Expansive Concrete

Expansive Cement- a cement when mixed with water produces a paste

that after setting increases in volume to a greater degree than does

Portland Cement Paste.

Type K- a mixture of Portland Cement, C4A3S, CaSO4, CaO

Type M- interground or blended mixture of calcium sulfate suitably

proportioned.

Type S Portland cement containing C3A,and an amount of calcium

sulfate above the usual amount found in Portland cement.

 Expansive Concrete
Shrinkage Compensating Concrete
If restrained, induces compressive
stresses which approximately offset
tensile stresses in concrete induced by
drying
ACI
Self-Stressing Concrete
If restrained, induces
compression stresses of a
high enough magnitude to
result in significant
compression in the concrete
after drying shrinkage and
creep has occurred.
 Expansions

Free Expansion Restraint Expansion

One-dimensional
Multi-dimensional Restraint
Restraint

Internal 2D Restraint
Without
Restraint
External 3D Restraint

Combined Internal
and External Ref; 1
According to reference 1,
Net expansion is not influence by types of restraint.
Fly ash is very effective for free expansion.
The amount of net expansion highly depends on restraining ratio*.
Higher restraining ratio produces lower net expansion.
Net expansion under 2D or 3D restraint , both in main or transverse
direction can be predicted by applying the same method for 1D restraint.

As
*Restraining ratio= A ,
c

As and Ac : cross-sectional area of reinforcement and concrete respectively.

Length of change of expansive by
i. Adding expansive additive into concrete
ii. Partially replacing fine aggregate with bottom ash.
Cracking can be formed according to these shrinkage;
Autogenous shrinkage1 and drying shrinkage2- induced tensile stress in a
hardened concrete.
1. Concrete does not lose any moisture to its environment, and volume
reduction due to chemical reactions and self-desiccation which is caused by
water consumption in hydration and pozzolanic reactions.
2. Loss of moisture from the concrete to environment.

Ref; 1
According to reference 2,
Expansive additive- insufficient not effective (unable to compensate
for shrinkage)
excessive too high cost
Internal Curing
improve concrete quality: provide internal moisture to still anhydrate
cement in concrete reduce autogenous shrinkage & enhance some
durability properties of concrete.

Bottom ash- increases expansion with or w/o fly ash for both free and
restrained condition, but balanced between enhanced expansion & drying
shrinkage must be carefully considered.
According to reference 3,
HYPER EXPAN,
1) lime-based expansive additive
2) 2/3 as much as conventional expansive additive to gain almost the same
expansion.
3) Efficient expansion by using small quantity
4) Slump, air content same as plain concrete
5) Same mechanism as EXPAN
According to reference 3,

HYPER EXPAN HYPER EXPAN M

Type
(For structure) For restraint of the hydration-heat
Reduction of change of volume
Reduction of change of volume of
of General Concrete
Massive Concrete
Structure
Dry shrinkage
Uses Dry shrinkage
Heat shrinkage
Heat shrinkage
Autonomous shrinkage
Autonomous shrinkage

General Buildings Massive hydraulic structures

Road, bridges, tunnel Massive concrete structures
Application Object Hydraulic Structures High flow, High-strength
High flow able, high-strength concrete
concrete
20 kg/m3
Standard Dosage 20 kg/m3

Package 20 kg/bag 20 kg/bag

Effect of reduction of cracks by HYPER EXPAN,

Expands moderately in first hardening stage

Pre-stress effect: compressive stress which is caused by the influence of the

expansion and the restraint materials (rebar).

Reduces tensile strength (due to dry shrinkage)

Tighten the fine voids

Improve water-tightness

According to above mechanism, high durable concrete can be made.

Ref; 3
Physical Properties of HYPER EXPAN M
Used for massive concrete
Restrains the hydration heat in early stage
Control expansion shrinkage caused temperature falling of concrete
The characteristic of hydration for plain concrete, HYPER EXPAN and
HYPER EXPAN M is not so much different in 7 days elapsed time
Stress in concrete
Tension stress ( plain concrete> HYPER EXPAN > HYPER EXPAN M)
Open air conditions for 3 months, cracking rate of EXPAN concrete reduced
about 20% of plain concrete.

Ref; 3
 Strain on concrete wall ( rate of length of change (%) in 60 days)
Plain concrete (tensile stress), restrained strain > free strain
HYPER EXPAN (compressive stress), free strain > restrained strain
Crack caused by hydration heat
EXPAN concrete < plain concrete
Instruction for use of HYPER EXPAN
Dosage and mix design
regarded as part of cement
proper mix proportion between HYPER EXPAN and cement not to
decline of concrete strength
Curing (sprinkling water)- 3 days (summer), 7 days (winter)

Ref; 3
 Mixing and charging
Mix together with cement, and then aggregate and water should be
added uniformly.
Mixing time (20 to 30 seconds)
Storage
Dry place
After bag is opened, need to use it up in the same day, otherwise it must
be stored in an anti-moisture bag or a pail and must be used within 2 or
3 days.

Ref; 3
 Shrinkage

Autogenous Shrinkage Drying Shrinkage

Due to both internal and external

due to internal factors factors
(hydration reaction, water to cement (water content, curing and
ratio, pore structure) enviroment)

Both shrinkages can be affected by type and quantity of aggregate, type of

binder and admixtures.

Ref; 4
 Without restraint, concrete is allowed to shrink freely and no stress is
induced.
Restraint - adjacent structural elements or by bonding reinforcement and
concrete
With restraint, tension takes place in the concrete
Risk of cracking is highly dependent on the restraining condition.
Reinforced concrete under higher restraint has higher shrinkage cracking
risk.
the restrained expansion (exp,res) of concrete < the free expansion
(exp,free) of the same concrete.
Elastic strain of concrete,ce > cracking strain c,cr Cracking takes
place.
Noted: higher tensile creep strain reduces the induced elastic strain of
concrete and is beneficial to reduce the shrinkage cracking.
Ref; 4
 Cracking age is defined as the time at which shrinkage cracking takes
place.
For cracking age prediction, the necessary parameters are;
Free shrinkage strain (shr,free)
Cracking strain (c,cr)
Restrained expansion (exp,res)
a larger amount of expansive additives gives larger early expansion and
thus results in smaller long-term absolute shrinkage.
expansive concrete with HEA, larger amount of fly ash induces larger
subsequent shrinkage after curing.
non-expansive concrete with larger amount of fly ash reduces the
shrinkage.
According to reference 4, the cracking strain at 28 days can represent
strain at later ages.
In non-expansive concrete, tensile creep can reduce the elastic
restrained strain in concrete and thus delay the occurrence of cracking.
Ref; 4
for non-expansive concrete,
tensile creep can reduce the elastic restrained strain in concrete and thus
delay the occurrence of cracking.
Induced compressive strain at early age.
Cracking age of fly ash concrete is longer than concrete without fly ash
for expansive concrete- more fly ash content shortens the cracking age.
Creep coefficient is larger for higher w/b and slightly increases for
higher fly ash content.
Fly ash concrete reduces shrinkage cracking. (its lower shrinkage
potential and higher creep although it has less cracking strain capacity).
Creep strain is also affected by the time and the period that each
specimen was subjected to tension.
Fly ash + EA increases
the creep coefficient.
early age expansion
resistance to shrinkage cracking of concrete
The amount of subsequent shrinkage depends on how well the fly ash
concrete has been cured.
Ref; 4
 Quality of Expansive Concrete
1) Concrete- required strength, expansive capacity, durability, water tightness,
capacity to protect steel, and workability
2) Expansion Rate (uniaxial-restraint expansion rate)
i. 150 x 10-6 < shrinkage compensating concrete < 200 x10-6
ii. 200 x 10-6 < chemical pre-stressing concrete < 700 x10-6
iii. 200 x 10-6 < chemical pre-stressing concrete (for factory)< 1000 x10-6
iv. Expansion rate of concrete based on 7-day age test
v. Expansion rate of concrete in accordance with Method A (JISA 6202)
X-sectional areas of the restraining bar is 0.95%.
3) Strength
i. at 28-dayage
ii. Compressive strength test for shrinkage compensating concrete (JIS A
1108), Specimens (JIS A 1132)
iii. Compressive strength test for chemical pre-stressing concrete (JIS A
6202).
Lowering of strengths will be caused due to excessive free expansion. Ref; 5
 Materials
1) Cement shall conform to JIS R 5210, 5211, 5212 and 5213.
2) Expansive Admixture
i) conform to JIS A 6202
ii) other than JIS A 6202, quality and method of use thoroughly studied.
3) Storage of Expansive Admixture
i) storage- not mixed with cement and other materials, and having
humidity-proof structure
ii) not direct contact with the floor inside the storeroom, convenient for
hauling and inspection, and stacking < height of 15 bags.
(laminated with plastic or polyethylene inner bags are used)
iii) broken bags during storage shall not be used.
iv) long storage period, test shall be performed to confirm the required
qualities are possessed.
Storage Periods- maximum 3 months in storeroom
- maximum 1 month for other cases, and mixture of expansive
admixture and cement
Ref; 5
4) Admixture
i) Admixtures (air-entraining agent, water reducing agent)
conform to JIS A 6204.
ii) fly ash (JIS A 6204), granulated blast-furnace slag fine powder
(JSCE)
iii) super plasticizer or a rust inhibiting (JSCE or JIS R 6205)
5) Reinforcing Bars
i) deformed steel bars (JIS G3112)
ii) rerolled deformed bars (JIS G 3117) to determine using them
will be permissible or not.
Effectively restrain expansion of concrete, deformed bars are to be
used.

Ref; 5
Mix Proportions
For the required expansion rate to be obtained, unit expansive
admixture content shall be determined.
When expansion rate is too high, the compressive strength of concrete
will decline compared with concrete of the same mix proportion w/o
expansive admixture
In past, unit expansive admixture content,
30 kg/m3 (shrinkage compensating concrete), expansion rate: 200 to 700
x 10-6.
30 to 65 kg/m3 (factory products), expansion rate: 200 to 1000 x 10-6 .
Expansion rate of expansive concrete is decided by unit expansive
admixture content although w/c ratio and unit content may differ
To determine expansive admixture,
Select suitable mix proportions
Text expansion rate at 7-day age

Ref; 5
 Based on compressive strength of concrete, w/b (b=unit cement content
& unit expansive admixture content) should be selected
Compressive strength and water-binder ratio should be determined by tests
(28 days as standard)
test value of concrete compressive strength must be less than 5% of the
specified concrete strength .
Maximum w/b ratios of air-entrained concrete based on resistance to
frost damage of concrete according to their categories are shown in table
4.1(Reference 5).
Maximum w/b ratio of offshore concrete as determined based on
Durability is shown in table 4.2 (Reference 5).
Selecting water-binder ratio based on
Water tightness of concrete ratio < 0.55.
in offshore structure < limitation that given in table 4.2
Large expansive force is used, expansive rate of concrete highly
depends on;
Restraining method
Strength
Durability and other properties
Ref; 5
For chemical prestressing concrete (high expansive admixture)
select appropriate arrangement of reinforcing bars
maximum expansion rates is 1000 x10-6
Unit water content- as low practicable within limits that work can be performed.
Unit binder content- selected from unit water content and water-binder ratio.
Two types of unit binder content are-
1. unit of (cement + expansive admixture)
2. unit of (cement + expansive admixture + fly ash)
Determination of unit cement content
unit cement content = unit binder content unit expansive admixture
unit cement content (chemical prestressing concrete) > 260 kg/m3
Method of expressing mix proportion
according to Table 4.3 ( admixture material not diluted or dissolved, in terms of ml/m3
or g/m3.
Saturated surface dry condition for both aggregates for specified mix
Fine aggregate ( passing 5-mm sieve)
Coarse aggregate (retaining 5-mm sieve)
Moisture content of Aggregate for field mix
Fine aggregate (retaining 5-mm sieve)
Coarse aggregate (passing 5-mm sieve)
Ref; 5
 Batching, Mixing and Conveying
Various materials for concrete shall be correctly batched.
Batching apparatus
Confirmed to possess the specified batching accuracy
inspected before and after using
thoroughly clean (not to adhere expansive admixture in it)
Batching expansive admixture
Batched by mass (one batch at a time)
accurately weighted first for single mix, and directly introducing from bag to
mixer.
Error < 2%
Mixing
Thoroughly mixed to get uniform quality
Firstly, consider sequence of introducing expansive admixture into mixer
Preventing adherence and hardening of expansive admixture along the way.
Mixing time based on test
Inside surface of mixer shall be coated with mortar in advance
New materials shall not introduce into mixer before discharging former
concrete
Ref; 5
 Insufficient mixing will decline the strength of concrete, failure at parts
after hardening of concrete.
Sufficient mixing time according to different types of mixer must be
decided by testing.
Testing time must be greater than 1 minute after pouring materials into
mixer, and for force mixing type mixer not less than 1 minute and 30
seconds in case of tilting mixer.
Transportation
Performed quickly to minimizing segregation
normal transportation = 90 minutes ( temperature 25 C)
normal transportation = 60 minutes ( greater than temperature 25 C)
from mixing until completion = 30 minutes including transportation time

Ref; 5
References
1. Prediction of Net Expansion of Expansive Concrete under Restraint
2. Effect of Internal Curing on Expansion and Shrinkage of Expansive
Concrete
3. HYPER EXPAN
4. Prediction of cracking age of concrete with and without expansive
additive
5. Recommended Practice for Expansive Concrete (JSCE)