GSM Services

GSM Services

Contents
1 Objectives:.................................................................................................3
2 GSM Phase 1/2 Services...........................................................................4
2.1 What are services?..................................................................................... 4
3 GSM Services Phase 1/2 ...........................................................................7
3.1 Bearer Services (BS) .................................................................................. 7
3.2 Tele Services (TS).......................................................................................7
3.3 Supplementary Services (SS) ..................................................................... 7
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3.4 GSM Phase 1/2 Bearer Services................................................................ 8

3.5 Tele Services (TS).....................................................................................10
3.6 Supplementary Services............................................................................11
4 Applications.............................................................................................13
4.1 Current Situation....................................................................................... 13
4.2 Current Demands to GSM ........................................................................ 16
5 GSM Phase 2+ Services......................................................................... 17
5.1 GSM Phase 2+ Solutions..........................................................................18
5.2 Data Transmission.....................................................................................19
5.3 High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)........................................... 20
5.4 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) .................................................... 21
5.5 Enhanced Data rates for the GSM Evolution (EDGE) .............................. 23
5.6 Enhanced Speech Transmission.............................................................. 25
5.7 Voice Broadcast Service (VBS)................................................................ 26
5.8 Voice Group Call Service (VGCS) ............................................................ 26
5.9 Enhanced Multi-Level Precedence and Pre-Emption
(eMLPP).................................................................................................... 26
5.10 CAMEL: Customized Applications for Mobile network
Enhanced Logic ........................................................................................ 27
5.11 SIM Toolkit ................................................................................................ 29
5.12 Mobile station application Execution Environment (MExE)...................... 30
5.13 Support of Optimal Routing SOR (Rec. 02.79) .........................................31

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5.14 User-to-User Signaling UUS (Rec. 02.87) ................................................ 32

5.15 Multiple Subscriber Profile MSP (Rec. 02.97) .......................................... 32

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1 Objectives:
After completion of module, the student should be able to:
Explain the concept of Services for GSM phase 1, 2 and 2+.
List and explain the operation of at least four teleservices offered by GSM
networks.
List and explain the operation of at least four bearer services offered by GSM
networks.
List and explain the operation of at least four supplementary services offered
by GSM networks.
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2 GSM Phase 1/2 Services

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Fig. 1 GSM Services

2.1 What are services?

In the broadest sense of the concept, any subscriber action that uses the facilities
provided and supported by the GSM system can be categorized as a service.
Therefore, a person who has access to a GSM mobile phone and wishes to
make a call is trying to access the speech service provided by the system.
Similarly there are several other services too which the GSM network can
support.

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2.1.1 The Service Evolutionary Concept

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Fig. 2 GSM Evolutionary Concept

The different phases of GSM evolution here tell us about the services which were
offered during each of them. During phase 1 only speech services were provided
to the users, whereas in the successive phases new services were introduced in
addition to speech. This has come a long way and nowadays users can enjoy
many different type of services on their mobiles.
The GSM Standard consists of multiple of recommendations. They are organized
by various aspects and already comprised 5230 pages when the first phase was
adopted in 1990. It was originally planned to comprise every specification in the
GSM Standard (with the exception of half rate speech") from the start, i.e. when
the standard was adopted. In 1988 it was recognized that not all of the planned
services could be specified in the expected time frame. This led to the important
decision to leave the GSM Standard incomplete and to leave space for further
modifications and technical developments. This evolutionary concept secures for
GSM the possibility of permanently adapting to the requirements of the market
and thus ensures of not becoming old-fashioned within a couple of years owing to
the extremely fast development in this market sector.

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2.1.2 GSM Phase 1

The Phase 1 standardization was closed in 1990 for GSM900 and in 1991 for
GSM1800. The implementation of GSM systems Phase 1 comprises all of the
most important prerequisites for digital information transmission. Speech
transmission is of the greatest importance here. Data transmission is also defined
by data transmission rates of 0.3 to 9.6 kbit/s. GSM Phase 1 comprises only a
few supplementary services such as call forwarding and barring.

2.1.3 GSM Phase 2

The Phase 2 standardization work started shortly after completion of Phase 1 and
was closed in 1995. In Phase 2 Supplementary Services comparable to ISDN
(Integrated Services Digital Network) were included in the standard. Technical
improvements have been specified, e.g. the Half Rate Speech. In Phase 2, the
decision on future downward-compatibility with older versions is of high
importance.

2.1.4 GSM Phase 2+

GSM Phase 2+ refers to a smooth transition in contrast to Phase 2. A new
complete update of the GSM Standard is not planned. Individual topics are
discussed separately and the update is added to the GSM standard in Annual

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Releases. Main topics are new Supplementary Services as the ASCI services
(Advanced Speech Call Items). Furthermore, the IN feature Customized
Applications for Mobile network Enhanced Logic CAMEL and Virtual Home
Environment VHE are very important. Especially the introduction of features to
achieve higher data rates, i.e. HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data),
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for the
GSM Evolution) has received much attention. GSM Phase 2+ thus paves the way
to 3G (UMTS).

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3 GSM Services Phase 1/2

The GSM Services enable users of a network to transmit or receive different
types of information.
The Mobile Station (MS) recognizes the desired service automatically or by user
input and sends the appropriate service requests to the network.
The services defined in GSM Phase 2 are similar to the ISDN (Integrated
Services Digital Network) services. However, when compared with ISDN, GSM
also contains mobile specific modifications and services.
The GSM services are divided into three categories:
Bearer Services (BS)
Tele Services (TS)
Supplementary Services (SS)

3.1 Bearer Services (BS)

GSM Bearer Services define the capabilities to transmit digital data (OSI Layer 1
3). Thus, the information transmission between terminals at particular access
points (user-network interface) is achieved. The application itself is not included in
this definition.
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3.2 Tele Services (TS)

GSM TS are defined "end to end". They offer the transmission of data (speech /
data) and include the application itself (OSI Layer 1 7).
TS and BS are so-called basic services. This means that a user may
automatically use these services from the time he buys the subscription till his
subscription lasts. However, some services may even be used after expiry of
subscription like emergency service. Other services such as SMS, GPRS, fax etc
must be additionally ordered.

3.3 Supplementary Services (SS)

Supplementary services are services which enhance or modify the existing BS or
TS. Supplementary services may only be used in connection with a basic service.

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Fig. 3 Teleservices and Bearer Services

3.4 GSM Phase 1/2 Bearer Services

The Bearer Services (GSM Rec. 02.01, 02.02) enable data transmission between
different terminal equipment interfaces. GSM Bearer Services offer asynchronous
and synchronous data transport for both circuit and packet switched. In GSM
Phase 1 and 2, data rates of 300 bit/s up to 9.6 kbit/s or 13 kbit/s for speech
transmission are available.
The Bearer Services 21 - 53 offer data transmission rates of 0.3 - 9.6 kbit/s. The
subdivision into UDI (Unrestricted Digital Information) and 3.1 kHz is associated
with the manner in which the services outside a PLMN are further transmitted and
deter-mine the Interworking Function (IWF) that must be activated for each
service when the network is changed. UDI corresponds to the UDI services of
ISDN and supplies a channel for unlimited transmission of digital information. The
category 3.1 kHz is used to enable a transition in an analogue network (PSTN).

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Transparent services, with exception of the Interworking Function (enables to

change the network) are not edited in the network elements. They are protected
by Forward Error Correction FEC. The non-transparent mode activates an
additional protection (Backward Error Correction BEC) via the radio interface.
A change between speech and data is possible via the Bearer Services 61 and
81. Bearer Service 61 allows a multiple change between speech and data. In the
case of Bearer Service 81, it is not permitted to change back to a voice service
after changing to a data service.
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Fig. 4 GSM Bearer Services

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3.5 Tele Services (TS)

The Tele Services (GSM Rec. 02.03) offer complete range of communication
services between users. The most important categories of TS are represented by
voice services (TS11/12), Short Message Service (SMS: TS21-23), Teletext
(TS51) and Fax transmission (TS61/62).
TS11 : Sets up speech calls between a mobile subscriber (PLMN) and a fixed
network subscriber (ISDN/PSTN) or (other) PLMN subscriber. There is a
differentiation in the called party: Mobile Originating Call MOC means that the
mobile subscriber has initiated the call, Mobile Terminating Call MTC means
that the mobile subscriber is called.
TS12 : Sets up speech calls between a mobile subscriber (PLMN) and one in
an emergency service central office which is allocated to a respective
location.
TS21 & TS22 : In the case of Short Message Services TS21 and TS22, it is
possible to receive or transmit messages with a length up to 160
alphanumeric characters.
TS23 : In the case of TS23, the Short Message Service Cell Broadcast
(SMSCB), it is possible to receive messages of a length up to 93
alphanumeric characters from a Cell Broadcast Center. Classically described
as "paging", messages on different topics concerning a particular area can be
received (e.g. traffic; meteorological; stock information, etc.).

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Further, Tele Services are provided as an option, but, due to a lack of demand,
seldom implemented.

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Fig. 5 GSM Teleservices

3.6 Supplementary Services

Supplementary Services modify or extend a basic BS or a basic TS and can
never be offered alone to a subscriber. A supplementary service must be offered
together with a basic telecommunication service. The same supplementary
service can be offered with a range of telecommunication services.
The Supplementary Services are defined in the GSM Rec. 02.8x. An overview
regarding general aspects of GSM Supplementary Services, including definitions
and recommended regulations, is given by the GSM Rec. 02.04 (General on
supplementary services).

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In the GSM Phase 1, only a small circuit of supplementary services concerning

call forwarding, call transfer and call restriction has been specified. A more
comprehensive range of supplementary services following ISDN was introduced
in GSM Phase 2.
The following groups of Supplementary Services will be offered:
Number Identification Service
Call Offering Services
Call Completion Services
Community of Interest Service
Call Restriction Service
Additional Information Transfer Service
Multi Party Service Charging Service
Simultaneous Use of Services

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Fig. 6 GSM Supplementary Services

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4 Applications
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Fig. 7 GSM Applications

4.1 Current Situation

GSM is optimized like other 2G mobile communication standards for speech
transmission.
Speech transmission also plays a dominating role in the services that may be
taken up. There are many supplementary services for conversation connections
that are specified in the GSM Recommendations and are for the most part
compatible with the services offered by ISDN. Amongst these are, e.g. call
forwarding, call barring, call waiting, automatic dial-back and conference calling.

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Mobile Equipment is therefore mainly developed for speech connections. In the

GSM Rec. 02.06 the different types of Mobile Stations MS (MS = Mobile
Equipment ME + Subscriber Identity Module SIM) and their possible transmission
powers are defined. They are subdivided into:
Appliances for permanent installation in vehicles (Car Phones)
Portable equipment (for vehicles): Portables
Handhelds / Mobile Phones
The maximum transmission power amounts up to 20 W (old) or 8 W for car
phones and up to 2 W for handhelds in GSM900 or up to 4 W for car phones and
1 W for Handhelds in GSM1800/1900. The output power is variable in 2 dB steps
to a minimum of 5 / 2 mW (Power Control).
Despite the fact that GSM is mainly optimized for speech transmission, the
capability to transmit data was planned from the beginning. In addition to speech
transmission, a lot of terminal equipment is capable of performing data services
(e.g. SMS).
For data transmission purposes, the possibility of connecting further suitable
terminal equipment to the hand equipment is usually offered, via an adapter.
Examples of this are fax equipment, laptops, organizers, digital cameras, GPS
(Global Positioning System) receivers, etc.
Independent equipment solutions are also beginning to encompass even more

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areas of use (e.g. mobile barcode readers with SMS).

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Fig. 8 Current Applications-Terminal Devices

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4.2 Current Demands to GSM

The current demands made for GSM are manifold. Amongst the requirements
are:
a quick transfer of a large data volumes
high speed Internet access
user friendliness
improved speech quality
world-wide availability
world-wide offer of Home PLMN services
the creation of specific services for special user groups / tools for flexible
service creation
Many of these requirements have been taken into account by the Annual
Releases of GSM Phase 2+.

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Fig. 9 Demands on Mobile Communications

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5 GSM Phase 2+ Services

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Fig. 10 GSM Phase 2+

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5.1 GSM Phase 2+ Solutions

For many of these requirements that were made on mobile communications,
solutions were developed in the GSM Phase 2+. New specific data and voice
services, more efficient and user friendly mobile stations, the introduction of IN
Services for the entire GSM, flexible creation of features for particular user
groups and many other features were introduced in the Annual Releases of GSM
Phase 2+ and are constantly being further optimized.

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Fig. 11 GSM Phase 2+ Solutions

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5.2 Data Transmission

Bearer services developed in GSM Phase 2+ adapt the data transmission rates
to the ISDN transmission rates in various usage areas and sometimes even are
considerably higher.
Following technologies are primarily used for data transfer in GSM:
High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)
Enhanced Data rates for the GSM Evolution (EDGE)
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Fig. 12 GSM/ISDN Data Transmission Rates

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5.3 High Speed Circuit Switched Data

(HSCSD)
HSCSD is an enhancement for the classical GSM circuit switched data
transmission.
1. New Coding Scheme: Introducing a new coding scheme, which allows to
transmit 14.4 kbit/s in one physical channel, the data rate was increased
50%. The enhancement is possible using reduced redundancy for data
transmission over Um. This is only possible if the radio interface quality is
sufficiently good. If the quality of transmission decreases, i.e. the error rate
increases, the data rate is automatically reduced from 14.4 kbit/s to the
classical 9.6 kbit/s.
2. Channel Combining: It is possible to combine several physical channels to
one user to enhance the data rate. Theoretically, all 8 physical channels of
one carrier can be combined to one user. Thus, HSCSD increases the
maximum theoretical data rate to 115.2 kbit/s. In practice, HSCSD is
restricted by the maximum data rate, which can be switched through in the
GSM core, i.e. 64 kbit/s. Therefore, in practice only a maximum of four
physical channels with 14.4 kbit/s are combined to one user. This enables a
maximum data rate of 57.6 kbit/s.
For implementation of HSCSD, no new network elements have to be integrated in

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a GSM-PLMN. The protocol architecture also remains unchanged. Changes are
confined to certain existing components (software modifications).
HSCSD is described in the GSM Rec. 02.34.

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Fig. 13 HSCSD

5.4 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

GPRS introduced a totally new transmission principle into the GSM PLMNs.
1. Packet Switched data transmission: Packet switched data transmission is
possible in GSM by creating a direct access to Packet Data Networks PDNs
(e.g. Internet, Intranet, X.25). The packet data transmission allows to turn
from time dependent charging to volume dependent charging (advantage for
the user) and to optimize the usage of radio resources (advantage for the
network operator).
2. New Coding Schemes : Four Coding Schemes (CS) were introduced for the
data transmission on Um. CS-1 offers transmission rates of 9.05 kbit/s, CS-2
of 13.4 kbit/s, CS-3 of 15.6 kbit/s and CS-4 of 21.4 kbit/s per physical
channel. The redundancy is reduced from CS-1 to CS-4. This allows
optimized reaction on the current actual quality of the radio interface, i.e.
CS-4 is automatically chosen if the radio interface is nearly perfect, CS-1 if
the quality is comparably low.
3. Channel Combining: Theoretically, it is possible to combine up to 8 physical
channels of one carrier to one user. Different to HSCSD, there are no
restrictions from core network side. A total new GPRS core architecture
allows to transmit high data rates well beyond 100 kbit/s. Thus, theoretically

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up to 171.2 kbit/s can be transmitted.

The introduction of GPRS meant a significant modification and enhancement of

total GSM PLMN. A new parallel Core Network for packet data transmission with
new network elements has to be introduced. The BSS has to be enhanced by
new functions. A new protocol architecture has to be implemented.
As a packet oriented service, GPRS leads to a wide range of applications with a
high volume but bursty traffic. GPRS is suitable for Internet applications (e.g.
Internet surfing), E-mail, telematics, telemetry and fleet management. GPRS also
creates the possibility for broadcast data transmission ("point to multipoint).
Using GPRS, a large number of applications are possible for mobile subscribers,
which, up until now, could only be used in fixed PDNs. GPRS means to combine
the mobile and IP world.
GPRS is a prerequisite for the UMTS introduction.
The definition of GPRS was done in two steps in the GSM Phase 2+ Annual
Re-leases '97 and '99. The effects of GPRS are pronounced in many GSM
Recommendations. A main description is given in Rec. 02.60 and 03.60.

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Fig. 14 GPRS

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5.5 Enhanced Data rates for the GSM

Evolution (EDGE)
EDGE has to be regarded as a booster for GPRS or HSCSD.
1. New Modulation Principle : EDGE introduced a new, sophisticated
modulation principle into GPRS. It is called 8 Phase Shift Keying (8PSK).
Compared with the classical GSM modulation principle, the so-called
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK), a 3 times higher data rate is
possible with EDGE.
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EDGE can be used to enhance the data rates of GPRS and HSCSD. In
combination with GPRS (so-called E-GPRS), data rates up to 69.2 kbit/s (gross
rate) can be achieved. Combining up to 8 physical channels to one user, this
means to be a maximum theoretically data rate of 553.6 kbit/s.
Exceeding clearly the 384 kbit/s, which have been requested for 3G wide range
applications, EDGE (better: E-GPRS) has been accepted as 3G transmission
principle.
It is used to enhance GSM (and also D-AMPS) networks toward 3G
requirements. This is useful for all network operators, which lack licenses for
UMTS. Furthermore, a fast roll-out is possible to support high data rates also in
rural areas, where UMTS cannot be implemented in a first step.

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Fig. 15 EDGE

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5.6 Enhanced Speech Transmission

A better quality of speech transmission which uses the same (gross) transmission
as the classical Full Rate FR speech codec is offered in GSM Phase 2+ by the
Enhanced Full Rate EFR speech codec.
An expansion of the existing GSM voice services has been introduced using the
term Advanced Speech Call Items ASCI in GSM Phase 2+. This is for special
user groups, particularly for the usage of railway GSM systems (GSM-R). The
ASCI services contain group and broadcast services with a fast call setup and
control of priorities.
The following specifications are summarized using the term ASCI:
Voice Broadcast Service VBS (Rec. 02.69)
Voice Group Call Service VGCS (Rec. 02.68)
Enhanced Multi-Level Precedence and Pre-Emption eMLPP (Rec. 02.67)
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Fig. 16 Speech Transmission in Phase 2+

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5.7 Voice Broadcast Service (VBS)

Closed user groups (e.g. GSM-R) need to be able to transmit information quickly
from one subscriber to a number of other subscribers.
VBS enables subscribers to multiply a message to a number of other subscribers
("listeners"). For this message transmission, only the initial Mobile Station
(originating MS) interacts with the PLMN, whilst the receiving MSs passively
receive the messages. The initiating MS transmits to the network the identity of
the group of sub-scribers to which the message has to be sent. A call notification,
which is not con-firmed by the listening MSs, as well as the message are sent
out to all cells in which the group members are located.
VBS can be initiated not only by a MS, but also by the fixed network. Mobile
stations, which belong to a particular group and are located in a previously
defined geographical area and/or in a closely defined group of dedicated network
stations may be ad-dressed.
The setup time for the VBS should be extremely short, as these messages,
amongst other purposes, are intended for warnings of situations regarding safety.

5.8 Voice Group Call Service (VGCS)

VGCS enables voice group call for Closed User Groups with special call qualities.

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A group call channel is created which enables the fixed network and mobile
stations to create a group call channel on which the group members may listen or
also transmit. After the person who has initiated the call has transmitted his
message, he/she leaves the channel and changes over to the "listener" mode.
Now every subscriber may apply for channel allocation, i.e. the "right to
broadcast" and use this until he/she changes back into "listener mode". A VGCS
group call is ended by the initiator.
The addressed groups are the same for VGCS and VBS.

5.9 Enhanced Multi-Level Precedence and

Pre-Emption (eMLPP)
A control of priorities of the ASCI services is possible using eMLPP. Five
priorities' classes for subscribers are existing (0 - 4: 0 highest, 4 lowest priority)
and two priori-ties' classes (A, B) for internal network processes (e.g. to configure
group calls and broadcasting).
The maximum priority that is applied to a subscriber is negotiated with the service
provider and stored on the SIM card.

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Fig. 17 Advanced Speech Call Items

5.10 CAMEL: Customized Applications for

Mobile network Enhanced Logic
The support of IN (Intelligent Network) services in GSM is introduced with
CAMEL (GSM Rec. 02.78, 03.78, 09.78).
Previous IN solutions for GSM were of a proprietary nature and could therefore
only be used by subscribers in the home PLMN (HPLMN). CAMEL allows global
use of IN services. CAMEL services can also be deployed for international
roaming in all CAMEL-supporting GSM networks. Operator-specific services can
be introduced with CAMEL.

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These kinds of services were introduced in 3 phases (Annual Rel. '96, '98 and
'99) in GSM.
Services such as call screening services, call supervision services and number
translation services were defined in CAMEL Phase 1.
CAMEL Phase 2 specifies additional services such as online charging, transfer of
subscriber location information and downloading of HPLMN-specific charging
information.
CAMEL Phase 3 implements the interworking of GSM Mobility Management and
GSM features, thereby allowing so-called location-based services. The ability to
control calls with more than 2 parties is also supported.
CAMEL Phase 3 is a large component of the new UMTS VHE concept and is
consequently a major step on the evolutionary path from GSM to UMTS.
Network modifications are required for introduction of CAMEL. A so-called
CAMEL Service Environment (CSE modification of the network) and a CAMEL
Application Part (CAP extension of the protocol architecture) will be introduced.

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Fig. 18 CAMEL

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5.11 SIM Toolkit

The SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) Toolkit application was introduced in the
GSM Standard in the Releases 96/97 and integrated in GSM Standard (Rec.
11.11, 11.14).
The SIM Toolkit is an expression of the desire to enable a service differentiation
in the networks, without having to offer different Mobile Equipment variants. Using
the SIM Toolkit, there is no need to buy always a new MS if a new service is
created or if a service is updated. The SIM Toolkit applications are completely
logically separated from the GSM functions of the SIM and supplement the
functionality of mobile equipment.
Using SIM Toolkits it is, for instance, possible to:
download data via SMS from the network, directly onto the SIM (Data
Download), making new data, commands or applications that are different
from the extant SIM Toolkit applications possible
deliver complete SMS from the SIM to the ME for transmission
implement "Call Control" by using the SIM, i.e. check digit sequences of the
sub-scriber before execution, modify if necessary or prevent the execution
local information about cell identity, call status, etc. shall be implemented into
the SIM applications to modify the applications if the status is changed
In the near future SIM Toolkit applications will consist of e.g.:
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mobile banking via GSM

booking flights
information services
Because these applications involve specific commercial and safety questions
special safety mechanisms are used for the SIM Toolkit and/or the opposite side
of transmission (Rec. 02.48, 03.48).

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Fig. 19 SIM Toolkit

5.12 Mobile station application Execution

Environment (MExE)
MExE shall support an operator specific application to the network and the mobile
stations, as well as a simplified access to the Internet. The possibility of installing
user-friendly interfaces by downloading software is included.
Two techniques may be employed within the framework of MExE:

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WAP (Wireless Application Protocol architecture), which was developed by

WAP Forum Ltd. WAP is intended to allow the development of applications
as industry standard (e.g. Internet surfing) via a wireless communication
network, independent from the access technology. The WAP was optimized
for small equipment (mobile phones); it is based on the Internet client server
architecture.
JAVA, will find application due to its universal usage, the independence from
a platform, as well as the built-in capability of being able to recognize
networks. This universality is achieved at the cost of a decrease of PC
performance and is therefore restricted to the high-end applications, such as
PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants) or laptops.
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Fig. 20 MExE

5.13 Support of Optimal Routing SOR (Rec.

02.79)
SOR enables routing of incoming calls directly to the mobile subscriber, i.e. to
his/her current location even in a foreign network (VPLMN), instead of taking the
long route via the home network (HPLMN). Only signaling is exchanged between
VPLMN and HPLMN.

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5.14 User-to-User Signaling UUS (Rec. 02.87)

User-to-User Signaling enables a combination of SMS (Short Message Service)
and telephone services. Simple short messages e.g. telephone numbers,
addresses etc. may be transmitted while a call is in progress to the other call
partner.

5.15 Multiple Subscriber Profile MSP (Rec.

02.97)
MSP is intended to offer the possibility of separate identities for one subscriber.
Up to four different identities per subscriber will be possible and may be stored
on one SIM card. Thus the user may multiply his personal identity, e.g. into
private and business, for incoming calls that require a different treatment (e.g.
alarm, supplementary services, etc.).

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Fig. 21 Other Features of Phase 2+

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