Evaluation of Corroded Pipelines Wall Thickness

Using Image Processing in Industrial Radiography

Drai Redouane, Kabir Yacine, Azmane Amal, Abdat Farid & Benchaala Amar
Laboratoire de traitement de signal et de l'image du Centre de Soudage et de Contrle.
Route de Dly-brahim - BP64 - Chraga - Algrie.
Tl. & fax. 02 36 18 50
Email.: redouane_drai@hotmail.com
Contact

Abstract
In this paper we propose to apply radiographic tangential method for corrosion
and deposit evaluation in pipes. Automatic method based on image processing is
developed in order to improve wall thickness measurements. The application of
this method on small and large pipes diameters (2 inches to 6 inches) is shown
and results are discussed.
Introduction
The reliability and the safety of industrial equipment in the petroleum industry
and power plants are substantially influenced by degradation processes such as
corrosion, erosion, deposits and blocking of pipes, which might reduce
production, cause leaks, fires or unpredictable and costly shutdowns due to
repair and replacement.
The condition of critical components in these industries can be monitored by the
proper use of NDT inspection methods even while the plant is in operation, thus
making possible the planning of components replacements, repairs, deposit
removal and shutdowns. Preventive and corrective maintenance averts the
environment and the public from excessive risk of industrial disasters.
One of the most important parameters in a piping or pipe-line to be monitored
and measured is the wall thickness. Only radiographic method assures inspection
without costly removal of insulation material during operation of the plant. An
additional advantage is that these techniques can be even applied in high
temperature environments. Radiographic evaluation of the deposits/scales in
pipes (insulated or not) is also an effective NDT technique.
This radiogram is examined by radiography interpreters whose the task consists
in measure and quantify wall thickness. Because of the bad contrast and high
unsharpeness of the radiogram quality, make difficult their job, the wall
thickness evaluation in these conditions is submitted to human judgement.
The paper objective is to propose :
To apply radiographic tangential method for corrosion and deposit
evaluation in pipes.
To develop automatic method based on image processing in order to
improve wall thickness measurements.
To show application of this method on small and large pipes diameters (2
inches to 12 inches).

1. Tangential method principle

 We describe the tangent method of X and gamma ray to determine tubes
thickness. This very delicate method requires a meticulous setting of parameters
of clich hold (time of exposure, distance source-film, energy, ...).
The principle of this method is described on the figure 1. being given a
radioactive source used in industrial radiography as the iridium 192. It is about
exposing tube to this source to inspect while holding in amount of certain
parameters.
1.1 termination of source-film distance:
The source is put far from the tube in order to project the two walls of this tube
on the film. Because of dimensions of the radioactive source, an effect of fuzzy
geometric appears on the film. The relation that expresses this parameter, is
given by:

Where :
SFD : source film distance
Ug : geometric unsharpeness
OD : external diameter of tube
d : Insulation thickness
s : source dimensions.
To be able to decrease the effect of fuzzy, studies showed that the operator
should use SFD superior to 8 times tube diameter.
1.2. Determination of :
Holding amount of SFD, the operator must put the tangent points of the tube in
order to be able to put in evidence risk areas damaged by corrosion. The relation
that expresses the angle as shown in figure 1, is given by:

This angle is function of SFD and insulation thickness.

2. Thickness evaluation
Once parameters of shoot applied and film developed, it will be proceeded to its
interpretation and evaluation of tube thickness. Figure 1 shows the apparition of
two walls with the presence of different types of corrosion (deposits, uniform
corrosion or ). We will give examples of detected corrosion.
 Fig 1:

2.1. Geometrical evaluation [2]:

This method is based on geometric concept, we can demonstrate that the
remaining thickness Tw is given by :

Where Ta is the measured thickness on the radiogram.

2.2 Method based on density [3]:
The calculation of tube thickness is achieved while using the step being on film.
Laws of rays absorption in materials are exponential type, it is necessary to
calculate an inverse logarithmic law permitting to read tube thickness according
to the density in every point of radiogram.

3. Image analysis
The exploitation of radiograms can be done from the interpretation of film on
negatoscope by an operator. This one determines external and internal diameter
limits of the pipe in order to measure, manually, thickness in areas of maximal
 corrosion.
The encountered problems that affect the measure precision and its repeatability,
are the followings :
Effect of geometric projection of the fact that the film is not plated on the
tube (insulated).
Effect of unsharpness on edges (geometric unsharpness and diffusion of
edges)
Appreciation of edge limits different from an operator to another

This, bring us to develop techniques of images analysis in view of palliating to

these problems and to give back a method more efficient and more precise.
The image processing chain used includes here the following parts:
Digitizing of radiograms.
Enhancement of image quality.
Extraction of corroded zone (Segmentation).
Quantitative analysis in the evaluation of thickness profile.
Once radiogram developed, is digitized by a specialized scanner of AGFA type
on 256 levels of grey. On the images digitized, one can only distinguish about
fifty Grey nuances when the image is displayed on a screen video.
The enhancement of contrast permits us to choose a small range of grey and to
amplify differences of luminance between them, improving so the visibility of
weak contrast details.
The extraction of the zone corroded is the most difficult step to achieve since it
is often based on the complex mathematical concepts. Our research team have
developed a very robust segmentation algorithm permitting to put in value zones
of the image reached by the corrosion. Of a brief manner, the method used so-
called co-operative [4], takes in consideration advantages of the segmentation in
regions and in contours. What makes, the detected zones are well defined and
exact positioned.
The last step consists to measure thickness and to draw its profile according to
the tube length.

4. Experimentation and results

We have prepared and made two types of samples. Several tubes are cut up in
300 mm of length with 1, 2, 4 and 6 inches diameter. Internal and external
grooves (longitudinal and transversal) are manufactured to permit a simulation
corrosion. Other tubes have sudden a local attack by an acid to permit the
obtaining of a local corrosion. All alternatives are taken in amount: straight or
bent, reinforced tubes either no, insulated either no.
In this article, we have taken steel as material of work. The second type of tube
has been appropriated from industrial installations containing a real corrosion:
erosion, deposits or pits. We constituted a share of samples permitting different
tests and holding amount of all cases that we can find.
In order to present results, we chose some films among so many others.
 Fig 2:

Fig 3:

Figure 2 shows the radiogram of a tube presenting a deposit in which has been
manufactured some grooves. Figures 3 shows radiogram of a tube containing a
real corrosion "pits".
In order to measure automatically tube thickness, we digitized radiograms and
stored data in a computer memory. We applied segmentation techniques that
permit us the measurement of thickness variation in tube. As example, we show
the following results represented by figure 4:

Fig 4:

Conclusion
 This work is a co-ordinate research project between our Research Centre and
International agency of Atomic energy. It is a group of work regrouping several
countries in the goal to proceed to tests of the so-called method and to propose a
inspection procedure and evaluation thickness of corroded tube without
removing the insulating.
References :
1. W.S. Burkle. "Application of the tangential radiographic technique for
evaluating pipe system erosion/corrosion.". Material evaluation. Vol. 47,
1184,Oct. 1989.
2. S. Lee, Y. H. Kim. "Determination of pipe thickness using tangential
radiography and film density-thickness correlation.", Rapport AIEA, Syria 1999.
3. SIRAC/HORUS, France "Outil d'assistance numrique l'analyse de
radiogrammes". Rapport AIEA, Istanbul 1997
4. Y. Kabir "Segmentation des images ddie au contrle non destructif par
radiographie.". Master Thesis. University of Blida. (Algeria) - 1999