Information Systems - Module 2

Universidade Severino Sombra - Brooms / RJ
Information Systems
Module 02
Discipline - Information Systems si@uss.br
Module 02
Information Systems
Prof. José Augusto T. Lima Jr.
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Information Systems
• Information Systems:
Set of interrelated components that
collects (or retrieves), processes, stores and distributes information to suppor
t decision making and control within an organization.
• Computer Information Systems
Formal Systems that are based on data definitions and accepted procedures and
fixed for collection, storage, processing and distributing information.
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Information Systems
• Questions for reflection
What is the role of information systems in the competitive business environmen
t existing today? What exactly is an information system? What managers need to
know about information systems? How information systems are transforming orga
nizations and management? How the Internet and Internet technology transformed
business? What are the biggest challenges the administration faces in buildin
g and using an information system?
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Information Systems
• Challenges for enterprises
Design competitive and efficient system requirements Understand the global b
usiness environment Create information architecture that supports the organiza
tion's goals Determine the value of information systems for business Designi
ng systems that people can control, understand and use in a socially and ethical
ly responsible
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Information Systems
• Four major worldwide changes that have altered the business environment:
The emergence of the global economy • Management and control on a global marke
t • Competition in global markets • Global work groups • Global delivery systems
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Information Systems
The transformation of industrial economies • Economies based on knowledge and
information • Productivity • New products and services • Knowledge: A productive
and strategic asset • Time-based competition • Products • shorter life turbulen
t environment • Knowledge base employee limited
Prof. José Augusto T. Lima Jr. Discipline - Information Systems si@uss.br
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Information Systems
• The transformation of industrial economies
Growth of the information economy Source: U.S. Department of Commerce Prof. José
Augusto T. Lima Jr. Discipline - Information Systems si@uss.br
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Information Systems
The company's transformation
• • • • • • • Flattening Decentralisation Flexibility Independence location Low
transaction costs and coordination Empowerment Collaborative work and teamwork
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Information Systems
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Information Systems
The Emerging Digital Firm
• Digitally-enabled relationships with customers, suppliers and employees • Core
business processes accomplished via digital networks • Digital management of ke
y corporate assets • Rapid sensing and responding to environmental changes
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Information Systems
• Structure of an Information System
Need to understand the organization, administration and information technology
that are the basis of their configuration.All information systems can be descr
ibed as organizational solutions to the challenges posed by the environment
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Information Systems
• Structure of an Information System
People
• Training, attitudes at work, ergonomics, user interface.
Organization
• Hierarchy of organizations, functional expertise, standard operating procedure
s (SOPs), culture and political interest groups.
Technology
• Hardware and software of computers, technology, storage, networking and teleco
mmunications.
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Information Systems
• Functions of an Information System
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Information Systems
• Knowledge in Information Systems
Skills for analysis and troubleshooting
Skills to individual and organizational behavior
Knowledge Information Systems
Information Technology Skills
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Information Systems
• Perspectives on Business Information Systems
Training in information systems:
• broad understanding of information systems, including behavioral knowledge abo
ut organizations and individuals using information systems and technical knowled
ge about computers.
Computer literacy:
• Knowledge of information technology, focusing on understanding how to operate
the computer-based technologies
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Information Systems
• Interdependence between organizations and Information Systems
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Information Systems
• Scope of Information Systems over the years
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Information Systems
• Scope of Information Systems over the years - the 50s
Senior Management
Treasury - MCE
Production
Marketing
Staff
50s - electronic accounting machines (MCE's) technological innovation as aiding
the process of automation of information for business. Technology used to a few
critical functions.
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Information Systems
Senior Management Data Processing
Treasury
Production
Marketing
Staff
60's - Top of organizing information through the Department of Data Processing -
Use of data storage devices. And the big computers - Mainframe centralized serv
ing the corporate headquarters and remote sites featuring some cases off-line.
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Information Systems
Treasury Marketing Senior Management
Production
Information Systems
Staff
The 70 - Focus on information systems themselves, with the characterization of o
nline systems. Average use of computers located in individual departments - divi
sions of the organization were networked to large mainframe computers.
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Information Systems
Top Management Treasury Marketing (Telecommunications Links) Staff
PCs
Production
Information Systems and Services Information Center
The 80-Insertion of PCs organizational routines primarily working in isolation a
nd then connected to minicomputers and mainframes
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Information Systems
• Scope of Information Systems over the years - the 90s and post 2000
Senior Management
Utility company information
Finance and Accounting
PC networks
Manufacture and Production
Unix workstations, CAD / CAM
Sales and Marketing
PC networks
Human Resources
PC networks
Information Center
Corporate Website
Backbone network business - Corporate Intranet
The 90s and post 2000 - Information systems integrated across the enterprise, wh
ich in turn is increasingly connected to customers and suppliers via the Web
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Information Systems
• Emerging Digital Firm
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Information Systems
• Positive and Negative Information Systems
Information systems can process calculations or papers much more quickly than
people automating activities that were previously performed by people, informa
tion systems can eliminate jobs
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Information Systems
Information systems can help companies learn more about the buying patterns an
d preferences of their customers Information systems may allow organizations t
o collect personal data about any person, violating their privacy
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Information Systems
Information Systems provide new efficiencies, through services such as automat
ic teller machines (ATMs), telephone systems, aircraft or air terminals controll
ed by computer Information systems are used in many aspects of daily life that
an interruption in their operation can cause paralysis a company or transport s
ervices, also paralyzing the communities
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Information Systems
Information Systems made possible new advances in medicine in the fields of su
rgery, radiology and patient monitoring People who use the very information sy
stems can be injured by repetitive strain, tecnoestresse and other health proble
ms
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Information Systems
The Internet delivers information instantly to millions of people worldwide
The Internet can be used to distribute illegal copies of software, books, articl
es and other intellectual property
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Information Systems
• Summary Administration
Managers are problem solvers responsible for the analysis of the many challeng
es faced by organizations and by developing strategies and action plans. Informa
tion Systems are one of its tools, providing the information necessary for the s
olutions. They reflect management decisions and also serve as a tool to change y
our process.
Administration
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Information Systems
Information Systems originated in organizations - are a product of their cultu
re, policy, workflow and standard operating procedures. Are a tool for organizat
ional change, allowing the processing of those organizational elements into new
business models and redetermined the boundaries of the firm. The technological a
dvances of information systems are accelerating the trend toward globalized econ
omies, knowledge driven, and organizations with flat, flexible and decentralized
, which can coordinate with other organizations to large distances.
Organization
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Information Systems
The network revolution is underway. The technology of information systems is n
o longer limited to computers, but consists of a set of technologies that enable
the connection of networked computers for the purpose of exchanging information
over long distances and beyond organizational boundaries. The Internet provides
global connectivity and a flexible platform for a seamless flow of information
throughout the company and between it and its customers and suppliers.
Technology
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Information Systems
• Types of information systems
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Information Systems
• Systems-level strategic
Assist the senior management (senior managers) to plan a course of action long
term. directly involve issues and goals of organizations, products, services
and survival. They help in the process of decision making (production of new p
roducts, investment in new technology, change of location / market.
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Information Systems
• Systems management level (tactical)
They are based on problems facing the middle management - how to achieve those
goals and how to monitor and evaluate the process to achieve such goals. Can
be used in applications such as tracking sales for analysis of success in sales
annually or monthly, or for review of departmental budgets (avoiding waste).
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Information Systems
• Systems level knowledge
They are based on problems concerned with issues of knowledge and technical ex
pertise. Problems of knowledge wide range of issues:
• • • • • What is the optimal point of production? Where should plants be locate
d? As should be designed a set of screw-nut? How should the policy be drawn up t
raining? What information technologies should be used?
They are used in the areas of knowledge workers professionals who create, di
stribute and use knowledge and information for the benefit of the company - so t
hey can design products, streamline services and deal with documents
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Information Systems
• Systems operational level
They are based on problems concerned with issues of operation, service and pro
duction:
• How fast the machines should be operated? • What is the number of orders shipp
ed in a period? For example ... today? • How to cope as best they can with a str
ing of angry consumers?
These problems are part of the purview of the technical staff, production and
operational services and involve the daily monitoring of company activities.
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Information Systems
• Business Information Systems
Question for reflection:
How information systems support the main business functions: sales and marketing
, manufacturing and production, finance and accounting and human resources?
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Information Systems
• Business Information Systems • Sales ( ) and Marketing ( ) ((
Treat functionally:
Of the mechanisms of contact with customers; Dos mechanisms offering product
s From the close of applications from the monitoring of the sales process an
d after sales The identification of potential customers to the company's produ
cts; The determination of such customers need / want the product; The advert
ising and product promotion;
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Information Systems
• Business Information Systems • Sales & Marketing
Systems strategic level
• Systems market forecasting systems • demographic projections and economic mapp
ing • Applications for removal of potential competition
Systems management level (tactical)
• Systems sales management • decision support systems in sales strategies • Mana
gement Systems sales staff • Analysis of market data
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Information Systems
Systems level knowledge
• Control Systems workstations marketing
Systems operational level
• • • • • Systems Systems Systems Systems Systems vendors supporting order entry
to point of sale - POS telesales credit information
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Information Systems
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Information Systems
• Business Information Systems • Manufacturing and Production
Treat functionally:
• planning, development and maintenance of production facilities, • the establis
hment of production goals, • the acquisition, storage and availability of produc
tion materials, • planning of equipment, facilities, materials and the labor for
ce necessary for packaging of products finished.
They answer the following questions:
• What production technology will be used? • How will the production plan to man
ufacture the required amount of products and services on time and on budget deal
? • How will be designed and tested the parts and operations? • How will control
led the flow of production?
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Information Systems
• Business Information Systems • Manufacturing and Production
• Applications for the optical production technology • Applications for facility
location • Search for competitive analysis
• • • • • • • resource planning systems for manufacturing applications of comput
er-integrated manufacturing systems for inventory control systems costing Capaci
ty Planning Production Systems calculation of manpower planning production
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Information Systems
• Business Information Systems • Manufacturing and production
• Systems for computer-aided design (CAD) systems • computer-aided manufacturing
(CAM) • Applications Engineering • Working Machines Numerical Control • Robotic
s
• Systems • Systems • Systems • Systems • Systems Prof. José Augusto T. Lima Jr.
Systems • buy / sell consignment cost of labor materials equipment maintenance
Discipline - Information Systems quality control si@uss.br
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Information Systems
• Business Information Systems • Manufacturing and production
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Information Systems
• Business Information Systems • Finance ( ) and accounting ( ) ((
Treat functionally:
The proper management of financial assets of a company (cash, securities, shar
es, debentures and similar) From maximize the return on financial assets and a
dminister the company's capitalization (finding new financial assets in bonds or
other forms of debt ) Administration of financial records (costs, revenues, d
epreciation of assets, payroll, etc.). In accounting for the flow of funds in
a company
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Information Systems
• Business Information Systems • Accounting and Finance
They answer the following questions:
• What is the status of financial assets? • What records exist in the company to
:
- - - - Revenue Expenditure Payroll Other cash flows
• We are getting the best return for our investments?
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Information Systems
• Analysis of financial market data systems • stores • demographic and economic
systems of budget forecasts
• Accounting systems • Fixed Asset Systems • Systems cost calculations of budget
s
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Information Systems
• Workstations for financial management • Systems for portfolio analysis (set of
securities and securities held by a mutual fund or an investor) • Systems analy
sis of debentures (bonds to investors with maturities of 01 years) • Workstation
s for merchants
• • • • Systems to accounts payable systems to accounts receivable ledger Payrol
l
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Information Systems
• Finance and Accounting
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Information Systems
• Business Information Systems • Human Resources
Treat functionally:
• From mechanisms to attract and develop effective work force • The hiring of ne
w employees • The measurement of work performed • Of the smoothing schemes • Of
the staff training mechanisms
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Information Systems
• • • • Human Resource Planning Systems Forecasting Workforce Demographic Analys
is Systems succession planning
• Systems estimates for workforce • Control Systems • Systems positions function
analysis and compensation (salary) • Systems working relationships and cost of
contract • Systems compliance with agreements on equal employment opportunity
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Information Systems
• Systems to predict career (career planning) • Training Systems • Workstations
for human resources
• Systems • Personal registration systems record of job applicants (bank opportu
nities) • Systems • Systems benefits of lifting and training skills • Systems mo
nitoring positions
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Information Systems
• Human Resources
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Information Systems
• Business processes
How the work is organized, coordinated and focused to produce a product or ser
vice value Workflows concrete materials, information and knowledge - sets of a
ctivities natural way to coordinate work, information and knowledge Ways how
management decides coordinate the work
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Information Systems
• Business processes and information systems Information systems help organiza
tions:
• To achieve great efficiencies by automating parts of processes • Rethink and r
efine processes for continuous improvement and consequent solidification of the
organization in the market.
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Information Systems
• Business processes and information systems
cross-functional business processes:
• transcend the boundaries between sales, marketing, manufacturing, human resour
ces. • It comprises officials from various functional specialties to complete th
e given task
Example: Processing of applications
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Information Systems
• Business processes and information systems - Applications Processing
Sales Generate request Presen tar application
Accounting
Credit Check
Approve credit
Send Invoice
Manufacture and Production
Select product
Ship product
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Information Systems
• Managing relationships with customers
Customers Long-term assets CRM - Customer Relationship Management - Managi
ng customer relationships
- Focuses on the management of all the ways a company treats its customers and t
heir potential new customers. - Discipline business and also technology that use
s information systems to coordinate all business processes that surround the com
pany's relationship with its customers. - CRM ideal Take care of customers' en
d-to-end ", ie from receipt of order to delivery of product and service.
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Information Systems
CRM - Customer Relationship Management - Managing customer relationships
- In the past: highly fragmented business processes not sharing customer informa
tion. - CRM Tools try to solve problems of integrating customer information. -
Good CRM systems provide customer data from multiple sources in answering quest
ions like: 'What is the value over time of a customer for the company? 'Who are
our most loyal customers? 'Who are our most profitable customers? 'What do these
profitable customers want to buy?
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Information Systems
• Managing relationships with customers CRM - Customer Relationship Management
- Managing customer relationships
- The solution is not only investing in CRM software - Such systems require chan
ges in the processes of sales, marketing and customer service. - Customers from
a multifaceted perspective - Set of integrated applications to address all aspec
ts of customer relationship.
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Information Systems
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Information Systems
• Managing relationships with customers How to obtain benefits:
• Customer Status the company is interested in information from existing custo
mers, new customers or both? • Customer value What is the customer value for t
he company? • Channels channel or channels that the customer uses to interact
with the company? Phone, email, WEB Corporate or through sales representatives t
he company? What channel or channels have become more important?
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Information Systems
• Managing relationships with customers How to obtain benefits:
• Nature of the interaction For the customer interacted with the company? Was
to purchase an item, ask for assistance or return goods? What is the expected re
sult of this interaction? • Measuring System How can the organization measure
the value of their interaction with the customer? It can be measured in terms of
cost savings, revenue growth or higher levels of customer satisfaction?
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Information Systems
• Managing the supply chain
Main objective of delivering products faster and lower cost. SCM - Supply
Chain Management - Managing the supply chain.
• Liaison and close coordination of activities involved in purchasing, manufactu
ring and handling of a product. • Integrates logistics processes of the supplier
, manufacturer, distributor and customer to reduce time, effort and costs of red
undant stock. • Supply chain network of organizations and business processes t
o select raw materials, transform them into intermediate and finished products a
nd distribute the finished products to customers.
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Information Systems
• Supply Chain Management SCM - Supply Chain Management - Managing the supply
chain.
• Connects suppliers, industrial plants, distribution centers, transportation, r
etail stores, people and information through processes such as selection of raw
materials, inventory control, distribution and delivery. • Reverse Logic retur
ned items flow in opposite direction, ie the buyer to the seller.
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Information Systems
chain.
• Information systems provide more efficiency in supply chain management as it h
elps companies:
- Coordinate - and Programming - monitor the activities of raw material selectio
n, production, inventory management and delivery of products and services
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Information Systems
SCM - Supply Chain Management - Managing the supply chain.
• How information systems can help the participants in the process of the SCM:
- - - - - - - - Decide when and what to produce, store and transmit requests to
move quickly to monitor the progress of requests to check inventory availability
and monitor inventory levels, reduce inventory costs, transportation and storag
e monitor shipments Plan production based Communicate in real demand quick chang
es in product design
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Information Systems
chain.
• Limitations:
- Inefficiencies (lack of parts, spare production capacity, excess inventory of
finished products, transportation costs out of control) may represent up to 25%
of operating costs of a company. - Bullwhip effect Information on demand for a
product is distorted as it passes from one entity to another in the supply chai
n (Lee, Padmanabhan, and Wang, 1997)
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Information Systems
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Information Systems
Systems planning in supply chain
• They allow a company to create demand forecasts for a product and develop plan
s to acquire raw materials and workmanship for that product. • Capacity:
- Planning applications plane processing applications that best suits the leve
l of customer service - Programming and manufacturing planning prior coordinatio
n detailed production schedule. - Demand Planning generation of demand forec
asts for all business units. - Planning the distribution creation of operation
al plans for logistics managers in order fulfillment. - Planning transport mon
itoring and analyzing the movement of incoming and outgoing materials and produc
ts predictability and meeting deadlines.
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Information Systems
Systems implementing supply chain
• Manage the flow of products through distribution centers and warehouses. • Cap
acity:
- Ensure applications what the vendors are committed to their customers they d
eliver - Final production organization and scheduling of assemblies required t
o produce each final end product - Replacement coordinating the work of replac
ement of components - deposits with minimum inventory always available - distrib
ution management coordination of the process of transporting goods to the end
consumer - Distribution reverse monitoring and accountability for the return s
hipment of goods.
73
Information Systems
• Collaborative Commerce
Set of digitally enabled collaborative interactions between a company and its
business partners and customers. Data and processes that are considered internal
can be shared by the community collaborative. It uses digital technology to e
nable multiple organizations to design, develop, assemble, move and manage colla
boratively products. Increase efficiencies by reducing product design cycles,
minimizing excess inventory, forecasting demand and maintaining its partners and
customers informed.
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Information Systems
• Collaborative Commerce
Engineers • Project Documents • Suppliers • Replacement Schemes price Extranet o
r private network company's Manufacturing • Value of materials • Demand forecast
s • Order Status • Sales and Marketing Coordination Marketing
• Customer Orders • Requests for changes to product
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Information Systems
• Integrated systems
Overview of traditional systems
• Within companies: there are functions and each has its uses for information sy
stems, supporting different organizational levels and business processes • Beyon
d organizational boundaries: customers and suppliers • Functions tend to work al
one.
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Information Systems
Overview of traditional systems
77
Information Systems
Vision Integration
• Concept of ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (Enterprise Resource Pla
nning) • Modeling and automating business processes. • Information flows seamles
sly into the company between related systems (manufacturing, accounting, human r
esources, finance, sales and marketing) and between various hierarchical levels.
• Providing more accurate and timely information for daily operations of the co
mpany • Ability to broad view of business processes and information flows
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Information Systems
Vision Integration
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Information Systems
Vision Integration - Example
"When a sales representative in Brussels registers the request of a client ..."
3. data flows automatically to the other company must be aware of them. 4. The f
actory in Hong Kong receives the request and starts production. 5. The deposit c
hecks the progress of the application online and schedule the date of dispatch.
6. Give it to the warehouse parts inventory and provide everything that the fact
ory withdrew. 7. The integrated system of production that stores information can
be accessed by customer service staff to accompany the application at all stage
s of the manufacturing process.
80
Information Systems
Vision Integration - Example
"When a sales representative in Brussels registers the request of a client ..."
(cont.) 3. Updated data on sales and production flows automatically to the accou
nting department. 4.The system transmits to the department responsible for payr
oll information to calculate the commissions payable to vendors. 5. The system a
lso automatically recalculates the company's balance sheet, ratios of the accoun
ts payable and receivable, central accounting of costs and available cash. 6. Th
e head office in London can see snapshots of sales data, inventory and productio
n at any stage of the process, update sales forecasts and production as well as
calculations of cost and availability of products.
81
Information Systems
Benefits
• Structure and organization of unified Organization. • Management Administr
ative processes across the organization based on knowledge. • Technology unifi
ed platform. • Business Operations more efficient business processes and custo
mer-oriented.
82
Information Systems
Challenges
• Construction hard requires fundamental changes in the way of operation of th
e company. • Technology requires complex software and a great investment of ti
me, money and expertise. • Coordination and organizational decision-making centr
alized is not the best way to operate a business
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