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Fmdsystfa lpprdlmbfs td mdlstlo rfsdurmfs alklcfafkt: tbf mlsf edr gkvfstgkc gk alkcrdvf fmdsystfas
@.J. Almgktdsb, A.A. Fpps lk` D. Lhrfkgool
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Gktrd`umtgdk
Pbf fmdsystfa lpprdlmb gs l strltfcy edr tbf gktfcrltf` alklcfafkt de olk`, wltfr lk` ogvgkc rfsdurmfs tblt prdadtfs mdksfrvltgdk lk` sustlgklhof usf gk lk fqugtlhof wly (]fmrftlrglt de tbf Mdkvfktgdk dk Hgdodcgmlo @gvfrsgty, 8>>0). Gt gs plrtgmuolroy lppogmlhof td tbf sustlgklhof alklcfafkt de alkcrdvf edrfsts hfmlusf de tbfgr odmltgdk lt tbf olk`-sfl gktfrelmf lk` tbf modsf fmdodcgmlo ogkis prfvlgogkc hftwffk tbf vfcftltgdk, sdgo lk` wltfr lk` tbf gktfrtg`lo lk` lqultgm lkgalo spfmgfs, wbgmb tdcftbfr prdvg`f l wg`f lrrly de vloulhof cdd`s lk` sfrvgmfs td agoogdks de mdlstlo `wfoofrs wdro`wg`f (Lisdrkidlf, <77=9 Almgktdsb lk` Lsbtdk, 8>>89 Bdclrtb, 8>>3). Pbf mdkmfpt de fmdsystfa lpprdlmbfs wls `fvfodpf` gk tbf <75>s, `rlwgkc erda vlrgdus `gsmgpogkfs, gkmou`gkc mdksfrvltgdk hgdodcy, fmdodcy lk` tbf sdmglo smgfkmfs. Fmdsystfa-hlsf` alklcfafkt hugo`s dk tbfsf flrogfr lpprdlmbfs hy gkmdrpdrltgkc fofafkts de fkvgrdkafktlo polkkgkc lk` rfsdurmf-sblrgkc, wbgof algktlgkgkc lk fxpogmgt edmus dk tbf alklcfafkt de bualk gaplmts wgtbgk tbf fmdsystfa (Ilppfo
ft lo
., 8>>5). Gk rfoltgdk td tbf mdlstlo zdkf, tbfsf lpprdlmbfs lrf lppogf` mdoofmtgvfoy gk tbf edra de gktfcrltf` mdlstlo alklcfafkt (GMA). Pbf Mdkvfktgdk dk Hgdodcgmlo @gvfrsgty dutogkfs <8 prgkmgpofs tblt edra tbf  hlsgs edr tbf fmdsystfa lpprdlmb (]MH@, 8>>0). Pbfsf prgkmgpofs lrf rfmdaafk`f` td cug`f tbf gapofafktltgdk de prdjfmts lk` dtbfr gkvfstafkts gk tbf mdlstlo zdkf (sff Hdx <).
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 Mddr`gkltdr, ^rdcrlaaf Deegmfr ” Ikdwof`cf Alklcfafkt, lk` VKF^ Mdksuotlkt ” Mogaltf Mblkcf L`lptltgdk/@XX, rfspfmtgvfoy, Alkcrdvfs edr tbf Euturf (AEE) ]fmrftlrglt, GVMK Lsgl Xfcgdklo Deegmf, Hlkcidi, Pblgolk`.
 
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 HDR <: ^XGKMG^OF] DE PBF FMD]W]PFA L^^XDLMB
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Pbf dhjfmtgvfs de alklcfafkt de olk`, wltfr lk` ogvgkc rfsdurmfs lrf l alttfr de sdmgftlo mbdgmf. 8.
 
 Alklcfafkt sbduo` hf `fmfktrlogzf` td tbf odwfst lpprdprgltf ofvfo. =.
 
 Alklcfrs sbduo` mdksg`fr tbf feefmts de tbfgr lmtgvgtgfs dk l`jlmfkt lk` dtbfr fmdsystfas. 0.
 
^dtfktglo clgks erda alklcfafkt sbduo` hf rfmdckgzf`9 tbfrf gs usulooy l kff` td uk`frstlk` lk` alklcf tbf fmdsystfa gk lk fmdkdagm mdktfxt. 6.
 
 Fmdsystfa strumturf lk` eukmtgdkgkc sbduo` hf mdksfrvf` gk dr`fr td algktlgk fmdsystfa sfrvgmfs. Pbgs sbduo` hf l prgdrgty tlrcft. 5.
 
 Fmdsystfas aust hf alklcf` wgtbgk tbf ogagts de tbfgr eukmtgdkgkc. 3.
 
 Lmtgdk sbduo` hf uk`frtlifk lt tbf lpprdprgltf spltglo lk` tfapdrlo smlofs. 2.
 
Dhjfmtgvfs edr fmdsystfa alklcfafkt sbduo` hf sft edr tbf odkc tfra. 7.
 
 Alklcfafkt aust rfmdckgzf tblt mblkcf gs gkfvgtlhof. <>.
 
 Lmtgdk sbduo` sffi tbf lpprdprgltf hlolkmf hftwffk, lk` gktfcrltgdk de, mdksfrvltgdk lk` usf de hgdodcgmlo `gvfrsgty. <<.
 
 Lmtgdk sbduo` mdksg`fr loo edras de rfofvlkt gkedraltgdk, gkmou`gkc smgfktgegm lk` gk`gcfkdus lk` odmlo ikdwof`cf, gkkdvltgdks lk` prlmtgmfs. <8.
 
Pbf lpprdlmb sbduo` gkvdovf loo rfofvlkt stlifbdo`frs de sdmgfty lk` smgfktgegm `gsmgpogkfs.
Pbf l`vlktlcfs de l`dptgkc lk fmdsystfa-hlsf` lpprdlmb lrf fvg`fkt erda tbf wg`f rlkcf de sfrvgmfs, dr  hfkfegts, tblt pfdpof dhtlgk erda fmdsystfas. Gk tbf mlsf de alkcrdvfs, tbf Agoofkkgua Fmdsystfa Lssfssafkt (8>>6) crdups tbfsf sfrvgmfs gktd edur mltfcdrgfs, mdvfrgkc hdtb usf lk` kdk-usf hfkfegts: <.
 
 Xfcuoltgkc sfrvgmfs
: prdtfmtgdk de hflmbfs lk` mdlstogkfs erda stdra surcfs, wlvfs lk` eodd`s9 rf`umtgdk de hflmb lk` sdgo frdsgdk9 stlhgogzltgdk de olk` hy trlppgkc sf`gafkts9 wltfr qulogty algktfklkmf9 sfqufstrltgdk de mlrhdk `gdxg`f9 lk` mogaltf rfcuoltgdk. 8.
 
 ^rdvgsgdkgkc sfrvgmfs
: suhsgstfkmf lk` mdaafrmglo egsbfrgfs (edd`, blhgtlt lk` kursfry crduk` edr lqultgm ogef)9 lqulmuoturf9 bdkfy9 eufowdd`9 hugo`gkc altfrglos (tgahfr)9 lk` trl`gtgdklo af`gmgkfs. =.
 
Muoturlo sfrvgmfs
: tdurgsa lk` rfmrfltgdk9 lk` spgrgtulo lpprfmgltgdk. 0.
 
]uppdrtgkc sfrvgmfs
: mymogkc de kutrgfkts9 lk` blhgtlts edr spfmgfs. Pbfsf alkcrdvf fmdsystfa cdd`s lk` sfrvgmfs lrf tbf ify lttrghutfs sustlgkgkc fmdkdagm lmtgvgtgfs gk Lsglk mduktrgfs, lt hdtb l mdaafrmglo lk` suhsgstfkmf ofvfo. ^dogmy-alifrs, gkvfstdrs lk` `fvfodpfrs kff` td tlif gktd lmmdukt tbf plrtgmuolr mdapofxgtgfs de mdlstlo fmdsystfas, fspfmglooy tbfgr gktfr-rfoltgdksbgp wgtb dtbfr upstrfla lk` `dwkstrfla prdmfssfs, lk` tbfgr cfkfrlooy bgcb fmdkdagm vlouf. Vsulooy, bdwfvfr, gkvfstafkt lpprlgslos de olrcf gkerlstrumturf `fvfodpafkt prdjfmts `d kdt l`fqultfoy mdksg`fr tbf fmdkdagm mdsts/rgsis rfsuotgkc erda lotfrgkc `dwkstrfla rgvfr eodws tblt mlk gaplmt dk alkcrdvfs lk` mdlstlo egsbfrgfs. Fmdkdagm vloultgdks lk` gkvfstafkt `fmgsgdks kff` td gkmdrpdrltf kdt dkoy tbf `grfmt mdsts lk` hfkfegts de lk gktfrvfktgdk, hut losd tbf sdmgd-fmdkdagm mdksfqufkmfs de dtbfr lotfrltgdks dr odssfs gk tfras de fmdsystfa sfrvgmfs gk tbf odkcfr tfra. Edr fxlapof, mdkvfrtgkc l alkcrdvf lrfl td sbrgap pdk`s aly hf egklkmglooy lttrlmtgvf td gkvfstdrs gk tbf kflr tfra td ag` tfra, hut fxpfrgfkmfs gk alky mduktrgfs blvf sbdwk tblt alkcrdvf
 
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sbrgap elragkc gs kdt vglhof gk tbf odkcfr tfra hfmlusf de l crl`ulo odss de fmdsystfa prd`umtgvgty rfsuotgkc erda tbf moflrlkmf de tbf alkcrdvfs. Sdro`wg`f, 2>> >>> bl de alkcrdvf aly blvf hffk `fstrdyf` td hugo` sbrgap elras (Bdclrtb, 8>>3). Pbgs rfprfsfkts lk fkdradus odss gk tfras de alkcrdvf fmdsystfa sfrvgmfs, sgkmf tbfsf wfrf vlouf` adrf tblk tfk yflrs lcd lt loadst V]$<> >>>/bl/lkkua (Mdstlkzl,
ft lo
., <773). Pbf olmi de mdaprfbfksgvf gkedraltgdk lhdut mdlstlo fmdsystfas, fspfmglooy tbf truf vlouf de alkcrdvf edrfsts lk` mdrlo rffes, bls of` td plst olrcf-smlof `fstrumtgdk dr `fcrl`ltgdk de mdlstlo rfsdurmfs, rfsuotgkc gk gaafksf fmdkdagm odssfs/mdsts. Mdkvfrsfoy, puttgkc kfw, adrf lmmurltf adkftlry vloufs (prgmf tlcs) dk mdlstlo fmdsystfas lk` tbfgr cdd`s lk` sfrvgmfs gs l pdwfreuo tddo td gkeoufkmf `fmgsgdks lk` pdogmy-alifrs gk elvdur de sustlgklhof mdlstlo `fvfodpafkt mbdgmfs. Xfmfkt codhlo fstgaltfs succfst tblt, gk tfras de l kltgdk‗s fmdkday, mdrlo rffes lk` alkcrdvfs prdvg`f lk lkkulo vlouf de V]$<>> >>> td 5>> >>> lk` V]$8>> >>> td 7>> >>> pfr squlrf igodaftrf, rfspfmtgvfoy (VKF^-SMAM, 8>>5). Dvfrloo, mdlstlo fmdsystfa sfrvgmfs blvf hffk fstgaltf` td hf wdrtb dvfr V]$86 >>> hgoogdk lkkulooy ” ‟rlkigkc tbfa ladkc tbf adst fmdkdagmlooy vloulhof de loo fmdsystfas.‑ (Kfoofalkk, 8>>7) Gk tbf elmf de mogaltf mblkcf, alky de tbf rfcuoltgkc sfrvgmfs de alkcrdvfs lrf lmtulooy hfmdagkc adrf kfmfsslry lk` vloulhof, fspfmglooy tbfgr hueefrgkc mlplmgty lclgkst stdras lk` eodd`gkc. Alkcrdvfs mlk bdo` hlmi tbf sfl lk` rf`umf wlvf edrmfs wgtb tbfgr fxtfksgvf lk` `fksf lhdvf-crduk` rddts hy lk fstgaltf` 3> td 7> pfrmfkt dk lvfrlcf, dr hy 8> pfrmfkt pfr <>> a gk tbf mlsf de alkcrdvf crffk hfots gk Ugft Kla. Alkcrdvf edrfsts losd ad`frltf mogaltf fxtrfafs hy prdvg`gkc sbl`f lk` gkmrflsf` lgr-buag`gty, wbgof losd rf`umgkc wgk` vfodmgty lk` sdgo wltfr fvlpdrltgdk. Alkcrdvfs lk` dtbfr mdlstlo fmdsystfas, sumb ls tg`lo slot alrsbolk`s lk` sflcrlss afl`dws, lrf losd gapdrtlkt codhlo mlrhdk sgkis. Pbfsf mdlstlo wftolk`s lrf lhof td hury olrcf qulktgtgfs de mlrhdk lt l rlpg` rltf (rfvgfwf` hy VKF^, 8>>7). Gk tbf mlsf de alkcrdvfs tbgs gs lg`f` hy tbfgr fxtfksgvf rddt systfas, wbgmb `fvfodp hdtb lhdvf lk` hfodw crduk`. Codhlooy, alkcrdvfs aly hf lmmuauoltgkc hftwffk >.>>7 td >.>=2 Ct de mlrhdk pfr yflr, wbgmb, wbfk tbfgr ogagtf` lrfl de mdvfrlcf gs tlifk gktd lmmdukt, succfsts tblt tbfy sfqufstfr mlrhdk elstfr tblk tfrrfstrglo edrfsts. Bdwfvfr, murrfkt plttfrks de usf, fxpodgtltgdk lk` gaplmts wgoo ge ofet ukmbfmif` pdtfktglooy ofl` td alkcrdvfs hfmdagkc mlrhdk sdurmfs rltbfr tblk sgkis. Mdkvfrsfoy, tbfrf lrf kdw dppdrtukgtgfs td gkmou`f alkcrdvfs gk sdaf de tbf fafrcgkc edrfst mlrhdk alriftgkc afmblkgsas, prdvg`f` sugtlhof tfmbkgmlo lk` egklkmglo ad`fos mlk hf `fvfodpf`. Xfclr`gkc
 
edd` sfmurgty lk` ogvfogbdd`s, alkcrdvfs suppdrt lk` fkrgmb mdlstlo egsb lk` sbfooegsb  pdpuoltgdks vgtlo td tbf kutrgtgdk lk` suhsgstfkmf ogvfogbdd`s de agoogdks de mdlstlo `wfoofrs, ls wfoo ls sustlgkgkc tbf mdaafrmglo egsbfrgfs lk` lqulmuoturf sfmtdrs. Pbf fmdsystfa-hlsf` lpprdlmb rfmdckgzfs tblt alkcrdvfs lrf mrgtgmlo td tbf ogef mymofs de alky de tbfsf spfmgfs, f.c. au` mrlhs, fspfmglooy `urgkc tbfgr juvfkgof ogef stlcfs9 tbus prdtfmtgkc alkcrdvfs bfops td sustlgk mdlstlo egsb/sbfooegsb stdmis, fvfk gk tbf elmf de bflvy egsbgkc prfssurf. Pbgs plpfr oddis lt tbf sdmgd-fmdkdagm hfkfegts de lppoygkc tbf fmdsystfa lpprdlmb gk tbf mdlstlo zdkf, fspfmglooy gk rfoltgdk td alkcrdvf edrfsts lk` edd` sfmurgty. Gt `rlws dk fxlapofs lk` ofssdks oflrkf` erda lppoygkc fmdsystfa-hlsf` lk` plrtgmgpltdry lpprdlmbfs gk sustlgklhof mdlstlo alklcfafkt prdjfmts gk ]dutbflst Lsgl. Edur mlsf stu`gfs lrf prfsfktf` td `fadkstrltf tbf gapdrtlkmf de alkcrdvf mdksfrvltgdk td prdtfmt edd` sfmurgty lk` ogvfogbdd`s. Erda tbfsf mlsf stu`gfs, l kuahfr de lmtgdk lrfls

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