refer to any kind of mistake, e.g., a dropped ball by a a scientic hypothesis as true or false, giving birth to two
player in a baseball game. types of errors: Type 1 and Type 2. The rst one is when
3
6 Philately
3 Numerical analysis
In philately, an error refers to a postage stamp or piece
of postal stationery that exhibits a printing or production
Numerical analysis provides a variety of techniques to mistake that dierentiates it from a normal specimen or
represent (store) and compute approximations to math- from the intended result. Examples are stamps printed in
ematical numerical values. Errors arise from a trade-o the wrong color or missing one or more colors, printed
between eciency (space and computation time) and pre- with a vignette inverted in relation to its frame, produced
cision, which is limited anyway, since (using common without any perforations on one or more sides when the
oating-point arithmetic) only a nite amount of values normal stamps are perforated, or printed on the wrong
can be represented exactly. The discrepancy between the type of paper. Legitimate errors must always be produced
exact mathematical value and the stored/computed value and sold unintentionally. Such errors may or may not be
is called the approximation error. scarce or rare. A design error may refer to a mistake
in the design of the stamp, such as a mislabeled subject,
even if there are no printing or production mistakes.
4 Cybernetics 7 Law
The word cybernetics stems from the Greek Main article: Error (law)
(kybernts, steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder the
same root as government). In applying corrections to the In appellate review, error typically refers to mistakes
trajectory or course being steered cybernetics can be seen made by a trial court or some other court of rst instance
as the most general approach to error and its correction in applying the law in a particular legal case. This may in-
for the achievement of any goal. The term was suggested volve such mistakes as improper admission of evidence,
by Norbert Wiener to describe a new science of control inappropriate instructions to the jury, or applying the
and information in the animal and the machine. Wieners wrong standard of proof.
early work was on noise.
The cybernetician Gordon Pask held that the error that
drives a servomechanism can be seen as a dierence be-
tween a pair of analogous concepts in a servomechanism: 8 Stock-Market
the current state and the goal state. Later he suggested
error can also be seen as an innovation or a contradiction
depending on the context and perspective of interacting Main article: Fat-Finger error or Erroneous trade
(observer) participants. The founder of management cy-
bernetics, Staord Beer, applied these ideas most notably A stock-market transaction that was done due to an error,
in his Viable System Model. i.e. due to human failure or computer errors
4 11 SEE ALSO
Spell checking
Swiss cheese model of accident causation in human
systems
Defect
Fault
Flaw
Nonconformity
12 References
[1] Robinson, P. In the Matter of:The Gatekeeper: The Gate
Contracts
13 External links
Errors contained in reference books Internet Ac-
curacy Project
6 14 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
14.2 Images
File:Edit-clear.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The
Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist:
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minimally).
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Authority (CAA) Original artist: Etan Tal
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