7.8. Slip-Critical and Besring-Type Connections 397. (Borello, D. J, Denavit, M.D, and Haijar, J. F., 2009). The Specification gives the following values for the filler factor: + Where bots have been added to distribute loads in the fille, hy= 1.0. ‘+ Where bolts have not ben added to distribute loads inthe filer and one filler is used, = 1.0. + Where bolts have not been added to distribute load inthe filler and two or more filles are used, fy = 0:85. Ci\1- 406) Fitter plates are covered in more detail in the Commentary to AISC Section J3.8. inthis book we donot use fillers in any connections, 0 we wil lays us = 1.0 The resistance factor for LRFD and the safety factor for ASD are diferent for di ferent types oftolt holes, For standard hols (the only type considered in this book), these factor are —__#=100_md_ 9=1.50 ‘Although sipctical connections are designed to not sip, if slip does oocur because ofan overload the bolts most be capable of resisting shear and bearing, AISC 13.8 requires that shear and bearing be checked in slip-ritical connections. | 1 .|~ (2G ~ C EXAMPLE 7.4 : “The connection shown in Figure 7.138 uses Y¥inchameter Group A bolts with the threads inthe shear plane. No slip is permitted, Both the tension member and the ‘gusset plate are of A36 steel, Determine the strength ofthe connection, SOLUTION Both the design strength (LRFD) and the allowable strength (ASD) will be com- ‘puted. For efficiency, the nominal strength for each limit state will be computed aaah Baber x us Ke my guste PL, a | ‘Gusset plate 1st 3t Hy PY mf ‘Tension member ©398 Chapter? Simple Connections N BEARING ee oy 4 na : 2)) Shear strength: Fr one bolt, Rae 0.75(23,26 beer) AG /4? 7.4 BOLT ge 4 ins =54(04418)=2386 kipsoat [1b,|~ (20\(3 10.) SUPERTICRC CONNECTION ot [4-27 bv 1) Sipe seat sn stipe roils AcelGcl gelt/ Boot fied as slipeiea, Bom AISC Tele 33-1, te miimm bolt tenon i [lea (2Abol)2h= 28 ps om ASC Ematon 3, u,-12el (Seen) str: 0.4418 in? R= MDabyTun, = 03041 13),,0)28).0)= 9.492 kips/bolt ol For four bolts, 2960) [e123 ae a Ry =4(9492) =37.97 kis Rue PR. 49 ore 2) Ringsted thinner than the tension member, the gusset plate thickness of Ys inch willbe used. For bearing strength ne use a ole diameter of a8 UeSHEAR b= { lave CRusH reei2taai2099(3)s9<2055xp pig aoan bait Ox. {Ok Z36ee 2kee| ‘ hie Beh Peseta one(2)(2)onsai stowed plate bet Ne Deady |) param] PIStiR> aS Wek [ele eke le ere ae a [sr os Lat | a [St Be spar ao} neper twa ae pha ae oe (Om | | | fat | ste | oar | fat | eo ie = = me Tip er pepe 2] |e | eh as [oe [be] oes Ss |e ww [8 [85 | ae ee sua |= wy fe eles ess e/a 5 sis | | es 33 [23 «ele lee ao [at vr iy sat a ae a 6 Be loual 8 2 bo [> om SUP 55 vst [bet sm tian | Sai | Ye vie | 2 mm stn is ae Cow ep m1 aterm [sie hy z ag [ths are iq “Fh a = oaa Sor tee ced nee noe it aaa bs boas — ie IA = eneemenamenenrantee ames 1-200 | oom Sieuanietee ee “Awana Teor Sas ConernoON402 Chapter7 77 EXAMPLE ‘Simple Connections In Example 7.5, the tensile strength was not required. The use of Manual ‘Table 7-2 for this value is intuitive and is similar to Table 7-1 for shear stength. The bearing-strength tables, however, contain some values that require explanation. In ‘Table 7-4, a value si is defined asthe spacing s at which the full bearing strength is available. This full bearing strength i the upper limit in AISC Equation J3-6a; that is, 6r,= @(24aiF,) Similarly, Table 7-5 defines a value L, which is the edge dis- tance a which the fl bearing stength, r, = 6(2 Ad) Cte ‘Gentle and) DESIGN EXAMPLES Although an elementary bolt design was illustrated in Example 7.3, most examples so far have been review or analysis. Examples 7.5-7.7 demonstrate more realistic design situations. Manual Tables 7-1 through 7-5 willbe used in these examples, 7.6 LRFD SOLUTION Aol Bel S (7.2249 ips/t (-27](4ala) FIGURE 7.14 Oe t C = ("4 ad thc ! (Se V= 54 thick a That phe Cc one Domn@ Monae ie Oe ees Go ge fete ening es ia i ee eee eat annie eee required? Each bolt centerline shown represents a row of bolts inthe dtection of the width of the plates. ‘Shear: These bolts are in double shear. From Manual Table 7-1, | 1.5" 3 1.54] pa, oo LL, 2" an= | 7 Design Examples 403 Geol 29 0257 Leaves eran { ‘Assume that shear controls and then check bearing, The required strength of the P,= 12D +1.6L= 1.280) + 1.625) =76 kips - emnerofvorareqiea taviasomg 76 4 tenho sr (y-22 (40) to ‘Try four bolts, wo per lin, on each side ofthe spice. Bearing: The bearing freon the V-neck tension mere wil be wie an large asthe bearing foce,on each ofthe ¥inch spice plates. Because the total load 5 po®K) —ar tiopie pate the same ste ladon te tension member, forth pie poe plese crea ati pe hess ms tha the es {to non moni Bur an lena pacing 2 nce, ManualTble 74 ives Nhe iy $3653 (2 s.r ips bo (Hole Veo * >, Tn 65.31 = = =: ips/bolt [7-26 \ LTS hele cshny SF ‘ T2l(4oreV Bots 36 1 ert are tac gies eae 76kips (OK) a Geneine set ANSWER Use four bolts, two per line, on each side of the splice, A total of eight bots will be required forthe connection. Shear: These bits are in doubly/Shear. From Manugi Table 7-1,fe plates. Because the total oad tension member, and the total sion member, bearing on the splice, acing of 3 inches, Manual Table 7: ‘te plate, we will conservatively usy/an edge dis- ing strength from Manual Table 75, “f)=158hie/ba / / The toalsength of ye connections the sum of the minim strengths at each bolt location (AISC 33,/and 13.10 User Notes). Thus, ANSWER Uste pat ret ts, two per line, on each side ofthe splice. total of eight bolts will be {forthe connection, MPLE 7.7 EXA ‘The C8 x 18.75 shown in Figure 7.15 has been selected to resist a service dead load of 18kips and a service live load of 54 kips. Is to be attached toa Y-inch gusset plate with ’4-inch-diameter, Group A bolts. Assume that the treads ae in the plane of shear and that slip ofthe connection is permissible, Determine the number and required layout of bolts such thatthe length of connection L is reasonably small ‘A36 ste! is used. ‘The factored load is 12D + 1.6L= 1.2(18) + 1,6(54) = 108.0 kips 1“ 3: 20 (setFIGURE 7.15 FIGURE 7.16. Ow ~ wombat Ns PL cs xi875 ‘We will select the number of bolts based on shear and verify that the bearing strength is adequate once a final bolt layout ha been determined, From Manual "Table 7-1, the shear strengths ‘5 = 24s bolt sequired strength _ 108. 4 43 or ‘strength per bolt 24.4 7 Although five bolts will furnish enough capacity, ty six bots so that a symmeti- cal layout with two gage lines of three bolls each can be used, as shown in Fig- te 716 (Two gage lines are used to minimize the length ofthe connection.) We do not know whether the design ofthis tension member was based on the assamp- tion of oe line or two lines of fasteners the tensile capacity ofthe channel with two lines of bolts must be checked before proceeding. Fr the gros res, e-Bay 36850)= Daa rece an fr. =050498) =k resto efits wee ai-a(ad a ‘The exact length of the connection isnot yet known, so Equation 3.1 for U cannot bbe used. Assume a conservative value of U= 0.60. Ay = Aud =4,536(0.60)=2.722 in? P= Fuh = $8(2.722) =1579 kis $F, =0.75(1579) =118 kips (controls) [Number of bolts required A \0.487) = 4.536 in?406 —Chapter7 Simple Connections Nomeure h- ‘The member capacity is therefore adequate with two gage lines of bots, ‘Check the spacing and edge distance transverse to the oad, From AISC 13.3, vii c= 24 2253 From AISC Table J3.4, ‘Minimum edge distance = U6 in, ‘A spacing of 3 inches and edge distances of 24 inches will be used tarsverse to the load. ‘The minimum length ofthe connection can be established by using the minimum permissible spacing and edge distances in the longitudinal diecton, The minimum spacing in any direction is 274d = 2.3 in. Try 214i. The minimum edge distance in any direction is 114 in, So that we can use the values in Manual Table 7-5, try 14 im, ‘These distances will now be used to check the bearing stength of the connestion. ‘The gusset plate isthe thinner of the two parts in bearing and will control. For the inner holes, conservatively use the spacing of 2% d found in Manual Table 7-4. The bearing strength based on this spacing is sn ragam2a(2)-273 psn LU Forthe holes nearest the edge ofthe gusset plate, use Manual Table 7-5 and an edge distance of 1% inches. fre = 408 =408( 3.) 153 tps Using the minimum of shear and bearing strengths for each bot location, the total ‘connection strength is Ry = 2(edge bolt strength) + 4(ianer bolt strength) =2(153)+4(244)= 128 kips > 108kips (OK) ‘The tentative connection design is shown in Figure 7.17 and will now be checked for block shear in the gusset plate (the geometry of te failure blo:k in the channel is identical, but the gusset plate is thine). Shera: dy-2ehase2sci25.=4086n! / jew 2x3i6ns-2s4.9)-281 iaFIGURE 7.17 Nomenode 7.7 Design Examples 407 For this typeof block shear, Uj R,=06F Ay + UnFAy = 0.6(58)2.813) + 10(58X0:7500) = 141.4 ips =1.0. From AISC Equation 14-5, with an upper Limit of 0.6F Ay + Unb = 06(36)(4.688) + 1.0(58)(0:7500) = 1448 kips “The nominal block shear strength s therefore 141.4 ps, and the desig strength i $F, =0.15(141.4) = 106 kips < 108 kips (NG) ‘The simplest way to increase the block shear strength for this connection is to increase the shear areas by increasing the bolt spacing or the edge distance; we will jnerease the spacing. Although the required spacing can be determined by trial and terror, itcan be solved for dzectly, which we do here. If we assume that the upper limit in AISC Equation 14-5 does not control, the required decign strength ie 1806 Uae) P00) 430500) =10 ps Required Ay = 2.888 in? d= So 4rr135-250.032)=2880 i? Required s = 2.55 in. Use s = 2% in.C 408 Chapter 7 Simple Connections ANSWER _ ASD SOLUTION Homawreke- ‘Compute the actual block shear strength Ae = 5053-242 51.01)=3.18in Re = 0.75(0.6F Aer +UssFvAw) 75[0.6(58)3.188) + 1.0(58X0.75)]=116 kips > 108kips (OK) (Check the upper in 910.6F Ay, + UF Aud 3 0.15+2.154+1.25) = 5.063in? .7510.6(36)(5.063) + .0(58)(0.7500)) 15 kips < 116 kips ‘Therefore, the upper limit controls, bu the strength still adequate Using the spacing and edge distances selected, the minimum length is L= Yin. atthe end ofthe channel +2 spaces at in ++ 1Yoin, atthe end ofthe gusset plate = 8in, total Use the connection detail as shown in Figure 7.18, The total load is / Pe=D+L=18+54=72 kips We will select the number of bolts based on shear and verify that the bearing. strength is adequate once a final bolt layout has been determined. From Manuat Table 7-1, the shear strength is mt loo 0 - wo _2 8 Te] | 2%"( \ 7.7 Design Examples 409 cal layouy/ith two gage lines of thee bolts each gan be used, as shown in Fig ure 7.16/(Two gage lines are used to minimize the length of the connection.) We yor bls mst be checked before proceeding. For egos are, / P= F,A,=366551) = 198.4 ips ‘The allowable strength is ips (controls) / is therefore adequate with two gage line“of bolts. A spagihg of inches and ee distances of inches willbe used transverse othe toad Pe misma length ofthe connect can be exis by xing the mii snl penis spacing and eg ditaes inthe longi rein. Te ini Spocing is Dud = 2.3 inches. Try/Dtnches. The minimum edge distance in ty direction is 1 inches, So that we/ean use the valuss in Manual Table 7-5, try 1 inches. These distances now will be used to check the bearing strength of the440 Chapter? simple Connections connection. The gybset plate is the thinner of the two pacts in bearing and will con- tol. For the inepholes, conservatively use the spacing of 24, in Manual Table 7-4. ‘The bearing styfgth based on this spacing is / / ‘sing the minimum of shear and bearing strengths for each bolt location, the total nection strength is (OK) \ ‘The tentative connection design is shown in Figure 7.17 and will now be checked for block shear in the gusset plate (the geometry ofthe feilure block in the channel is identical, but the gusset plate is thinner), Shear areas: ndasi2sti25 sen? Fortis typeof block shear, Uy 0.From AISC Equation 1-5, Ry = 66Fube +U te For £016(58)2813) + 1.065890.75) ‘with an upper limit of Fy * UF A= 0.6(36)4.68) + 1.4580.75) = 1448 kips ‘The nominal block sheer strength is therefore 141.4 ips, and ke allowable suength is Re_ I BNA ror kipse72 tips AG. eo ios72kips (OK) ‘Cheek the upper limit: / O.6F Ay +UiciiAu _ 0.6(36)5.063) + 1.0(58(0.7500) a / 2.00 / 76.4 kips <77.2 kips ‘Therefore, the ipper limit controls, but the strength is still adequate. Using the spdcing and edge distances selected, the minimum length is L= hin, at the end ofthe channel A 2 spaces at Kin. “+ 1¥ein at the end ofthe gusset plate 8 in, total ANSWER Use the connection detail as shown in Figure 7.18,412 Chapter? simple Connections Hemenonke SOLUTION EXAMPLE 7.8 ‘The bolt layout in Example 7.7 is symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal ‘centroidal axis ofthe member. Consequently, the resultant resisting force provided by the fasteners also acts along ths line, andthe geometry is consistent withthe definition ‘ofa simple connection. If an odd number of bolts had been requited and two rows had ‘been used the symmetry would not exist and the connection would be eccentric, In such cases, the designer has several choices: (1) ignore the eccentricity, assuming tht the effects are negligible; (2) account forthe eccentricity; (3) use a staggered pattem of fasteners that would preserve the symmetry; or (4) add an extra bolt and remove the ‘eccentricity. Most engineers would probably choose the last alternative ‘Use LRFD and design a 13-foot-long tension member and its connection for a service dead load of 8 kips and a service ive load of 24 kips. No slip ofthe con- nection is permitted. The connection will be to a %inch-thick gusset plate, a8 shown in Figure 7.19. Use a single angle forthe tension member. Use Group A bolts and A572 Grade 50 stel for both the tension member and the gusset plat, ‘The factored load to be resisted is P= 1.2D + 1.6L= 1.208) + 1.624) = 48.0 kips ‘Because the bolt size and layout will affect the net area of the tension member, ve will, ‘begin with selection of the bolts. The strategy will be to select a bot size for trial, determine the number required, and then try a different size ifthe number i too large ‘or foo small. Bolt diameters typically range from ¥4 inc to 114 inches in ‘ine increments. ‘Try inch bolts: From Manual Table 7-1, assuming thatthe threads are in the shear plane, the shear strength is r,= 12.4 kips/bott No slip is permitted, so this connection is slip-critcal. We will assume class A sur- faces, and for a-inch-diameter Group A bolt, the minimum tension is 7, Hin D=Skips 1228 eipe Group A bot AST? Grade 0 sted(pene n20 Honewrorb 7.7 Design Examples 413 oo} loo} (from AISC Table 33.1), Fram Manual Table 7-3, the slip-eritical strength for one boltis <= 6:44 kips/bolt ‘The slipcritcal strength controls, We will determine the numberof bolts based on this strength and check beaing after selecting the member (because the bearing strength cannot be computed until the member thickness is known). Hence Number of botts =H 1084 $8.0 7.5 pots inadper bolt” 6.48 Eight bolts will be requied. Figure 7.20 shows two potential bolt layouts. Although citer of these arangements could be used, the connection length can be decreased by using a larger bolt size ad fewer bolts. ‘jeinch bolts: From Manual Table 7-1, assuming thatthe threads ae in the ‘ear plane, the shear strengh is r= 24.3 kips/bolt From Manual Table 7- the slip-critical strength is r.=13.2kips/bolt (controls) ‘The number of Yinch bolts required is 48.0 Bo =36 bolts Four %-inch-diameter Group A bolts will be used. From AISCJ3.3, the minimam spacing is s=266ra=2661(2}220. (plea, 24=3(2)-268i) rom AISC Table J3.4, the minimum edge distance is 1,= Wein.414 chapter 7 Simple Connections FIGURE 7.21 ae ee Hae wel a ‘Try the layout shown in Figure 7.21 and select a tension member. The required ‘oss area is and the required effective net area is 2 80, AP Ons 0.75(65) 985 in? ‘The required minimum radius of gyration is L__ 1302) ‘ae 300 300 ‘Try an L34 x 2 x Me Ap=145in2>LOTin? (OK) rain =7,= 0541 in.>052i0, (OK) For net area computation, use hole diameter of 4 +'4= 1.0 in. Ans Ay~ Ae ‘where ¥ =0,607 inch for the long leg vertical. The effective nt area is A,=A,U = 1.2(0:9326) = 1.12in?>0985in? (OK)FIGURE 7.22 Ul orowede 77 Design Examples "Now check the bearing strength. The edge distance for the angle isthe same a the tage distance forthe gussct plate and the angle is thinner than the gusset plate, £0 the angle thickness of Y inch willbe used. For the inner holes and a spacing of 2 inches, the bearrg strength from Manual Table 7-4 is cre) -25stn Forthe holes nearest the edge ofthe tension member, use Manual Table 7-5 and an edge distance of 1% inches. oo =asn=4sa( 7) 1.4kips/bolt ‘Using the minimum of shear and bearing strengths for each bolt location, the con- nection strength besed on shear and bearing is R= edge bol strength + 3¢inner bolt strength) 11.4 + 324.4) =84.6 kips> 48.0kips (OK) "Now check block shear. With the bolts placed inthe long leg tthe usual gage dis- tance (see Chapter3, Figure 3.24, the failure block is as shown in Figure 7.22. The shear areas are be =H25-09250.4 hee i25-9-340.0)=1688 i? Stl dint These ait jeoliLs-2an}-0200in? (stokdonas a lela Sle 3 Lo t" aa WL