URBAN UPGRADING

Characteristics of Stressed Communities

Lack of basic services
Insecure or unclear tenure of land
Low household incomes
Dependence upon informal work opportunities

Urban Upgrading as a Response

Objectives
Improve overall conditions
Safeguard from displacement
Encourage self-rehabilitation
Stimulate small business expansion
Ensure affordability

Factors to Consider
Scale of the problem
Severity of conditions
Tenure
Community participation
Institutional framework
Financial structure

Types of Upgrading Programs

Community Infrastructure
Simple and rapid
Poor environmental conditions poor, secure tenure
Cost less per capita
Benefits per household low
Financed by municipal taxes and user charges
Comprises of physical improvements such as footpaths, sanitation, water supply,
drainage
Lot titling
Minimal infrastructure
Fairly good environmental conditions, insecure tenure
Establishes secure of tenure
On-plot services such as wells and sanitation provided by individual household
Low public investment
Comprehensive Upgrading
Combines community infrastructure and lot titling
Poor environmental conditions, insecure tenure

HOUSING 1 JGPL2016
Module 07: Urban Upgrading
 Greater administrative requirements and community involvement
Costly but benefits per household great
Include individual service connections

National Upgrading Programs require guidelines for assessing the positive and negative impacts
of projects on the natural resource base.

Properly planned and implemented upgrading at local and national levels can improve
depressed communities, stimulate residents to improve their own homes, and make the
community an integral part of the urban fabric.

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HOUSING 2 JGPL2016
Module 07: Urban Upgrading