Structure, function and organization of nerve cells

• glial cells:
- To protect and assist neurons
Microglia and astrocytes or
- To accelerate the nerve impulse
or oligodendrocyte or Schwann cell
• Neurons:
- Sensitive - Interneurons - Motor
Glial cells
Neurons: basic structure
1. Soma 2. Dendrites 3. Core 4. RER (Nissl substance) 5. Axon hillock 6. Neurofi
lament 7. Mitochondria 8. Axon 9. Myelin sheath (Schwann cell) of Ranvier 10.Nod
o 11.Axón 13.Botones collateral synaptic terminals 12.Ramificaciones
Neurons: myelin sheath
Neurons: examples
Neurons: Diversity
Neurons: functional components
Neurons: functional organization of components
Source of nervous tissues: gray and white matter
Distribution of nerve tissue
Control of the reflex arc
Antagonistic control of muscle contraction
General organization of the central nervous system: brain
General organization of the central nervous system
Brain: organizational structure
Brain
Mesencephalon Cerebellum Medulla pons or Family encefálic
Brain: structural organization
Neural pathways: two examples of sensory pathways
Functional areas of the brain: Positron emission tomography
Functional areas of the brain: Positron emission tomography
Without stimulus
Auditory stimulus
Functional areas of the brain: Positron emission tomography
Without stimulus
Visual stimulus
Functional areas of the brain: Positron emission tomography
Without stimulus
Memory
Functional areas of the brain: Positron emission tomography
Without stimulus
Foot movement
Brain: general functional organization
Functions relating to language: example of integration between areas
Functions relating to language: description
Functions relating to language: description
Functions relating to language: description
CNS Brain Cerebellum Brainstem Diencephalon Cerebral
Lump Thalamus Hypothalamus Midbrain Medulla Spinal Cranial
Nervous system
Spinal cord
Somatic SNP Self
Nerves
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Nervous System Organization
Monopolar: They have a two-way single extension, which acts both as axon and den
drite. Most of these are responsible for unipolar neurons perceive stimuli: in i
nvertebrates
Bipolar: They have two extensions, one serving as input and output dendrite that
acts as an axon.
Neurona bipolar: the retina, inner ear, olfactory nerves and the sensory ganglio
n dorsal root
Snakes: These are the most typical and abundant. They have a large number of sma
ll extensions of entry, dendrites, and one output, the axon. Multipolar neurons:
spinal motoneurons, hippocampal pyramidal cells, cerebellar Purkinje cells.
SESORIALES Neurons (afferent) are those that carry the information captured by C
onnecticut Center ISSUED TO RECEIVERS (spinal cord and brain). Dendrite DO NOT H
AVE THESE NEURONS
Motor neurons (efferent) LEADING GENERATED IN RESPONSE TO THE CENTER MADE effect
ors (muscles and glands). Dendrite HAVE THESE NEURONS highly branched. ASSOCIATI
ON NEURONS (striping) is located in THE INTERIOR OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND A
RE ANSWERS makers
The nerve fibers or axons, can be of two types
1 .- Myelin: so called because they are coated with the membrane of cells called
Schwann cells. This membrane is rich in a phospholipid called myelin and rolled
several times around the nerve fiber. Thus, several Schwann cells come to cover
all the fiber forming a sort of cover CNS myelin sheath cells called myelin.
As the sheath is formed by several cells at points of contact between adjacent c
ells that cover is interrupted to receive those places called nodes of Ranvier.
The nerve impulse moves by leaps, from node to node, so it moves faster.
2 .- Unmyelinated or bare: are the fibers that are not covered by myelin sheath.
The nerve impulse moves around the axon crossing, so it's not going so fast
SNP amielinizadas cells
Unmyelinated nerve fibers in the impulse is conducted, as an ongoing investment
wave voltage to the terminal buttons of axons
The nerve impulse
The nerve impulse is a wave of electrical nature that is created in the neurons
and some sensory cells, to influence them some kind of stimulus, external or int
ernal. This stimulus can be anything, a chemical, pressure, levels of some chemi
cal, a mechanical wave, the light, cold or heat, etc..
Using special measuring instruments can detect neural activity in the form of ti
ny electrical currents, this is the case of electroencephalography.
• The speed is proportional to the diameter of the axon and ranges from 1-100 m
/ s. • The speed of nerve impulse conduction is proportional to the diameter of
the axon and the distance between the nodes of Ranvier
• The amount of stimulus needed to trigger the activity of a neuron, is called t
he threshold of excitability. • reached this threshold, the response is effectiv
e, regardless of the interruption or augmentation of the stimulus. That is, foll
ows the law of all or nothing. • During depolarization, the neuron is not excita
ble, that is, is in refractory period.
When the nerve impulse reaches the end of the axon of a neuron has to "jump" to
the dendrites of the next neuron, a small space between them, called the synapti
c space ..
"It is the communication between neurons"
They are classified according to the contact and the type of transmission
Synapse CLASSIFICATION
A place where contact is established axoaxonal synapses Synapse Synapse ax
osomática axodendrítica
Synapse CLASSIFICATION
Transmission Type

Chemical Synapse Synapse Electrical Synapses mixed

There are direct channels that carry ions from cell to cell. synapses are less
common and exist only in some organs such as heart and liver.
They are very rare in the point
S electrical synapse
Mixed synapses
two contact areas, a chemical and other utilities.
• electrical synapse
• In them, the electric current passes from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic
neuron, because they are close together • The two cells are linked by a protein
channel called connexons that allows the passage of ions from one neuron to anot
her. • The nerve impulse is bidirectional and produce these synapses between axo
ns and cell bodies, dendrites and cell bodies and dendrites and between cell bod
ies. It is a snapshot synapses allowing immediate responses
Chemical synapses
• In them, the presynaptic and postsynaptic neuron are separated by synaptic cle
ft and the passage of nerve impulses from one neuron to another is due to the ex
istence of chemicals in the membrane of the axon called neurotransmitters
Synapse
I. Conduction N. in the synapse
• The process that allows the passage of nerve impulses from one neuron to the p
ostsynaptic presynaptic can be summarized in three steps:
1. The depolarization wave: Open for calcium channels, allowing their entry. The
entry of this ion stimulates the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynapt
ic membrane. 2. The union of the two membranes releases the neurotransmitters in
to the synaptic space. 3. The neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsyn
aptic membrane, thus opening the channels for sodium and
Conduction of nerve impulses in the synapse
• The process that allows the passage of nerve impulses from one neuron to the p
ostsynaptic presynaptic can be summarized into three stages:
1. The depolarization wave:
Open channels and allows calcium entry. The entry of this ion stimulates the fus
ion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane.
2.
The union of the two membranes releases the neurotransmitters into the synaptic
space. The neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, thu
s opening the channels for sodium and potassium. This generates a new wave of de
polarization in the postsynaptic neuron.
3.
ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA OF NEURONS
•
THE OPERATION OF THE neurons is determined by alterations electrochemical membra
ne level, leading to electrical state DOS.
• 1 .- REST OR POTENTIAL • 2 .- MEMBRANE ACTION POTENTIAL
RESTING POTENTIAL
• It is the result of the difference in concentration of certain ions between th
e outer and inner membrane of the neuron.
Distribution of ions into the neuron
• potassium ions (K +) and sodium (Na +) are on both sides of the membrane. • Th
e difference in charges between the inside and outside is given by the presence
of negatively charged proteins within the axon.
In the resting state the k + ion concentration in the cytosol of the axon is abo
ut 30 times higher than outside, whereas the concentration of Na + is 10 times h
igher in the interstitial fluid within the cytosol
The distribution of these ions on both sides of the membrane is regulated by thr
ee factors: 1. Diffusion of particles in favor of a concentration gradient 2. Th
e attraction of oppositely charged particles and repulsion of like charges in Ma
rch. Properties of the membrane itself
RESTING POTENTIAL
In the resting potential: • l.€The K + ion concentration is higher in the cytoso
l as diffuse out of the axon to pass through the exhaust channels of K +. • 2. T
he negative charges can not accompany the K + ions so that the inside is negativ
ely charged compared to the outside
3. The excess of negative charges inside attracts K + ions, which prevents them
from leaving the cell. 4. As a result, achieves a balance that not a movement of
K +. When the membrane reaches this equilibrium is said to be polarized and is
the resting potential
ACTION POTENTIAL
• is an electrochemical phenomenon PRODUCED BY A CHANGE IN THE CONCENTRATION OF
IONS BETWEEN THE MIDDLE EXTRA • E INTRACELLULAR ACTION POTENTIAL involves two st
eps:
• 1. Depolarization MEMBANA
• 2. Repolarization MEMBRANE
Membrane depolarization
Membrane depolarization
• Each time a neuron receives a stimulus increases the permeability of the membr
ane to the sodium channel opening voltage-gated sodium. At this point says that
the membrane is depolarized
Sodium ions enter the axon reversing the polarity of the diaphragm momentarily.
This change in sodium permeability lasts only half a millisecond. Then the sodiu
m channel closes and the region returns to its initially stimulated property of
impermeability to sodium ions.
• The depolarization wave that propagates along the axon is known as •
NERVOUS IMPULSE
Membrane repolarization
Membrane repolarization
• Once you have closed the channels for sodium voltage, repolarization begins wi
th the opening of the voltage-gated channels for K + and K + ions flow outward f
rom the axon
• This outward flow of ions K + counteracts the polarity caused by the massive i
nflux of Na + ions and the resting potential recovers very quickly.
• Subsequently, the sodium-potassium pump is responsible to move Na + and K + ac
ross the membrane and restore the initial concentrations.
• During the time period in which the membrane restores its initial polarity and
the relative amounts of Na + and K + inside and outside the cell, the neuron is
unable to generate and drive a new nerve impulse. This situation is mastered re
fractory period and lasts a very short period of time.
SPREAD OF I. N
04/24/09
Direction of nerve impulse
• The I.N. propagates due to the electrical change that occurs in the membrane,
and moves only in one direction because the fragment is behind the action potent
ial area maintains a short refractory period, in which voltage-gated channels ar
e not be opened.
Role of the myelin sheath
• The myelin sheath is not just an insulator, also serves to increase the speed
of a nerve impulse conduction. • This is because the Na + and K + can only move
outside and inside the axon at the nodes of Ranvier
• Consequently, the nerve impulse jumps from node to node, greatly accelerating
driving