International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2017, pp. 991998 Article ID: IJCIET_08_01_118

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ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

STUDIES ON DURABILTIY AND SHRINKAGE OF

CONCRETE BY USING DIFFERENT METHODS
(STATE OF ART REVIEW)
K. Sarumathi
Research Scholar, Structural Engineering Division,
School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT University, Chennai, India

Dr. S. Elavenil
Professor, Structural Engineering Division,
School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT University, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT
During the ancient period, it was observed that the Romans had created very stunning and
hard durable structures by incorporating lime and volcanic red hot stays which was
discovered at Italy (Pozzuoli). To strengthen the structures many Researchers had done a study
by using the several materials such as latex spheres, fly ash, and glass spheres and so on to
improve the durability of the structure. It was identified that the strength of the building will
mainly depend on the ITZ characteristic which is one of the factors. By considering Neyveli fly
ash, the compressive as well as tensile strength of the concrete was determined by adopting
10%, 20%, 30% and 40%. The comparison was made by using SEM analysis and it was finally
compared with the conventional concrete. From the results, researchers had found that 20% of
Neyveli fly ash gave the better results with the help of SEM analysis by comparing it with the
conventional concrete. It was observed that the cement based materials was changed from
micro level to the macro level. The various properties such as mechanical and chemical
changes of the concrete were determined with the help of SEM as well as X ray diffraction.
In this paper, the works carried out by the various researchers on several materials were
reviewed with the Portland cement. The pozzolanic reaction was found to be more due to the
presence of 25% of fly ash and 75% of cement which reflects to the high iron content. With this
review, the suggestion can be made for improving the durability and also to strengthen the
structure by incorporating partially with these various materials such as fly ash, glass beads,
and glass spheres and so on in the concrete.
Key words: Concrete, Durability, Fly ash, SEM analysis, X ray diffraction & Shrinkage
Cite this Article: K. Sarumathi and Dr. S. Elavenil, Studies on Durabiltiy and Shrinkage of
Concrete By Using Different Methods (State of Art Review). International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 8(1), 2017, pp. 991998.
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 Studies on Durabiltiy and Shrinkage of Concrete By Using Different Methods (State of Art Review)

1. INTRODUCTION
Cement is a common and one of the base materials used in construction industry with few numbers of
reinforcements and also tries to gain its strength at the early stage. Similarly, for the road surfaces the
asphalt cement is widely used in preparing the concrete, where the bitumen behaves as a bonding
material. During 300 BC to around 476 AD, the Romans were widely using the cement for the purpose
of construction. In their construction, Romans had introduced quicklime, pozzolana and a complete of
pumice. When the aggregates are mixed with the cement and a small amount of water, they can be
framed into a desired size and shape. It reacts with the water and frames as a very strong lattice
member which tries to have a good bonding between the materials to act as a hard and durable stone
material. This can be used for the various purposes. In additional to the concrete, the superplasticizers
are also mixed with it to improve the physical properties of the finished material. Reinforcements are
embedded in the concrete to protect the structure from bending and yield the sustained bond.
The nature of the concrete mainly depends on the various constituents, water to cementitious, the
mixing, humidity and the different curing methods adapted to it. The lower cementitious material will
form a grounded concrete when compared with a higher degree. There are several factors that
determine the cementitious materials such as shrinkage of concrete, thickness, quality of the material,
lack of water. There will be a decrease in porosity due to Interfacial transition zone (ITZ) by reducing
the aggregate size (9). A good durability will be found by introducing the High performance concrete,
which diverges from the regular practice bond. This contains more number of cementitious materials
such as silica smoke, ground granulated effect warmer slag and a super plasticizer. With the help of
High Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) the durability can be improved by increasing its quantity at the age of
28 days which mainly depends on the hydration process and also associates with the autogenous
shrinkage (4, 21).

2. TO DETERMINE THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE WITH THE HELP

OF DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS:
SCM (STIL Confocal Microscopy) Confocal microscopy is an optical imaging strategy for creating
optical confirmation and flexible nature of a micrograph by structure for including a spatial pinhole set
at the confocal plane of the point of convergence to wipe out-of-think light. It accomplices with the
extension of three - dimensional structures from the secured pictures. This system has gotten
commonness in the exploratory and front line parties and standard applications are in life sciences,
semiconductor examination and materials science.
SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) is an instrument used to scan the material and to collect the
images of it by passing the flow of light towards it. The electrons difference and particles in the
blueprint, making unmistakable signs that can be seen and that contain data about the case's surface
geology and structure. The electron bit is general inspected in a raster clear chart, and the pole's
position is joined with the prominent sign to make a photo. SEM can fulfill confirmation better than
anything 1 nanometer. Tests can be found in high vacuum, in low vacuum, in wet conditions (in like
way SEM), and at a wide accumulation of cryogenic or lifted temperatures. SEM examination also
used to depict the proximity of ITZ microstructure. In the event that the closeness of ITZ is more, it
prompts to porosity, mass paste concerning expansion in time (9).
EDS, EDX, or XEDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) This technique is mainly used to
determine the various properties of the material and also to provide the complete picture of the
samples. It mainly depends on the well spring energy dispersed by the X bar. Its outline points of
confinement are required in colossal part to the basic pick that each area has an exceptional atomic
structure allowing remarkable game-plan of tops on its X-shaft transmission expand. To enable the
flow of trademark X-bars from a case, a high-centrality light discharge particles, for instance,
electrons or protons, or a light radiation bars, is protected into the structure being established on.

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 K. Sarumathi and Dr. S. Elavenil

DTA (Differential Thermal Analysis) is a thermo distinct structure. While recording the
temperature by the amidst test, the material is being thoroughly studied and a underlying reference
are created to meet the indefinite warm cycles. The degree of difference in temperature is plotted
against time. Changes for the circumstance, either exothermic or endothermic, can be found as to the
sit out of apparatus reference. From the plotted graph, the curve indicates the complete data about the
development of movement of glasses and crystallization.
ESEM (Environmental Scanning electron Microscopy) is particularly valuable for non-metallic
and it also covers the ordinary materials with carbon or gold that would be senseless. Covering is
being provided which provides small fragments on the surface which also tries to reduce the
outcomes. X shaft inspection is found quite difficult for handling it in a routine basis, instead the
carbon coatings are used as a small piece for SEMs. For the uncoated non conductive, the ESEM
is feasible to perform X bar microanalysis.
Fluorescence Microscope is an instrument used to study the properties of inorganic substances,
which is provided with the optical amplifying lens to frame a photo. It is quite similar to the
epifluorescence amplifying equipment. For illustration, a confocal amplifying equipment is used by
the optical fragmenting to identify the fluorescent image.
XRD (X ray Diffraction) is a nondestructive technique used to examine the distance formed
between the atoms and also to determine the direction of each and every grain. To evaluate the size,
shape and interior stress of the small grained crystalline structure.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW
J. E. Rossen et al. (2016) discussed on the C-A-S-H composition in the matured cement paste
samples. Researchers had adopted various methods to evaluate the average C-A-S-H composition
with the help of SEM (Scanning electron microscopy), TEM (Transmission electron microscopy)
and EDS (Energy dispersive spectrometry). It was observed that using the SEM and TEM is not
a straight and simple process, which has to be handled with most care. It was also noted that the
counts for X-ray should be kept constant for all the analysis(1).
K. L. Apedo at al. (2015) investigated on the cement paste surface roughness by using SCM.
They have studied about the polished and unpolished surfaces on the cement surfaces with the
help of CSI and SCM techniques. The polished specimens are being casted and cured for a period
of about 140 days for SCM technique, similarly for CSI method the curing was done for about
165 days. Unpolished samples were cured for a period of about 150 days and 165 days for the
purpose of SCM and CSI techniques respectively. Further, the results were compared and found
that there was a better correlation when compared with the cement paste polished specimens(2).
Clint P et al. (2015) studied on the particle size with the help of automated scanning electron
microscopy and acoustic attenuation spectroscopy instruments. They have investigated the
complex particle size distribution by using the indirect method with two various equipments. It
was observed that by using both the methods the results were almost same. In the Industrial
region, this technique was trickier and demanding whereas, AAS method gave a better result
when compared with PSD(3).
Kumar K S et al. (2015) experimented on the palm ash by replacing it with cement. They had
adopted 10%, 20% and 30% of palm ash as a partial replacement of cement. From the results, it
was observed that by using palm ash gave the better results when compared with the conventional
concrete from the acid resistance test(13).
Ming Liu et al. (2015) studied on the application of thermal analysis, XRD and SEM the
complete behavior of tricalcium silicate by incorporating polycarboxylate superplasticizer. Tests
were conducted for the specimen with and without polycarboxylate. It was observed that the
crystal size were quite lesser when compared with the samples without polycarboxylate. Due to

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 Studies on Durabiltiy and Shrinkage of Concrete By Using Different Methods (State of Art Review)

the disintegrated temperature, the Ca(OH)2 crystals were found to be inferior once after
incorporating the polycarboxylate(14).
Pawel T. Durdzinski et al. (2015) discussed on the new quantification method related to SEM
EDS to evaluate the composition of fly ash and also to know the reaction occurring in the
hydrated cement paste of individual components. Researchers had considered around 70%
volume of alumino silicate and calcium silicates in one the specimen which contains fly ash. In
other specimen, the amount of 55% of calcium rich alumino silicates and the other one with 15%
of phase were added with rich silica only. Comparing the results of these specimens, it was
observed that by adopting the chemical composition of about 70% and 55% gave the better
results in strengthening the fly ash(8).
K. Sarumathi et al. (2015) investigated on the forecasting the long term deflections in
reinforced concrete girders. Using multiscale modeling, the creep compliance is being determined
by including the intrinsic properties and also the details of mix design of concrete. Comparing the
experimental and predicted values using multiscale, it was observed that there was a variation
which was less than 10%(20).
Hongzhi Cui et al. (2015) experimented on the effect of diffusion mechanism and CO2
concentrations on concrete. It was examined that the specimen will have a greater depth of
carbonation when it is exposed to the low concentration of CO2 having 2 to 20%. Inorder to have
a lesser depth of carbonation, around 50 to 100% of high level carbonation is being adopted(7).
B. Vijaya et al. (2015) studied on the strength and durability of concrete by using
manufacturing sand. Researchers have considered full and partial replacement by using M sand.
For the experiments M30, M40 and M50 grades were used. From the results, it was observed that,
in M30 grade around 30% of M sand were used and found that there was a higher compressive
strength. In the same case, M40 and M50 grade gave better results by using 19% and 18% of M
sand respectively. Similarly, for the split tensile strength for the M30, M40 and M50 grades, the
results were found by adopting 28%, 20% and 9% of M sand respectively(24).
Wasim Khaliq et al. (2015) studied on the strength of concrete and by analyzing with the help
of SEM. Researchers had experimented and compared the results between the CACC (Calcium
aluminate and cement concrete) and NSC (Normal strength concrete), there was a loss of
unstressed and lower in temperature when compared to NSC. The initial absolute value of
modulus of elasticity was lesser by 18% when compared with the NSC results(15).
Yuatao Xie et al. (2015) experimented the Interfacial transition zone (ITZ) of model rock
filled with concrete. Several tests were conducted by the researchers to have the knowledge on
aggregate size, water content and flowability. The ITZ were tested by using BSE (Backscatter
Electron) and Nanoindentation method, by comparing both it was observed that the porosity and
modulus of elasticity fetched the better results with the help of mechanical properties which
derived by having those empirical values. It was also stated that there was a decrease in modulus
of elasticity by improving the porosity of the material(27).
Alexander Michel et al. (2014) investigated on the penetration of corrosion products with the
help of Non destructive testing, FEM, X ray attenuation and Digital image correction (DIC).
The test was conducted by using these techniques on the specimen and the comparison were
made on the experimental and empirical values which showed a good correlation between the two
results. X ray attenuation and DIC were used to analyze the cementitious matrix which was
coated with the corrosion products. It was concluded that there was a non uniform of corrosion
in the steel and the matrix and at the same time cracking had also occurred in it(16).
B. D. Ellis et al. (2014) studied on the multiscale modeling of Ultra high performance of
concrete due to blast loading. By using the experimental values in the multiscale modeling, the
two different types of scales were developed. In this model, the blast loading was resisted by

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 K. Sarumathi and Dr. S. Elavenil

having a single length scale. The various parameters were determined such as compressive
strength, tensile strength and Elastic stiffness along with SEM(9).
Jian Ping Zuo et al. (2014) studied the behavior of offset notch basalt cracking with the
help of three point bending point. The SEM in-situ evaluation was carried by having a various
offset notch locations for the basalt bearings. The crack developed in the basalt due to the
compressive stress had notified by using the SEM images(28).
Kenney Ng et al. (2014) investigated on the damage occurred in the cementitious materials by
using SEM imaging, Ultrasonic wave scattering techniques and Micromechanics analysis. The
internal frost damage were noted and observed which had initiated due to the capillary pores,
further it had extended to cracking of the specimen. The results obtained from the SEM and
XFEM were compared and where the XFEM technique has more capability of predicting the
behavior of crack in the cement based materials due to internal frost(12).
Liberato Ferrara et al. (2014) determined the crack by conducting several tests which had
formed mainly due to the pre cracking and post conditioning normal stress. The formation of
crack and healing of the surfaces on the concrete were found by SEM imaging and EDS analyses.
It was observed that around 70% to 80% of the concrete surface gets healed(11).
Mahmoud Khashaa Mohammed et al. (2014) studied on the Macro or Micro pore structure
characteristics. The presence of macro/micro porosity in Self compacting concrete is not related
with the chloride penetration resistivity. The Interfacial transition zone (ITZ) plays an important
role for the degree of percolation. The same was identified in the SEM and EDX techniques(17).
Michal Pomianows Ki et al. (2014) examined the specific heat of inhomogeneous concrete
material with incorporated microencapsulated PCM. Several methods were used to evaluate the
specific heat viz., Theoretical method, Simple method, Numerical simple method and Inverse
method. Out of these, it was observed that the two methods such as Numerical simple and Inverse
method gave the better and satisfactory results when compared to others(18).
Sungchul Bae et al. (2014) investigated about the characterization of morphology and the
hydration of High volume fly ash (HFVA) paste by using - SXRD (Monochromatic scanning
x ray micro diffraction). From the observation, it was concluded that C-S-H in HFVA was
less when related it to PC (Portland cement). Due to the presence of outer products bounded by
the fly ash can affect the mechanical properties of HFVA which tries to prevent the hydration
process by dissolving the Caions and alkali ions(4).
B. Vijaya et al. (2013) state that the mix with manufacturing sand as 100% fine aggregate
gives initial workability of 170mm, which is much higher than that of the mixes with 100% river
sand (RS) and crusher dust. The standard mix with 100% manufactured sand has exhibited much
higher compressive strength 53 MPa. The standard mix with 100% of river sand has exhibited
compressive strength of 49MPa, 7.5% lower than that of manufactured sand. Research findings
concluded that, compared to concrete made from river sand, high fines concrete generally had
higher flexural strength, improved abrasion resistance, and higher unit weight & lower
permeability due to fillings the pores with micro fines(25).
B. Vidivelli et al. (2010) examined the fly ash concrete by determining various strength
parameters and SEM analysis. Researchers have considered neyvelli fly ash of about 10%, 20%,
30% and 40% and it is being tested at the age of 28, 45, 60, 90 and 180 days. The results were
compared with the conventional concrete, it was observed that around 20% of fly ash can be
replaced as cement in the concrete to get a better results(23).
Shuangzhen Wang et al. (2008) studied on the Biomass fly ash in concrete. Researchers had
taken 25% of fly ash and the rest 75% of cement. There would be a presence of pozzolanic
reactions in the greater relative surface area due to the high iron content. Similarly, the smaller
size particles of fly ash particles can be found mainly due to the high resistivity(26).

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 Studies on Durabiltiy and Shrinkage of Concrete By Using Different Methods (State of Art Review)

Paul Stutzman (2004) investigated on the hydraulic cement microstructure by using SEM
analysis. When compared between the finer grained phases and coarse grained phases, the
finer grained will give a higher surface area per unit mass. By having the SEM and QXRD
results, the cement based material properties can be developed and the simulation model can be
processed by having the mechanical properties(21).
S. Sahu et al. (2004) studied the behavior of water cement ratio on hardened concrete. The
known water cement ratio gave the better results which had obtained from SEM analysis. Using
Standardized florescence microscopy, the unknown w/c was examined and it was identified that
the results were higher than 1.0%(19).
J. Bisschop et al. (2002) worked on the three different destructive methods. In one of the
specimen, the impregnation was applied before creating a cross section. In the second
specimen, after creating a cross section the impregnation was applied to it. In the third case, the
specimen was kept wet continuously and then used for testing by using ESEM. When compared
with all the three results, it was observed that first specimen was more reliable than the other two
specimens. If there is any presence of microcracks in the specimen, it can be impregnated and
easily identified(6).

4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, it is concluded that fly ash is being used in most of the construction material which
is very eco - friendly. Several investigations were carried out by the various researchers on the
materials which can be incorporated in the concrete as a part such as fly ash, glass spheres, latex
spheres and so on. They had mainly concentrated on the fresh cement properties and various
strength parameters. The other investigations is also being done everywhere all over the country
to identify and study the reaction methods and its concrete matrix with the help of SEM, XRD,
AAS and other Nano indentation techniques. Now a days, researchers are mainly focusing on the
improvement of the strength and quality of the concrete.

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