9/7/2016

INTRODUCTION TO
S TAT I S T I C S

WHAT IS STATISTICS?
Statistics is a way to get information from data

Statistics

Data Information

Data: Facts, especially Information: Knowledge

numerical facts, collected communicated concerning
together for reference or some particular fact.
information.

Statistics is a tool for creating new understanding from a set of numbers.

1.2

1
 9/7/2016

TRUE
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
RESEARCH

SURVEYS

RESEARCH TYPES
DEVELOPMENTAL
DESIGN
NON
EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH CORRELATION
STUDY

QUASI
EXPERIMENT

2
 9/7/2016

DESCRIPTIVE VS. INFERENTIAL

Population inferences can be made...

3
 9/7/2016

...by selecting a representative sample from

the population

What are variables you would consider in buying a book?

4
 9/7/2016

DEFINITION
A variable is some characteristic of a population or sample.
E.g. student grades.
Typically denoted with a capital letter: X, Y, Z

The values of the variable are the range of possible values for a variable.
E.g. student marks (0..100)

Data are the observed values of a variable.

E.g. student marks: {67, 74, 71, 83, 93, 55, 48}

Variable Type Key characteristic Example

Independent A variable that is presumed to cause Amount of studying (IV) affects
variable (IV) changes to occur in another variable; a test grades (DV)
causal variable

Dependent A variable that changes because of Amount of studying (IV) affects

variable (DV) another variable; the effect or outcome test grades (DV)
variable

Independent variable
Moderator variable A variable that delineates how a
relationship of interest changes under
Perhaps the relationship between
studying (IV) and test grades (DV)
different conditions or circumstances changes according to the different
Dependent variable levels of use of a drug such as
Ritalin (moderator)
Moderating
Extraneous variable
A variable that may compete with the Pre-knowledege of topic that was
variable independent variable in explaining an tested in the test (confounding
outcome
Extraneous variable variable)

5
 9/7/2016

Senario
Satu kajian menggunakan pensampelan rawak dijalankan
terhadap penduduk di Kuala Lumpur dan penduduk di Kuala
Krai, Kelantan. Pengkaji telah merekodkan berat sekumpulan
penduduk wanita di kedua-dua lokasi berikut. Nyatakan
pemboleh ubah bersandar dan pemboleh ubah bebas
(pembolehubah tak bersandar) kajian ini. Nyatakan jenis data
bagi setiap pembolehubah. Bina persoalan kajian yang
bersesuaian.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
A precise definition of the way a variable will be measured
and/or manipulated in the research
Variable Operational definition Value
Intelligence Score on a Statistics test 90
Anxiety Score at or above 75th GAD-7
percentile on measure of
anxiety
Memory Recall the number of 4
books read last month

6
 9/7/2016

MEASUREMENT SCALES

7
 9/7/2016

Latihan
Bagi setiap persoalan kajian yang dinyatakan, sila kenalpasti
a) Pembolehubah bersandar dan pembolehubah tak bersandar
b) Jenis data untuk pembolehubah bersandar
c) Jenis data untuk pembolehubah tak bersandar

Soalan 1
Apakah terdapat perbezaan skor self-esteem antara ketiga-tiga kumpulan pelajar yang di ajar kaedah
pengajaran berbeza?

Soalan 2
Sejauh manakah terdapat perbezaan antara min skor ujian pra dan ujian pasca dalam kalangan pelajar lelaki?

Soalan 3
Apakah terdapat perbezaan tahap motivasi pelajar sekolah rendah berdasarkan jantina?