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INTRODUCTION
Based on applications:
1. Stationary engine 2. Rocket engine and 3. Automobile engine
Based on construction:
1. Inline engines, 2. Opposed engines, 3. Rotary engine, 4. V-engines and 5. W
engines
A reciprocating engine may be a heat engine that uses one or over one
reciprocating pistons to convert pressure into a rotating motion.
These engines are used extensively in cars, power generators and aircrafts. Multi-
cylinder engines use over one cylinder that is employed extensively today. These
engines will be inline, v-type, radial or combination of any 2 kinds of engines.
Inline engines are typically employed in four- and six-cylinder configurations, with
all cylinders aligned in one row, with no offset. Theyre getting used in vehicles,
locomotives and aircraft, though the word in-line incorporates a broader which
means in case of aircraft engines.
The radial engine could be told as a reciprocating kind IC engine during which the
cylinders purpose outward from a central crankshaft rather like the spokes on a
wheel. This configuration was widely employed in giant aircraft engines before
they begin of turbine engines. In an exceedingly radial engine, master-and-
articulating-rod assembly is employed to attach the pistons to the crankshaft.
1.3 APPLICATION:-
In the years leading up to World War II, as the need for armored vehicles was
realized, designers were faced with the problem of how to power the vehicles, and
turned to using aircraft engines, among them radial types.
The radial aircraft engines provided greater power-to-weight ratios and were more
reliable than conventional inline vehicle engines available at the time. This reliance
had a downside though: if the engines were mounted vertically, as in the M3 Lee
and M4 Sherman, their comparatively large diameter gave the tank a higher
silhouette than designs using inline engines.
The Continental R-670, a 7-cylinder radial aero engine which first flew in 1931,
became a widely used tank power plant, being installed in the M1 Combat Car, M2
Light Tank, M3 Stuart, M3 Lee, LVT-2 Water Buffalo.
The Guiberson T-1020, a 9-cylinder radial diesel aero engine, was used in the
M1A1E1, while the Continental R975 saw service in the M4 Sherman, M7 Priest,
M18 Hellcattank destroyer, and the Howitzer. These engines are considered when
high power is required.
1.4 ADVANTAGES:-
1.5 DISADVANTAGES:-
1. One of the disadvantages of radials is they use copious quantities of oil and are
rather expensive to overhaul.
3. The main problem (with a "good" engine) is one of gravity. When the engine is
just sitting there oil seeps past the rings and into the combustion chamber
of the lower cylinders.
4. Why when you start a radial it belches lots of smoke and the amount of smoke
gradually lessens as it burns away the excess oil in the lower jugs.
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
1907:-A three-cylinder engine which he used as the basis for a more powerful five-
cylinder model. This was installed in his triplane and made a number of short free-
flight hops.
1909:- Georges Canton and Pierre Unn patented the original engine design,
offering it to the Salmons company and the engine was often known as the
Canton-Unn.
1914:- Alessandro Anzani had developed radial engines ranging from 3 cylinders.
1917:- While British designers had produced the ABC Dragonfly radial.
1919:- The radial engine was overshadowed by its close relative, the rotary engine
which differed from the so-called "stationary" radial in that the crankcase and
cylinders revolved with the propeller.
1920:- Air-cooled radials could offer an increase in the power-to-weight ratio and
reliability
1925:- J-5 Whirlwind radial engine of 1925 was widely acknowledged as "the first
truly reliable aircraft engine".
The American rival firm to Wright's radial engine production efforts, Pratt &
Whitney, was founded. The P & W firm's initial offering, the Pratt & Whitney R-
1340 Wasp, test run later that year, began the evolution of the many models of Pratt
& Whitney radial engines that were to appear during the second quarter of the 20th
century, twin-row Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp, the most-produced aviation
engine of any single design, with a total production quantity of nearly 175,000
engines.
2.2 WORKING:-
Four-stroke radial engines continuously have an odd variety of cylinders per row to
urge an identical every-other-piston firing order ensuing swish operation that is
achieved by the engine taking 2 revolutions of the crankshaft to complete the four
strokes. As a result there's continuously a two-piston gap between the piston on its
power stroke and therefore the next piston on its compression stroke.
The radial engine could be told as a reciprocating kind IC engine during which the
cylinders purpose outward from a central crankshaft rather like the spokes on a
wheel. This configuration was widely employed in giant aircraft engines before
they begin of turbine engines. In an exceedingly radial engine, master-and-
articulating-rod assembly is employed to attach the pistons to the crankshaft.
Four-stroke radial engines continuously have an odd variety of cylinders per row to
urge an identical every-other-piston firing order ensuing swish operation that is
achieved by the engine taking 2 revolutions of the crankshaft to complete the four
strokes. As a result there's continuously a two-piston gap between the piston on its
power stroke and therefore the next piston on its compression stroke.
Piston:-
Cylinder block:-
The term engine block is often used synonymously with "cylinder block". In the
basic terms of machine elements, the various main parts of an engine are
conceptually distinct, and these concepts can all be instantiated as discrete pieces
that are bolted together. Such construction was very widespread in the early
decades of the commercialization of internal combustion engines.
Today most engines for cars, trucks, buses, tractors, and so on are built with fairly
highly integrated design, so the words "mono block" is seldom used in describing
them; such construction is often implicit. Thus "engine block", "cylinder block", or
simply "block" are the terms likely to be heard in the garage or on the street.
Fuel Injector:-
Fuel injectors are small electro-mechanical devices that are used to spray fuel into
the intake manifold directly in front of the intake valve. The injector has a final
high micron filter in the top inlet side and small hypodermic-sized holes on the
bottom for the atomizing of fuel. The fuel acts as a lubricating agent for the
injector. Water in the fuel is extremely damaging to the injectors due to the fact that
it displaces the lubricating properties of the fuel.
Injectors open and close at the same rpm as the engine. This equates to more than
138,000 times an hour. Fuel injectors are subject to carbon and dirt introduced by a
bad air cleaner element. The type of fuel used and the grade as well as the additives
directly affect the life expectancy of the injectors. The computer controls the fuel
injectors. They have power continuously when the key is turned on. In essence, the
computer grounds the injector, completing the circuit and causing the injector to
open. When the ground is removed, the injector closes.
Spark plug:-
1. Intake Stroke
2. Compression Stroke
3. Power Stroke
4. Exhaust Stroke
1. Intake: This stroke of the piston begins at top dead center. The piston descends
from the top of the cylinder to the bottom of the cylinder, increasing the volume of
the cylinder. A mixture of fuel and air is forced by atmospheric (or greater by some
form of air pump) pressure into the cylinder through the intake port.
2. Compression: With both intake and exhaust valves closed, the piston returns to
the top of the cylinder compressing the air or fuel-air mixture into the cylinder
head.
Figure 2.5 Compression Stroke
3. Power: This is the start of the second revolution of the cycle. While the piston
is close to Top Dead Centre, the compressed airfuel mixture in a gasoline engine
is ignited, by a spark plug in gasoline engines, or which ignites due to the heat
generated by compression in a diesel engine. The resulting pressure from the
combustion of the compressed fuel-air mixture forces the piston back down toward
bottom dead centre.
4. Exhaust: During the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns to top dead
centre while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent fuel-air mixture
through the exhaust valve(s).
Figure 2.7 Exhaust Stroke
Firing order:-
The firing order is the sequence of power delivery of each cylinder in a multi-
cylinder reciprocating engine. This is achieved by sparking of the spark plugs in a
gasoline engine in the correct order, or by the sequence of fuel injection in a Diesel
engine. When designing an engine, choosing an appropriate firing order is critical
to minimizing vibration, to improve engine balance and achieving smooth running,
for long engine fatigue life and user comfort, and heavily influences crankshaft
design.
1-7-5-11-3-9-6-12-2-8-
4-10
1-7-4-10-2-8-6-12-3-9- 2001 Ferrari 456M GTV12
5-11 1997 Lamborghini Diablo VT
12
1-4-9-8-5-2-11-10-3-6- Caterpillar Inc.3412E
7-12 Audi VW Bentley W12 engine
1-12-5-8-3-10-6-7-2-
11-4-9
1L-1R-2L-2R-4L-4R-
Wrtsil-Sulzer 14ZV40/48 V14 marine
14 6L-6R-7L-7R-5L-5R-
diesel
3L-3R
1-12-8-11-7-14-5-16-4-
16 2003 Cadillac V16 engine
15-3-10-6-9-2-13
CHAPTER-3
DESIGN OF PARTS, LINKS AND
MECHANISM
1. Acrylic Box:-
Figure 3.2
Gudgeon Pin
3. Piston:-
Figure 3.3 Piston
4. Connecting Rod:-
Figur3.4 Connecting Rod
Earlier, rotary I.C. engines were used in aviation. This mechanism consists
of 7 cylinders in one plane and all revolve about fixed centre O as shown in
figure, while the crank (link 2) is fixed.
1. Acrylic Box:-
2. Piston:-
3. Connecting Rod:-
Material:-Aluminum Alloy
Reason: -By using aluminum alloy material for a connecting rod, strength of
connecting rod is increases. So possibility of braking of connecting rod is
decreases.
4. Gudgeon Pin:-
Reason: - In the engine there is produce more temperature The high speed
steel is not change its properties on high temperature. So, we are using high
speed steel.
5. Fixing Plate:-
Reason:-There are fewer loads on this plate. So, we are using M.S. plate in
model.
6. Main Plate:-
After the assembly of part engine shows as above. In the assembly of part
there is much part as earlier chapter. Main parts of assembly are piston, connecting
rod, gudgeon pin, main plate, other plate for a joining of connecting rod.
There is one acrylic box, which have five slots at same angle 72. Then main plate
is fixed with the shaft. Then other plate is fixed on over it by bolt and nut. Then all
connecting rod are joint on that particular hole by pin.
Before this assembly there is fix piston with connecting rod by gudgeon pin in
holes. Then all part is assembled in the acrylic box.
All subjects are very important in our engineering life.. By studding of this project,
we will learn how to make estimating of part, costing of part, material selection for
the part, mechanism of machine, drawing of part in Auto CAD and Cero or Pro-E
etc. matter are learn during five semester.
Thus, we make this report using our knowledge of earlier semester and also make
model of radial engine in 6th semester by using above details.
CHAPTER-6
REFERENCES FOR PROJECT
6.1 REFRENCES FOR PROJECT
Websites
1. www.wikipedia.com
2. Google group.html
3. Ask.com
4. Uc browser
5. Macmaticscard.com
6. Ferrari chat.com
7. Google books.rar
PDF Files
Design Files
1. Pro-e