Test of a Shunt DC Motor for Obtaining Characteristic of its Electromechanical &

Mechanical Trace of Yield Curve

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Creation date: May 26, 2004 Version: v0.04 - 3/MAI/2008 Author: Ricardo Filipe T
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© 2008 Ricardo Filipe Teixeira Gomes. rftg.development.googlepages.com
Instituto Politecnico do Porto Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto
Department of Electrical Engineering
Course in Electrical Engineering - Electronics and Computers
Discipline of Electrical Machines
Test of a Shunt DC Motor for Obtaining Characteristic of its Electromechanical &
Mechanical Trace of Yield Curve
05/26/2004
Work done by: Ricardo Filipe Teixeira Gomes
Test of a Shunt DC Motor for Obtaining Characteristic of its Electromechanical &
Mechanical - Trace of the Yield Curve 05/26/2004
Index
Objective 2 --------------------------------------------- Introduction - -------
---------------------------------- 2 ----- Mounting Scheme Material Used -------
----------- 6 ----------------------------- Job Description ----- 6 ------------
-------------- 7 ------------ Securities Registered Calculations ---------------
------ 7 --------------------------- -------------------- 8 --------------------
-------- Results 9 Conclusion ---------------- --------------------------------
----------- ------------------------------------- 11 Bibliography ------- 12
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Electrical Machines
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Test of a Shunt DC Motor for Obtaining Characteristic of its Electromechanical &
Mechanical - Trace of the Yield Curve 05/26/2004
Objective
- Study of DC shunt motor - The study of electromechanical characteristics: Gett
ing the curve n = f (I) Collection of the curve T = f (I) - A study of its mecha
nical characteristic: Getting the curve n = f ( T) - Collection of the yield cur
ve η = f (T) - Determination of maximum yield and t e current drawn in t is situ
ation.
Introduction
One advantage of t e dc mac ine is to ave a reversible function, ie can act as
a dynamo (absorbing mec anical energy) or as motor (absorbing power). Now we wil
l study t eir functioning as a motor. Since previous works ave already been des
cribed dc mac ine will go only to describe issues related to its operation. T e
DC motor (cc) as an operating principle based on t e Law of Laplace (F = B × I
× L), w ic states t at a conductor (lengt L) t at is being driven by a c ain (
of intensity I) being wit in a magnetic field (B) is subjected to a force (F int
ensity). T e direction of t is force is t e direction in w ic t e driver will m
ove. T is can be ac ieved by applying t e rule of rig t and€w ere t e index fin
ger pointing in t is direction.
Fig.1 - Illustration of t e application of t e rig t and rule for obtaining t e
direction of t e force
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Electrical Mac ines
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Test of a S unt DC Motor for Obtaining C aracteristic of its Electromec anical &
Mec anical - Trace of t e Yield Curve 05/26/2004
If w ile considering an drivers consider a simple loop, mounted on a s aft wit i
n a magnetic field to be traversed by an electric current, verified by t e princ
iple enunciated, t at rotates on its axis, its movement due to rotational torque
created by t e drivers (since t ese forces are applied in opposite directions b
ut equal directions.)
Fig.2 - torque exerted on a loop to be traversed by a current wit in a magnetic
field
Following t e same reasoning but now considering a rotor consists of several coi
ls inserted in t e electromagnetic field generated by inductive coils, it appear
s t at all cores assets (except t ose w o are on t e neutral line) exert a force
, and t e results from t at forces a set of binary rotation, indicated by Fig.3
- Forces exerted by t e drivers of t e following expression:
induced
T = k × Φ × II
where k =
Z × p a
2 × p × m 2 a = Z = No slots × × No turns No sec tions × 2 sec tion coil
The motor windings c. c. can be connected in the same way that the windings of t
he dynamo, then we can have an independent kind of excitation, series, parallel
or compound (which is divided into excitement consisted of long and AJ shunt sho
rt shunt excitation). The excitement Rexc independent has the advantage of allow
ing M to vary the speed of rotation from the zero rotations and to allow a regul
ation uniform torque, whereas K the inductor current and current induced in B ar

e independent. Presents as
ig.4 - Excitement independent
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Electrical Machines
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Test of a Shunt DC Motor for Obtaining Characteristic of its Electromechanical &
Mechanical - Trace of the Yield Curve 05/26/2004
disadvantage the need of using two separate power sources, thus it is only used
when there is a need to have a high range of speeds for long periods of time or
when it is imperative to speed variations in short time and even even reversals
of direction of travel. The excitation range is advantageous in cases where high
torques are required Rexc boot (because the current that runs through the induc
ed EM is the same that runs through the inductor, which in turn is very high in
the direct boot).

Its main disadvantage is the difficulty of controlling the spe
ed of rotation

(which depends on constant load of B) and the danger to arise f
rom wrapping ig.5 - Excitement series machine when it runs on empty (Note: the
packing leads to destruction machine by excessive speed). Very similar to the in
dependent excitation, the excitation parallel C Rexc provides good speed regulat
ion (although with a smaller M leeway and less accurately) but D has the advanta


ge of using the same energy source that B engine . The disadvantage of using ig
.6 - Excitation of this parallel connection is inherent in the fact that this le
ad to more losses by Joule effect. Regarding the connection type compound can sa
y that this collection of the advantages of series connection and parallel conne
ction, because at startup the current induced in the continuous circular in its
entirety in the winding number, which together with the induction coil provides
a strong parallel binary Startup; situation in nominal speed (in which the induc
ed current in the low) stabilizes the flow series and parallel flow is maintaine
d; reduces the armature reaction, and the total useful flux approximately consta
nt, eliminating the risk of packaging, is achieved good speed regulation.
C
Rexc
E M
Rexc
C
Rexc
E M
Rexc
D

B
D

B


ig.7 - Excitement composed of short derivation


ig.8 - composed of long-shunt excitation
I.P.P.-I.S.E.P. - D.E.E.-E.C.
Electrical Machines
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Test of a Shunt DC Motor for Obtaining Characteristic of its Electromechanical &
Mechanical - Trace of the Yield Curve 05/26/2004
Depending on the series inductor is or is not responsible for the primary induct
ion, the engine will be called serial or stabilized shunt stabilized. To know wh
at to expect from the operation of motor c. c. we know their operating character
istics,€these are divided into electromechanical characteristics (relations betw
een magnitudes electrical and mechanical) and mechanical properties (mechanical
relations between quantities). The electromechanical characteristics are the mos
t common characteristic torque as a function of current drawn (T = f (I)) and th
e characteristic of speed as a function of current drawn (n = f (I)),

which for
various

types of bonds bear the aspect represented respectively in igure 8 and
igure 9.


ig.9 - Typical curves of
T = f (I)


ig.10 - Typical curves of
n = f (I)
various types of connections
various types of connections
The mechanical characteristic most commonly represented expresses the change in
velocity as a function of engine torque (n = f (T)).
I.P.P.-I.S.E.P. - D.E.E.-E.C.
Electrical Machines
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Test of a Shunt DC Motor for Obtaining Characteristic of its Electromechanical &
Mechanical - Trace of the Yield Curve 05/26/2004
Arrangement
V +110 V -110 V
40 A
40 M R L A1
A2
q s t
B
The
C
D


ig.11 - Arrangement of the DC motor with shunt excitation

Material Used
luke 179 digital 1211Multímetro III (V); Clamp Test 11 (A1 and A2) Proof Tachom
eter RM-1000; rheostat boot GL 2.5: 7.25 A - 220 V, 1.5 kW, 1 - Shunt Regulator
: 440 2 - 220V, 1 - Machine DC MV1034: 2 kW - 1400 rpm Motor: 220 V - 12 A dc Ex
citation: 220 V - 0.8 A dc, 1 - Machine brake MV1024; wire connection; Probes.
I.P.P.-I.S.E.P. - D.E.E.-E.C.
Electrical Machines
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Test of a Shunt DC Motor for Obtaining Characteristic of its Electromechanical &
Mechanical - Trace of the Yield Curve 05/26/2004
Job description
The conduct of the work

done was as follows: the assembly took place by the wiri
ng diagram shown in ig.11; There were all the connections, the has been carried
out starting the engine c. c., the stabilized engine speed at 1500 rpm (Un = 30
0 V); He turned to the machine brake, and set its value at T = 0 Nm; There were
the values U, IABSE, Ii, n T; increasing the value of motor torque (T brake on t
he machine), 1 by 1 Nm up until the rated motor c. c.; registering every adjust
the values of U, IABSE, Ii, n T, the was continued to the increased load until t
he motor reach an absorbed current 15 A; decrements to mechanical load to 0 Nm ,
desacelerouse the engine, turned off the engine, turned off power to the bench
and took it apart is the electrical circuit.
Values recorded
U (V)
219.5 218.3 218.2 217.8 217.6 218.0 219.5 219.1 219.5 219.4 218.8 218.8 219.1 21
8.3 219.2 219.1 219, 1 219.2
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IABSE (A)
2.30 3.04 3.79 4.61 5.36 6.18 6.95 7.74 8.53 9.27 10.05 10.83 11.65 12.07 12.44
13.23 14, 04 14.95
Ii (a)
0.931 0.909 0.892 0.870 0.865 0.860 0.855 0.847 0.839 0.836 0.828 0.822 0.814 0.
810 0.808 0.803 0.799 0.797
n (R.P.M.) T (Nm)
1490 1483 1473 1463 1456 1446 1451 1440 1430 1427 1392 1398 1391 1387 1384 1370
1360 1347 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12.5 13 14 15 16.3
Electrical Machines
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Test of a Shunt DC Motor for Obtaining Characteristic of its Electromechanical &
Mechanical - Trace of the Yield Curve 05/26/2004
Calculations
Pabs = U × I abs (W) 505 664 827 1004 1166 1347 1526 1696 1872 2034 2199 2370 25
53 2635 2727 2899 3076 3277
Pútil = Tútil × 2 × π × n (W) 60 0 155 309 460 610 757 912 1056 1198 1345 1458 1
610 1748 1816 1884 2009 2136 2299
η =
Pútil × 100 (%) Pabs
0.0 23.4 37.3 45.8 52.3 56.2 59.8 62.2 64.0 66.1 66.3 68.0 68.5 68.9 69.1 69.3 6
9, 4 70.2
In t e situation of maximum efficiency:
V U = 218.3, n = 1387 r. .m., T = 12.5 Nm; I abs = 12.07 A, R i = 0.810 A
Logo:
(Ri + Rexc) = U
Tele Ii =
=
218.3 269.5 = 0.810 Ω
II = I - I i = 12.07-0.810 = 11.26 × Φ × A k × k II ⇔ Φ × 11.26 × 12.5 = k ⇔ Φ =
6.96 Wb 2π 2π × 1387 E = k Φ × n rot. s -1 = 6.96 × 60 = 161.2 V 218.3 to 161.2
U = E + RI II RI = 5.1 ⇔ Ω 11.26
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Electrical Mac ines
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Test of a S unt DC Motor for Obtaining C aracteristic of its Electromec anical &
Mec anical - Trace of t e Yield Curve 05/26/2004
Results
Gra of n = f (I abs):
1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 n (rm) 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
IABSE (A)
Gra ic T = f (I abs):
16 December 14
T (Nm) 10
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
IABSE (A) I.P.P.-I.S.E.P. - D.E.E.-E.C. Electrical Mac ines
9
Test of a S unt DC Motor for Obtaining C aracteristic of its Electromec anical &
Mec anical - Trace of t e Yield Curve 05/26/2004
Gra of n = f (T):
1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100
n 1000 (R.P.M.) 900
800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
T (Nm)
C art η = f (I abs):
80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IABSE (A) 10 11
12 13 14 15 16
η (%)
I.P.P.-I.S.E.P. - D.E.E.-E.C.
Electrical Mac ines
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Test of a S unt DC Motor for Obtaining C aracteristic of its Electromec anical &
Mec anical - Trace of t e Yield Curve 05/26/2004
T e value of t e maximum yield occurs for a value of t e induced current ermitt
ed, t erefore t e maximum income will be considered at t e oint w ere it reac e
d t e nominal oeration of t e engine, ie:
η max = 68.9%
to
R abs = In A = 12.07
C aracteristics of t e engine oerating at maximum efficiency:
Ii = 0.810 R = 12.07 A
II = 0.810 A
Ri
(Ri + Rexc) = 269.5
M
Rexc
E = 161.2 V RI = 5.1
U = 218.3 V
Conclusion
Subsequent to a careful analysis of t e values obtained during t e test, t e cal
culations and results rovided to infer several conclusions about t e oeration
of motor s unt tested, w ic are t en atents. Regarding t e c aracteristic see
d (n = f (I)) can be noted t at t is tye of motor, t e seed decreases slig tly
(in t is engine from 1490 to 1347, ie 9.6% n0), t e As t e current increases in
 induced. T is  enomenon is due to t e fact t at decreasing t e counter emf due
to t e induced voltage dro in its windings. However it is imerative to state
t at t e feature was demonstrated linear t roug out its area and as not been ve
rified t e abrut decrease in seed for t e current values above t e rated motor
current, concluding t at t ere was manifested t e  enomenon of magnetic satura
tion common to t ese mac ines. Observing now t e c aracteristic torque (T = f (I
)) s ows t at t is increased linearly wit increasing current. T is be avior was
unexected, since it would
I.P.P.-I.S.E.P. - D.E.E.-E.C. Electrical Mac ines
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Test of a S unt DC Motor for Obtaining C aracteristic of its Electromec anical &
Mec anical - Trace of t e Yield Curve 05/26/2004
normal limits for t e current torque c aracteristic curve became nearly orizont
al, t is is also due to magnetic saturation. Due to t e facts mentioned on t e a
nalysis of electromec anical c aracteristics and t e relations i of t ese wit
t e mec anical c aracteristic of t e variation in seed wit t e binary (n = f (
T)), it is ossible to justify t e fact t at t ere also occurred an abrut decre
ase in seed w en torque reac ed t e maximum values. However it was found t at t
e seed decreases wit increasing torque generated by t e engine. Wit regard t
o t e yield curve (η = f (I abs)) revealed t at income grows very raidly wit i
ncreasing current, becoming its growt more stable as t e current reac es values
of order nominal. However its maximum value, contrary to exectations, was obta
ined w en t e maximum current was reac ed tested, a value t at was ig er t an t
e rated motor current (a factor t at led to t e calculations if it is ηmáx = 68
.9% , reac ed t e current rating of about 12 A), w ic indicates t at t e verifi
cation of t e otimal oerating oint of t e engine (in terms of income) as not
been ac ieved wit comlete success, resumably because t e yield s ould increa
se to a maximum and t en decreases gradually due to t e significant increase in
core losses and Joule. In summary, in accordance wit t e resent data, it is wo
rt noting t at t e test conducted did not rove any t eory it is in erent, beca
use by not aving s own t e effects of magnetic saturation in all tested engine
erformance curves and t e curve yield aeared affected, but not w en t eir oi
nt of critical deflection usually resent.
Bibliogra y:
T e Tec nologies 12 years "- PINTO, Antonio; BOILER Jose - Revised
Edition - Por
to Editora, t e Notes on Electrical Mac ines 2004 - NEVES, Betina ields, t e" E
lectrical Mac ines - Electric Mac ines Continuous Current - CARVALHO, José Beaut
y - DEE - I.S.E.P.
I.P.P.-I.S.E.P. - D.E.E.-E.C. Electrical Mac ines
12