International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2017, pp. 473487, Article ID: IJCIET_08_01_055

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=1
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
IAEME Publication

STRENGTH AND DURABILITY STUDY OF

GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE INCORPORATING
METAKAOLIN AND GGBS WITH 10M ALKALI
ACTIVATOR SOLUTION
M. Vijaya Bhargav
M. Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering,
K. L. University, Vaddeswaram, A. P, INDIA

B. Sarath Chandra Kumar

Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
K. L. University, Vaddeswaram, A.P, INDIA

ABSTRACT
Objectives: Strength and durability study of Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating
Metakaolin and GGBS with 10M Alkali Activator Solution. Methods/Statistical Analysis:
One of the potential outcomes to work out is the enormous use of geopolymer cement to swing
them to valuable natural well-disposed and innovatively favorable circumstances
cementations materials. Findings: In the present study metakaolin and ground Granulated
Blast heater slag (GGBS) is utilized to deliver geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer cement is
set up by utilizing soluble arrangement of sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide. This settled
proportion is 2.5 and the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 10M. The geo polymer
concrete samples are tried for compressive, Split Tensile and Flexural Strengths for 3, 7 and
28 days and cured at surrounding temperature. Applications/Improvements: This study
helps in gaining knowledge about the morophological composition of concrete which might
result in path-breaking trends in construction industry.
Key words: Geo-polymer, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Metakaolin, Alkali
Activator.
Cite this Article: M. Vijaya Bhargav and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar, Strength and Durability
Study of Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Metakaolin and Ggbs with 10m Alkali
Activator Solution. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(1), 2017,
pp. 473487.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=1

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. General
Concrete is synthesized with the aid of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as the primary binder which
generates huge amounts of carbon dioxide causing danger to the environment1-4. On the other side,

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 473 editor@iaeme.com

 M. Vijaya Bhargav and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar

the wealth and accessibility of fly fiery debris, GGBS overall make chance to use this by-result of
smoldering coal, as halfway swap for OPC. Nonetheless, within the sight of water and in surrounding
temperature, fly fiery debris is the common hydration procedure of OPC5-7. In another plan,
pozzolans, for example, impact heater slag might be enacted utilizing soluble fluids to shape a folio
and thus absolutely supplant the utilization of OPC in cement8-10.
Cement is a standout amongst the most generally utilized development materials.On the other
hand, natural issues came about because of bond creation has turned into a noteworthy concern
today11.Geopolymer cement is made by responding aluminate and silicate bearing materials with an
acidic activator slag. Geopolymer are inorganic fasteners, which are recognized by the
accompanying fundamental property of Compressive strength has relationship with the time taken
for the process of curing and the corresponding temperature12-16.
Cement is a standout amongst the most generally utilized development material. Portland
concrete generation is a noteworthy giver to carbon-di-oxide emanations. The a worldwide
temperature alteration is created by the emanation of nursery gasses Numerous endeavors are being
made keeping in mind the end goal to lessen the utilization of Portland bond in concrete17-18.

2. OBJECTIVES
To study GGBS based Geopolymer Concrete (0% cement content) and Conventional Concrete (100%
cement).
With the hardened GGBS concrete, three properties such as the hardening concrete with GGBS
properties such as Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength are found.
To study the different strength properties of geo-polymer concrete with percentage replacement of
GGBS

3. MATERIALSUSED
3.1. Metakaolin (or) kaolinite
The properties of Metakoalin are shown in Table 1. and Figures 1-3.

Table 1 Physical properties of Metakaolin

Specific gravity 2.40 to 2.60
Color Off white, Gray to buff
Physical form Powder
Average plastic size <2.5 m
Brightness 80-82 Hunter L
BET 15 m2/g
Specific surface 8-15 m2/g

Table 2. Chemical Composition of Metakaolin

Chemical composition Wt %
SiO2+AlO3+TiO2+FE2O3 >97
Sulphur Trioxide (SO3) <0.50
Alkalies (Na2O, K2O) <0.50
Loss of ignition <1.00
Moisture content <1.00

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 474 editor@iaeme.com

 Strength and Durability Study of Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Metakaolin and Ggbs with 10m
Alkali Activator Solution

Table 3. Metakaolin properties

Property Metakaolin
Specific gravity 2.5
Mean grain size 2.54
Specific area (cm2/g) 150000-180000
Colour Ivory to cream
Chemical Composition
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) 60-65
Aluminum oxide(Al2o3) 30-34
Iron oxide (Fe203) 1.00
Calcium oxide (cao) 0.2-0.8
Magnesium oxide (MgO) 0.2-0.8
Sodium oxide (Na2O3) 0.5-1.2
Potassium oxide (K2O)
Loss on ignition <1.4

Figure 1. Metakaolin

3.2. Ground Granular Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)

Ground-granulated slag (GGBS) is synthesized through the process of quenching. It is amorphous
in nature and formed as a result of slag quenching from blast furnace. It can be seen as auxillary
product during production of steel which can aid in concrete technology19-20, shown in Table 4-5.
and Figure 2.

Figure 2 Ground Granular Furnace Blast Sla

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 475 editor@iaeme.com

 M. Vijaya Bhargav and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar

Table 4. Physical properties of GGBS

Specific gravity 2.6

Color White
Surface moisture Nil
Average particle size, shape 4.75 mm down, round

Table 5. Chemical Composition of GGBS

S.No Characteristics GGBS (%Wt)
1 Aluminium Oxide 7-12
2 Calcium Oxide 34-43
3 Sulphur 1.0-1.9
4 Magnesium Oxide 0.15-0.76
5 Silica 27-38
6 Manganese Oxide 7-15
7 Iron Oxide 0.2-1.6

3.3. Sodium hydroxide

The properties of Sodium hydroxide are shown in Table 6. and Figure 3-5.

Table 6 Specifications of Sodium Hydroxide Flakes

Minimum Assay (Acidimetric)
96%
Maximum limits of impurities
Carbonate 2%
Chloride 0.1%
Phosphate 0.001%
Silicate 0.02%
Sulphate 0.01%
Arsenic 0.0001%
Iron 0.005%
Lead 0.001%
Zinc 0.02%

Figure 3. NaOH Structure

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 476 editor@iaeme.com

 Strength and Durability Study of Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Metakaolin and Ggbs with 10m
Alkali Activator Solution

Figure 4. NaOH Flakes

Figure 5. NaOH solution

3.4. Sodium Silicate

The properties of Sodium are shown in Table 7. and Figure 6-7.

Table 7 Properties of Sodium Silicate

% Na2O 12
% SiO2 25
% H2O -
PH 12.49
Density 1490 kg/m3
Nature Transparent Viscous Liquid

Figure 6. Sodium Silicate Structure

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 477 editor@iaeme.com

 M. Vijaya Bhargav and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar

Figure 7. Sodium Silicate solution

3.5. Fine aggregate

River sand from Vijayawada is used in this project for casting purpose, shown in Table 8. and Figure
8.

Table 8 Physical Properties of fine aggregate

S. No Property Values
1 Specific gravity 2.63
2 Fineness modulus 2.51
3 Bulk density (Kg/m3) 1564

Figure 8. Fine aggregate

3.6. Coarse aggregate

Coarse aggregates of sizes 10mm and 20mm are taken, shown in Table 9. and Figure 9.

Table 9 Physical Properties of coarse aggregate

20 mm 10mm
Sieve Size (mm) Requirement Requirement
Percentage Percentage
as per IS: as per IS: 383-
passing passing
383-1970 1970
20 95 100 % 96.52 % 95-100% 95.6%
10 0 20 % 13.72 % 85to100% 41.52%
Specific gravity 2.80 2.80
Bulk Density (kg/m3) 1680 1513
Fineness modulus 7.32 7.32
Water absorption 0.35 0.41

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 478 editor@iaeme.com

 Strength and Durability Study of Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Metakaolin and Ggbs with 10m
Alkali Activator Solution

Figure 9. coarse aggregate

3.7. Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4)

Sulfuric acid is a highly corrosive strong mineral acid with the molecular formula HSO and
molecular weight 98.079 g/mol. It is a pungent-ethereal, colorless to slightly yellow viscous liquid
that is soluble in water at all concentrations, shown in Figures 10, 11.

Figure 10. Sulphuric acid

Figure 11. Structure of H2SO4 Molecule

Formula: H2SO4
Molar mass: 98.079 g/mol
Density: 1.84 g/cm
IUPAC ID: Sulfuric acid
Boiling point: 337 C
Melting point: 10 C
Classification: Sulfuric acids
Sulphuric acid H2SO4Reaction:
H2SO4 + 2H20 SO42- + 2H3O+

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 479 editor@iaeme.com

 M. Vijaya Bhargav and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar

4. METHODOLOGY
4.1. Mix
The essential distinction between geopolymer cement and others is the fastener. To frame
geopolymer glue antacid activator arrangement used to respond with silicon and aluminum oxides
which are available in Metakaolin and GGBS. This basic activator arrangement ties coarse total and
fine total to frame geopolymer blend. The fine and coarse total involve about 75% to 80% mass of
geopolymer cement. The fine total was taken as 30% of aggregate. The thickness of geopolymer
cement is taken 2400 kg/m3.The workability and quality of cement are impacted by properties of
materials that make geopolymer concrete.

4.2. Preparation of Alkali Solution

From Table 3. The preparation of solution is done by dissolving the following ingredients in water.
A concentration of 10MNaOHis calculated, shown in Tables10-11.

Table 10. Mix Proportions

Ingredients in Different mixes

(kg/m3) B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6
P.M 414 414 414 414 414 414
=
Metakaolin 207 165.6 124.2 82.8 41.4 -
+
GGBS 207 248.4 289.8 331.2 372.6 414
Coarse 10 mm 467 467 467 467 467 466
Aggregat
e 20 mm 699 699 699 699 699 699

Fine Aggregate 660 660 660 660 660 660

Sodium
53 53 53 53 53 53
Hydroxide Solution
Sodium
133 133 133 133 133 133
Silicate Solution

Table 11. Pozzolanic material proportions

Mix ID Proportion
B1 50% Met kaolin+50% GGBS
B2 40% Met kaolin+60% GGBS
B3 30% Met kaolin+70% GGBS
B4 20% Met kaolin+80% GGBS
B5 10% Met kaolin+90% GGBS
B6 100% GGBS

4.3. Test Specimens

4.3.1. Water
Potable water with a PH value of 6 and free from impurities and chemical contaminants was used in
all the mixes. Every 1 part of water content is combined with 3 equal parts of binder for all kinds of
mix proportions.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 480 editor@iaeme.com

 Strength and Durability Study of Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Metakaolin and Ggbs with 10m
Alkali Activator Solution

4.3.2. Mixing
The alkaline activator solution is prepared before 24 hours of casting. Initially, all dry materials were
mixed properly for three minutes. Alkaline activator solution is added slowly to the mixture. Mixing
is done for 5 minutes to get uniform mix.

4.3.3. Casting
The sizes of the moulds used are cube (150mmx150mmx150mm), cylinder (150mm dia and 300mm
height), and prism (500mmx100mmx100mm). Mixing in dry environment is performed for 180-300
seconds and further cubical shape moulds are obtained in the size 150 x 150x 150 mm.

4.3.4. Curing
Moulds were demoded after 1 day. The average temperature recorded during the period of ambient
curing. The curing is done for3, 7 and 28 days. Curing simulates solidification of the material which
is essential requirement for cement setting.

5. RESULTSAND DISCUSSIONS
5.1. Compressive strength
The optimal mixture of GGBS to Mk for obtaining maximum rigidity is 9:1. From the results
obtained, the optimal mix is obtained at 7th and 28th day. The cubes of the designated volume for
different percentages of GGBS (0%, 30%, 40% and 50%) are casted, cured for different ages, shown
in Table 12. and Figure 12-13. The testing is carried out at normal operating conditions using
standard testing equipment to obtain the comprehensive strength for different mixtures.

Table 12. Compressive strength with various mixes of Geopolymer concrete

Compressive strength N/mm2
Mix ID GGBS (%) Metakaolin (%) 3 days 7days 28 days
B1 50 50 31.23 34.12 35.23
B2 60 40 33.67 35.61 38.34
B3 70 30 41.23 43.75 47.35
B4 80 20 43.65 45.07 49.94
B5 90 10 50.32 52.32 55.5
B6 100 - 52.12 53.8 60.03

Figure 12. Compression testing machine

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 481 editor@iaeme.com

 M. Vijaya Bhargav and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar

Figure 13 Split Tensile strength test

5.2. Split tensile strength

The tensile strength of green concrete for given mix proportion varies in direct relation to percentage
of slag (GGBS) at 28days. The optimal mixture of GGBS and Mk is obtained at the 28th day as we
can say from the variation of strength. The specimen shows improved strength of MPs for 10%
replacement of metakaolin, shown in Table 13.

Table 13. Split tensile strength with various Geopolymer concrete

Split tensile strength N/mm2
Mix ID GGBS (%) Metakaolin (%) 3 days 7days 28 days
B1 50 50 3.12 3.72 3.90
B2 60 40 3.60 3.71 4.10
B3 70 30 3.71 3.79 4.20
B4 80 20 4.19 4.50 4.61
B5 90 10 5.19 5.77 5.72
B6 100 - 6.12 6.37 6.65

5.3. Flexural strength

The strength of green concrete for 28 days is tabulated in Table 14.The results infer that strength
varies in direct relation to percentage of Meta kaolin. {T = 3P/ BD2.}. The graph is obtained for
various compositions of the mixtures. On the other hand the strength varies in direct relation with
the percentage of GGBS and MK content.

Table 14. Flexural strength with various Geopolymer concrete

Flexural strength N/mm2
Mix GGBS (%) Metakaolin (%) 3 days 7 days 28 days
B1 50 50 0.75 0.822 0.87
B2 60 40 0.80 0.90 1.0
B3 70 30 1.9 1.47 1.65
B4 80 20 1.52 1.56 1.61
B5 90 10 1.86 2.46 2.71
B6 100 - 3.0 3.31 3.43

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 482 editor@iaeme.com

 Strength and Durability Study of Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Metakaolin and Ggbs with 10m
Alkali Activator Solution

5.4. DURABILITY STUDY

A long service life is considered synonymous with durability. Since durability under one set of
conditions does not necessarily mean durability under another, it is customary to include a general
reference to the environment when defining durability.

Sample Preparation (Casting of GPC Cubes and Curing)

The counterpart Geopolymer concrete specimens were prepared with geopolymer. The concrete
cubes were allowed to set for 24 hours, demoulded and placed in water pond for 15 days for effective
curing, shown in Figure 14-17. We can say that % reduction in weight of proprotion B1 is greater
than B3 and B6, shown in Table 15-17. and Figure 18, % reduction in C.S of proprotion B1 is greater
than B3 and B6, shown in Figure 19-20.

Figure 14. Geopolymer concrete

Figure 15. Specimens for Casting

Figure 16. Specimens for Ambient curing

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 483 editor@iaeme.com

 M. Vijaya Bhargav and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar

Figure 17. Specimens ready to use for chemical curing

Figure 18. B1 50%GGBS + 50%MK

Figure 19. Pozzolanic material mix proportions

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 484 editor@iaeme.com

Strength and Durability Study of Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Metakaolin and Ggbs with 10m
Alkali Activator Solution

Figure 20. Mixing of geopolymer concrete

Table 15. Mix Proportions

Ingredients in Different mixes
(kg/m3) B1 B3 B3
414 414 414
P.M=
207 124.2 0
Metakaolin +GGBS
207 289.8 414
10 mm 467 467 467
C.A
20 mm 699 699 699
F.A 660 660 660
Sodium Hydroxide Solution 53 53 53
Sodium Silicate Solution 133 133 133

Table 16. Reduction in weight

Weight of Specimens Reduction
MIX (grams) % Reduction
S.No in weight No. of days
ID in weight
Dry (d) Dry Saturated (d) (grams)
1 B1 8193 8133 60 0.73 20
2 B3 8239 8193 46 0.55 20
3 B6 8471 8420 51 0.60 20

Table 17 Compressive strength of GPC after exposure to sulphate solution

Compressive strength (N/mm2) % Reduction in
No. of days for
S.No MIX ID Compressive
Initial Final chemical curing
Strength
1 B1 35.23 31.09 11.75 20
2 B3 36.35 33.12 8.8 20
3 B6 53.03 47.07 11.23 20

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 485 editor@iaeme.com

 M. Vijaya Bhargav and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar

6. CONCLUSIONS
Strengths of Geopolymer Concrete are decrease with Decrease in METAKAOLIN (MK) i.e MK 0-
GGBS100.
Compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of green concrete tend to vary in
direct relation to percentage of slag content.
The strength variation for Compressive strength is 33.5%, split tensile is 30.9%, flexural strength is
25.7%
Strength and rigidity of the concrete material developed in terms of compressive, flexural and tensile
tends to vary in direct relation with time (age). The green concrete resists the attack of various
chemicals and therefore, it is durable for the given mix proportion.
Proportion B1obtained the maximum in percentage reduction of 0.73 in weight for 20 days of chemical
curing (H2SO4).
Proportion B6 obtained the maximum in percentage reduction of 11.23 in Compressive strength for
20 days of chemical curing (H2SO4).

REFERENCES
[1] Raja mane N. Potential of industrial wastes to produce geo-polymeric mortar of practical utility
- a study. Indian Concrete Institute Journal. 2005 January; 5(4), 9-20.
[2] Ganapati Naidu P, Prasad A S S N, Adiseshu S, Satryanarayana P V V. A Study on Strength
Properties of Geopolymer Concrete with Addition of G.G.B.S. International Journal of
Engineering Research and Development. 2012 July; 2(4), 19-28.
[3] Krishna raja A R, Satishkumar N P, Satishkumar T, Dinesh Kumar P. Mechanical Behavior of
Geopolymer Concrete under Ambient Curing. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and
Technology. 2014 February; 3(2), 130-132
[4] MadheswaranC K, Gnanasundar G, Gopalakrishnan N. Effect of molarity in geopolymer
concrete. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering. 2013 November; 4(2), 106-
115.
[5] Davidovits J. Geopolymer Chemistry and Properties. 4thedn. Paper presented at the Geopolymer
88, First European Conference on Soft Mineralogy, Compiegne, France, 1988.
[6] Vencor Rao. Studies on Bottom Ash, GGBS blend in geopolymer and its use in paver block,
Unpublished Thesis, KSR College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, Anna University, Chennai, July
2013.
[7] Aquino W, Lange D A, Olek J. The influence of metakaolin and silica fume on the chemistry of
alkali silica reaction products. Cement Concrete Composites. 2001 December; 23(6), 485-493.
[8] Asbridge A H, Chadbourn G A, Page P L. Effects of metakaolin and the interfacial transition
zone on the diffusion of chloride ions through cement mortars. Cement Concrete. 2001
November; 31(11), 1567-1572.
[9] Boddy A, Hooton R D, Gruber K A. Long-term testing of chloride penetration resistance of
concrete containing high reactive metakaolin. Cement Concrete. 2001 May; 31(5), 759-765.
[10] Dubey A, Nemkumar B. Influence of high reactivity metakaolin and silica fume on the flexural
toughness of high performance steel fibre reinforced concrete. ACI Mater Journal. 1998 January;
95(3), 284-292.
[11] Justice J M, Kurtis K E. Influence of metakaolin surface area on properties of cement-based
materials. American Society of Civil Engineering. 2007 September; 19(9), 762-771.
[12] Justice J M, Kennsion L H, Mohr B J, Beckwith S L, McCormick L E, Wiggins B, Zhang Z Z,
Kurtis K E. Comparison of two metakaolins and silica fume used as supplementary cementitious
materials. American concrete institute 2005 January; 228, 213-236.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 486 editor@iaeme.com

Strength and Durability Study of Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Metakaolin and Ggbs with 10m
Alkali Activator Solution

[13] Sabir B B, Wild S, Bhai J. Metakaolin and calcined clay as pozzolans for concrete: a review.
Cement and concrete composite. 2001 December; 23(6), 441-454.
[14] Jian Tong Ding, Zongjin Li. Effects of Metakaolin and Silica Fume on Properties of Concrete.
ACI Materials Journal. 2002 August; 393-398.
[15] Khatib J M, Negim E M, Gjonbalaj E. High volume metakaolin as cement replacement in mortar.
World journal of chemistry. 2012 July; 7(1), 07-10.
[16] Srinivasa Rao P, Sravana P, Abdul Rahim Z, Seshadri T, Aarathi P. Cracking behavior of
metakaolin blended high strength concrete in flexure by using crimped steel fibers. Journal of
Civil Engineering science. 2012 December; 9(1), 15-19.
[17] Veena G P, Vishal S G, Pathan G. Evaluation of concrete properties using ground granulated
blast Furnace slag. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science. Engineering and
Technology. 2012 November; 1(1), 71-79.
[18] Wang Ling, Tian Pei, Yao Yan. Application of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag in High-
Performance Concrete in China. International Workshop on Sustainable Development and
Concrete Technology. 2011; 309-317.
[19] Bennet Jose M, M Sudhakar, C Natarajan. Strength Economic and Sustainability Characteristics
of Coal Ash - GGBS based Geopolymer concrete. International Journal of Computational
Engineering Research. 2013 January; 3(1), 32-37.
[20] Madheswaran C K, Gnanasundar G, Gopalakrishnan N. Effect of molarity in geopolymer
concrete. International journal of civil and structural engineering, 2013 November; 4(2), 976
983.
[21] Muthadhi A, Vanjinathan J, Durai D. Experimental Investigations on Geo Polymer Concrete
based on Class C Fly Ash. Indian journal of Science and Technology. 2016 February 9(5), 1-5.
[22] Banupriya C, Sharon John, Suresh R, Divya E, Vinitha D. Experimental Investigations on
Geopolymer Bricks/Paver Blocks. Indian journal of Science and Technology. 2016 April; 9(16),
1-5.
[23] Umer UL Nazir, Abhishek Jandiyal, Sandeep Salhotra and Raju Sharma, Incorporation of
Metakaolin in Concrete: A Review. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology,
7(5), 2016, pp.1721.
[24] Chinnu Mariam Ninan and Dr. M. Nazeer, Investigation on Strength Development of Portland
Cement Slag Metakaolin Cementitious System. International Journal of Advanced Research
in Engineering and Technology, 7(5), 2016, pp 2836.
[25] P. Uday Kumar and B. Sarath Chandra Kumar, Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Geopolymer
Concrete Beams with GGBS and Metakaoline. International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 7(6), 2016, pp.260277.
[26] Dr. D. V. Prasada Rao and S. Venkata Maruthi. Effect of Nano-Silica on Concrete Containing
Metakaolin. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(1), 2016, pp. 104
[27] M.I. Abdul Aleem1, P.D. Arumairaj Optimum mix for the geopolymer concrete. Indian journal
of Science and Technology. 2012 March; 5(3), 2299-2301.-112

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 487 editor@iaeme.com