StructuralAcousticsTutorial

Part1 Fundamentals
Dr.StephenA.Hambric
ASMEIMECE2009
Orlando,Florida
 Overview
Instructor
StructuralVibrations
Modesinbeamsandplates
Mobility

Soundradiatedbystructuralwaves
Radiationefficiency

Structuralwavesgeneratedbyimpingingsound
Transmissionloss

Briefintroductiontonumericalmethods
FE,BE,SEA
 Instructor
Dr.StephenA.Hambric
AppliedResearchLab,PennStateUniversity
AlsoProfessorinPennStatesGraduateProgramin
Acoustics
AssociateDirector,PennStateCenterforAcoustics
andVibration(CAV)

Accompanyingmaterials:
StructuralAcousticsTutorials,Parts1and2,from
AcousticsTodaymagazine
Downloadatwww.hambricacoustics.com
 Motivation
Structurescanamplify(andattenuate)sound
sourcessubstantially
SoundSource TransferFunction SoundatReceiver

dB dB dB
StructuralAcousticTransferFunctions
Definetransferfunction:
Prad Soundpower
F2 Appliedforce2

Howisitdefined?
2
Prad v Prad Fluid
= 2
o co A impedance
F2 F 2 o co A v

Surface Soundpower
averaged radiation
mobility efficiency
 2
v
SurfaceAveragedMobility F2

Averagedsurfacevibration
amplitudescausedbyknown
forces(mobilities)

Peaksinthemobility
functionarecausedby
modesofresonance
 ModesofResonance
Superpositionofforwardandbackwardtravelingwaves
Exampleforflexureofsimplysupportedbeam:

2 EI m 2 2 EI
m = k m = 2
A a A

Forotherboundaryconditions,wavenumberschange,
e.g.,forfreeboundaries:
2 (2m 1) 2 EI
m
4a 2 A
 ModesofResonance
CanalsobecomputedwithFiniteElement(FE)
modelsormeasured
Measuredandsimulatedresonancefrequenciesseldom
matchexactly

Glassplates
withfree
boundary
conditions
 MobilityasaSummationofModes
Astructuresmobilityfunctionisasimple
seriessummationofmodalresponsestoa
drivingforce
Example:simplysupportedrectangularplate

v ( x, y ) i 1 m x n y m x0 n y0
= 2 sin sin sin sin
F ( xo , yo ) ha b m =1 n =1 mn 2 a b a b

4

Modalmass Difference Modeshapeat Modeshapeat

(fractionof betweendrive response drive location
staticmass) andresonance location
frequencies
 ModalResponsePeaks
Whyisntmodalresponseinfiniteat
resonancefrequencies?
v ( x, y ) 1
2
F ( xo , yo ) mn 2

Becausemn iscomplex,duetodamping
Forlightlydampedsystems:

mn  mn 1 + i
2
where isthelossfactor
 DampingMechanisms
Thinsheetsofrubberadhered
tothesurface,orsandwiched
betweenstructures

Adjoiningstructures
Couplinglosses
Jointlosses(friction)

Soundradiation
 EffectsofDamping
onModalResponsePeaks
Peak(andantipeak)amplitudesdecreasewith
increasingdamping
Mobilityapproachesthemeanlevelsofaninfiniteplate

Howcanmobility
ofaninfiniteplate
becomputed?
 InfiniteStructureMobilities
Astructureiseffectivelyinfinitewhen
wavesreflectedfromboundariesare
veryweakwithrespecttotheoriginal
wavesemanatingfromasource

1
Forplates: Yinf = ( v / F )inf =
8 D h

Usefulfor:
scalingmobilities
performingengineeringestimatesof
proposedmaterialchanges
Checkingmobilitymeasurementaccuracy
 InfiniteStructureMobility
ScalingExample
Twopanelswithidenticalgeometriesand
differentmaterials
Lexan(plastic)andAluminum
 InfiniteStructureMobility
ScalingExample
Measuredmobilitiesofbothpanels
 InfiniteStructureMobility
ScalingExample
AluminumpanelmobilityscaledtothatofLexan

f Al c Al E Al / Al
= =
f Lexan cLexan ELexan / Lexan
 Prad
2
RadiationEfficiency o co A v

Peakradiation

=1
1.0

(f) Structureradiates
poorly

fc f
CriticalFrequency,where
bendingandacoustic
wavespeeds match
 Coincidence

Bendingwavesare
dispersive,slowerthan
acousticwavesatlow
frequencies(subsonic),
andfasterathigh
frequencies(supersonic)
 RadiatingFlatBaffledPanel
BelowCoincidence

Pressures

Odd/Odd>
Odd/Even>
Even/Even
 RadiatingFlatBaffledPanel
IncreasingFrequency

Intensities
(proportional
tosquareof
pressure)
 RadiationEfficiency Effectsof
CoincidenceFrequencyShifts
Stiffer,lighter
structurewith
fasterwaves

1.0 Higher

(f)

fc fc f
 RadiationEfficiency Effectsof
CoincidenceFrequencyShifts
Flimsier,heavier
structurewith
slowerwaves

1.0

(f)

Lower
f
fc fc
 SoundPowerTransferFunctions
Combiningsurfaceaveragedmobilitywith
radiationefficiencytellsushowwella
structureradiatessoundwhendrivenbya
knownforce
 (1,1)mode>
loudspeakermode
AcousticWavesImpingingon
Structures
 SoundTransmissionLoss
ofanInfinitePanel
Damping
importantat
coincidence
=0
2

=
[ 2 0 c0 sin ]
4 2
2 0c0 sin +( D ) ( k0 sin ) +

2
h( D ) ( k0 sin )4
=90

Massimportant Stiffness
Dipsoccurwhen below importantabove
massandstiffness coincidence coincidence
termscancel (masslaw)
SoundTransmissionnearCoincidence
 FiniteElement(FE)Analysis
Usedgenerallytomodel
structures
Plates,beams,andsolids

Alsosometimesusedto
modelacousticregions,
usuallyinsideanobject

Manycommercial
softwarepackages
available
 BoundaryElement(BE)Analysis
Usedtomodelthe
boundaries ofacoustic
regions
Insideoroutsideavibrating
surface

Oncesurfacepressuresand
velocitiesareknown,the
acousticfieldanywheremay
becomputed
Somecommercialsoftware
packagesareavailable(not
asmanyasFEpackages)
 CoupledFE/BEAnalyses
Impedancematricesofstructures(fromFE)and
acousticregions(fromBE)maybecoupled
Enforcecontinuityofnormalfluctuatingvelocityalong
boundary
 StatisticalEnergyAnalysis(SEA)
SEAmodelstheenergyexchangebetweenlarge
groupsofresonancesininterconnected
structuresandacousticregions
Usuallyusedathighfrequencies,wheremodecounts
areveryhigh
Exchangeofenergyismodeledstatistically
Getcalculationsaveragedoverlargeregions,andoverwide
frequency(usuallyonethirdoctave)bands
Fastcomputations,independentofincreasing
frequency
VaOnesoftware