Pressure The PH

CENTRE NATIONAL BLOOD TRANSFUSION
Potentiometry AND DETERMINATION OF pH

For a substance to be manifested as an acid or base that is required mainly in a
queous solutions and thus the knowledge of water and its properties are very imp
ortant.
Water is a very special compound, due to its abundance and its distribution and
use. Actually the earth's crust is 75% water, the human body by 70% and 78% bloo
d.
The power of dissolution of the water is very large and broad so that it is view
ed as a universal solvent, which is very valuable in the development of physical
and chemical phenomena.
The power of dissolution of the water is very large and broad so that it is view
ed as a universal solvent, which is very valuable in the development of physical
and chemical phenomena.
Positive ions are attracted to the cathode and are called cations, negative ions
are attracted to the anode and are called anions. The result of the migration o
f ions is the transfer of positive and negative electrical charges of the soluti
on to the electrodes, which effectively produces an electrical current.
The reason why acids have different forces was one of the results of the ionic d
issociation theory of Arrhenius, developed between 1880 and 1890. The chemical a
ctivity and electrical conductivity of the solutions of the acids were considere
d as the results of its reversible dissociation into ions, one of which was the
H +.
Example: HCl ---------> H + + Clun similar scheme was applied to the conduct of
the bases, from which he thought was best, all produced hydroxyl ion OH-. Exampl
e: NaOH --------> Na + + OH-
Thus the H + ion was the cause of the acid properties, and the hydroxyl ion was
the cause of the basic properties. The concentration of H + and OH-in aqueous so
lution is expressed from the point of view of pH and pOH symbols
The way of representing the concentration of hydrogen ions as pH was proposed by
S. P. L. Sorensen Danish chemist in 1909 and since then has been used universal
ly.
Science is always looking for abbreviations and simplifications that can express
briefly and concisely his facts and theories. To avoid the inconvenience of wri
ting exponents (powers of 10) has been found useful to express the large and sma
ll numbers in logarithmic units for this purpose is used the following definitio
n of pH:
pH: This is the inverse logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions and is e
xpressed as follows: 1 pH = log ------- = log 1-log (H +) (H) pH = - log (H +) A
s both conventionally is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion activ
ity.
PH Scale The pH scale is a series of numbers that express the degree of acidity
or alkalinity of a solution
Relationship between hydrogen ion concentration and pH.
(H) moles / liter (OH-) moles / liter pH
1 0.1 0.01 0,001 0.0001 0.00001 0.000001 0.0000001 0.00000001 1.000000001 0.0000
000001 0.00000000001 0.000000000001 0.0000000000001 0.00000000000001
= 100 = 10-1 = 10-2 = 10-3 = 10-4 = 10-5 = 10-6 = 10-7 = 10-8 = 10-9 = 10-10 = 1
0-11 = 10-12 = 10-13 = 10-14
10-14 10-13 10-12 10-11 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100
Very acid 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Neutral 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Very alkaline
In pure water at 25 Âº C, there are equal amounts of H + (H3O +) and hydroxide i
ons (OH-) concentration of each is 10-7 moles / liter. Therefore, the pH of pure
water is-log (10-7), which equals 7.
But by adding an acid to water, it forms an excess of H3O + and consequently, it
s concentration may vary between 10-6 and 10-1moles/litro, depending on the stre
ngth and the amount of acid. Thus, the acid solutions have a pH ranging from 6 /
weak acid) to 1 (strong acid). In contrast, a basic solution has a low concentr
ation of H3O + and an excess of OH-ions, and pH ranges from 8 (weak base) to 14
(strong base).
It is difficult to overstate the importance of acids and bases. Aqueous solution
s so commonÂalmost always have some degree of acidity or alkalinity, and such s
olutions abound in our environment and all living things.
. The
photosynthesis and respiration, the two most important biological processes on t
he planet, Ã¡cidobase.La reactions depend on blood of mammals is a solution that
is crucial in maintaining a constant pH.
The normal pH of human blood is 7.40 Â± 0.05. If the pH drops to 7.35, presents
a condition called acidosis, an increase of pH beyond 7.45 results in alkalosis.
Both conditions can endanger life. Acidosis, for example, makes the hemoglobin
less oxygen transport, and also depresses the central nervous system, which in e
xtreme cases can cause coma or death.
Acidosis can also weaken and make irregular heart contractions, which is a sympt
om of heart failure. To avoid such problems, the agency must maintain the pH of
the blood nearly constant.
The measurement of pH of a solution based on the activity of hydrogen ions, usin
g an instrument called a potentiometer.
Potentiometer This device operates on the principle of zero balance, providing d
igital readings or needle type of wide-scale direct deflection. The energy sourc
e can be direct or alternating electrical current. The unit will have a manual a
djustment knob or automatically, in order to equalize the temperature conditions
of the apparatus with the test solutions. The device will measure the potential
of the solution through the electrode in millivolts and pH units.
POTENTIOMETER METROHM AG Cheats
TiTriskop 516 pH METER
6 8 7 8 6 0 40 200 5 9 80 400
April 1910
3 11,120,600
February 1912
January 13 0 14
160 500
mV pH
Heris METROHM
200 1000
or
C
60 80
+
I mVx100
8 6 4 2 0 20 10 12 14 16 18
42 100 86
E
20
40
O pH 100
-
+ 1000 mV - 200 mV IPOL
+ MV
O-8 pH
or
0
-
6-14
Electrode-reference electrode). - Calomel. Hg Cl 2 (s), K Cl2 (liq.). A b). - Si
lver-silver chloride AgCl (s), HCL (liq.). The calomel electrode connection or t
est solution is made through a saturated solution of potassium chloride and the
electrical connection is through a platinum wire in contact with mercury. B C D
E F-glass electrode. It is used as indicator electrode. It is the type of membra
ne and its primary use is for determining the concentration of hydrogen ions in
aqueous solutions. The network of silicates of the membrane causes an exchange o
f ions in the interior and exterior surfaces of glass, taking potential that dep
end on the solution that are in contact with: So the potential of glass electrod
e pH varies only with the external solution. All glass electrodes must be packed
for some time soaking in water or dilute buffer solution. Parts of the electrod
e (see figure). FIG. Saturated Calomel Electrode. A) .- Wire, B) .- Hg, Hg2Cl2,
KCl, mixed into pasta; C) .- Hg; D) .- Punta platinum; E) .- F saturated KCl) .-
porous plug.
As pH values are temperature dependent, the measurements must be performed at co
nstant temperatures.
Objective determination of pH: To determine the pH values of blood components an
d the solutions within the areas of Blood Bank, which require it.
Due to variations in the nature and operation of appropriate potentiometers, it
is not universally applicable practical point out directions for potentiometric
pH measurements. Genenral principles should be made following the instructions p
rovided for each instrument by its manufacturer. The procedure described below i
s applicable for the potentiometer METROHM Model AG-E516.
Quality control of the potentiometer is performed with buffer solutions, Buffer
solutions or buffer solutions that are used for calibration.
THANK YOU
QBP ROMERO ANGELICA GOMEZ

Pressure The PH

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CENTRE NATIONAL BLOOD TRANSFUSION

Potentiometry AND DETERMINATION OF pH

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