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3Onewayreinforcedconcreteslab

3.2.3Onewayreinforcedconcreteslab

Products:Abaqus/StandardAbaqus/Explicit

ThisproblemillustratestheuseofthesmearedcrackmodelinAbaqus/Standardandthebrittlecracking
modelinAbaqus/Explicitforthemodelingofreinforcedconcrete,includingcrackingoftheconcrete,
rebar/concreteinteractionusingthetensionstiffeningconcept,andrebaryield.Thestructuremodeledis
asimplysupportedslab,reinforcedinonedirectiononly.Theslabissubjectedtofourpointbending.The
localenergyreleaseandtheconcreterebarinteractionthatoccurastheconcretebeginstocrackareof
majorimportanceindeterminingthestructure'sresponsebetweenitsinitial,recoverabledeformationand
itscollapse.TheproblemisbasedonanexperimentbyJainandKennedy(1974)andhasbeenanalyzed
numericallybyothers(GilbertandWarner,1978,andCrisfield,1982).

Problemdescription

ThedimensionsoftheslabandthelayoutofthereinforcementsareshowninFigure3.2.31.The
symmetryoftheproblemsuggeststhatonlyhalftheslabneedstobemodeled.

WeassumethattheresponseisessentiallyonedimensionalbutmodeltheslabinAbaqus/Standardasa
beam,asashell,asacontinuum,andasacontinuumshelltoprovideverificationofthereinforced
concretemodelingcapabilities.Theresponsewillbeuniforminthecentralsectionoftheslab,soasimple
meshwillsuffice.Thebeamandshellmodelsusefiveelementsinthehalfslab.Thenumberofconcrete
integrationpointsthroughthethicknessoftheslabissettonineinsteadofthedefaultoffivepoints.This
providesasmootherresponseasthecrackspropagatethroughthethickness.

Thesolidelementmodelsusesecondorderelementsorreducedintegrationlinearelements,becausethisis
abendingproblemandthefirstorderfullyintegratedelementsdoapoorjobofmodelingbending.Two
secondorderelementsareusedthroughthethicknessoftheslabsotherewillbeenoughstresscalculation
pointsthroughthethicknessfortheresponsetobereasonablysmooth(asinthebeamandshellmodels).
Fiveelementsareagainusedalongthehalfslab.Becausebendingistheprimarymodeofdeformation,a
minimumoffourreducedintegrationlinearelements(C3D8RorCPS4R)areneededthroughthethickness
ofthemodeltocapturetheresponseadequately.FourdifferentCPS4Rmeshesareusedtoassessthe
sensitivityoftheresultstomeshrefinement:a410mesh,a420mesh,an810mesh,anda440
mesh.

Material

ThematerialpropertiesaretakenfromGilbertandWarner(1978)andareshowninTable3.2.31.The
concretecrackingmodelinAbaqus/Explicitallowsunlimitedstrengthincompression.Thisisareasonable
assumptioninthisproblem,becausethebehaviorofthestructureisdominatedbycrackingduetotension
intheslabunderbending.

Theeffectsoftheconcreterebarinteractionandtheenergyreleaseduringcrackingaremodeledindirectly
inAbaqusbyaddingtensionstiffeningtotheplainconcretemodel,asillustratedinFigure3.2.32.This
approachisdescribedindetailinAninelasticconstitutivemodelforconcrete,Section4.5.1ofthe
AbaqusTheoryManual,andConcretesmearedcracking,Section23.6.1oftheAbaqusAnalysisUser's
Manual,forAbaqus/StandardandinAcrackingmodelforconcreteandotherbrittlematerials,Section
4.5.3oftheAbaqusTheoryManual,andCrackingmodelforconcrete,Section23.6.2oftheAbaqus
AnalysisUser'sManual,forAbaqus/Explicit.Thesimplesttensionstiffeningmodel,alinearreductionin
thetensilestrengthbeyondcrackingfailureoftheconcrete,isusedinthisproblem,following

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Crisfield(1982).Toillustratetheeffectoftensionstiffeningparametersontheexplicitdynamicresponse,
threedifferentvalues(5104,8104,and11104)areusedintheAbaqus/Explicitanalysisforthe
strainbeyondfailureatwhichallthetensilestrengthoftheconcreteislost.TheAbaqus/Standardanalysis
usesavalueof5.7104(about10timesthefailurestrain),atypicalassumptionforstandardreinforced
concretedesignsthatgivesareasonablematchtotheexperimentallymeasuredresponseoftheslab.For
illustrationpurposestheAbaqus/Standardanalysesarealsorunwithouttensionstiffeningeffects,although
thisisnotrecommendedasamodelforpracticalcases.

Sincetheexplicitdynamicprobleminvolvespurebending,theresponseiscontrolledbythematerial
behaviornormaltothecrackplanes.Thematerial'sshearbehaviorintheplaneofthecracksisnot
important.Thus,thechoiceofshearretentioninAbaqus/Explicithasaminimalinfluenceontheresults,
providedthatareasonablevalueisused.Wehavechosentouseashearretentionthatisexhaustedata
valueofcrackopeningthatis100timesthevalueatwhichthetensionstiffeningisexhausted.

Solutioncontrolparametersandloading

Reinforcedconcretesolutionsinvolveregimeswheretheloaddisplacementresponseisunstable.TheRiks
procedureinAbaqus/Standard,describedinModifiedRiksalgorithm,Section2.3.2oftheAbaqus
TheoryManual,isdesignedtoovercomedifficultiesassociatedwithobtainingsolutionsduringunstable
phasesoftheresponse.Itassumesproportionalloadinganddevelopsthesolutionbysteppingalongthe
loaddisplacementequilibriumlinewiththeloadmagnitudeincludedasanunknown.WhentheRiks
methodisused,therelativemagnitudesofthevariousloadsgivenonthedatalinesspecifytheloading
pattern.Theactualmagnitudesarecomputedaspartofthesolution.Theusermustprescribeloadsand
providesolutionparametersthatwillgiveareasonableestimateoftheinitialincrementofload.Ifthe
responseislinear,thisfirstincrementofloadwillbetheratiooftheinitialtimeincrementtothetime
period,multipliedbytheactualloadmagnitude.Iftheresponseisnonlinear,theinitialloadincrementwill
besomewhatdifferent,dependingonthedegreeofnonlinearity.Theterminationconditionfortheanalysis
issetinthiscasebyspecifyingamaximumrequireddisplacementinthemiddleofthestepas9mm
(.35in).Thisisenoughtoensurethatalimitconditionisreached.

SinceAbaqus/Explicitisadynamicanalysisprogramandinthiscaseweareinterestedinastaticsolution,
caremustbetakenthattheslabisloadedsuchthatsignificantinertiaeffectsareavoided.Foranalysessuch
asthisone,inwhichthestaticloaddisplacementresponseisunstable,itmaybedifficulttoavoidinertia
effectswithadynamicprocedureifforcecontrolledloadingisused(eveniftheforcesarerampedon
slowly).Displacementcontrolledloadingisoftenaviablealternative.Inthisproblemtheslabisloadedby
applyingavelocitythatincreaseslinearlyfrom0.0to5.0in/secondover0.1seconds.Thisloadingcausesa
midspandeflectionofapproximately0.3in.Theloadingisslowenoughtoensurethatquasistatic
solutionsareobtained.

Theboundaryconditionsaresymmetricabout (allnodesalong have prescribed)and,

fortheC3D8Rmodels,symmetricabout 1.5in(allnodesalong 1.5inhave
prescribed).Allthenodesalongthebottomedge( 0.75in)at 15inaregiventheconditionthat
.

Resultsanddiscussion

Resultsforallanalysesarediscussedinthefollowingsections.
Abaqus/Standardresults

TheAbaqus/Standardanalysesarecomparedwiththeexperimentalresponseonthebasisofthedeflection
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atthemiddleoftheslabplottedversusthemomentperunitwidthonthatsectionoftheslab.Figure3.2.3
3showstheanalysesthatdonotincludetensionstiffening,andFigure3.2.34showsthosethatdoinclude
tensionstiffeninginthemannerdescribedaboveforthebeam,shell,andcontinuummodels.The
experimentaldataobtainedbyJainandKennedy(1974)arealsoplottedonthesefigures.Intheanalysis
withouttensionstiffeningtheinitialcrackingoftheconcretecausesalossofstrengthintheslab,whilethe
inclusionoftensionstiffeningeliminatesthisdropinloadeventhoughtheconcreteiscracking.Thecracks
propagaterapidlythroughtheslab,untilcollapseoccursastherebaryields.Thecollapseloadiswell
predictedbyallthemodels,andthevariousgeometricmodelsarereasonablyconsistentbothwithand
withouttensionstiffening.Theimprovementinpredictingtheactualresponseobtainedfromincluding
tensionstiffeningisobviouswhenthetwofiguresarecompared,graphicallyillustratingtheneedfor
includingthiseffectinthemodel.

TheresultsforthecontinuumshellelementanalysisaresimilartoresultsobtainedfromtheS8Rmodel.
Abaqus/Explicitresults

Figure3.2.35showsthe420meshthatwasusedintheAbaqus/Explicitanalysis.Figure3.2.36shows
thedeformedshapeat 0.1,whichisthepointoffullloadapplication.

Theloaddeflectionresponseoftheslabforthefourdifferentmeshdensitiesusingatensionstiffening
valueof8104andCPS4RelementsisshowninFigure3.2.37.Mesheswith10elementsalongthe
lengthpredictaslightlyhigherlimitloadthanthemeshwith20elementsalongthelength.Themeshwith
40elementsalongthelengthoftheslabgivesresultsthatarenearlyidenticaltothosegivenbythemesh
with20elements.Thetensionstiffeningstudydescribednextis,therefore,performedusingthe420
mesh.

Theresultsusingthe420meshofCPS4RelementsarecomparedtotheexperimentaldatainFigure
3.2.38forthreedifferentvaluesoftensionstiffening.Itisclearthatthelesstensionstiffeningused,the
softertheloaddeflectionresponsewillbeduringthecrackingoftheconcrete.Themiddlevalueoftension
stiffeningappearstomatchtheexperimentaldatabest.Theloaddeflectionresponsesduringthelatterpart
oftheanalysesarealmostentirelygovernedbytheyieldintherebarandare,therefore,nearlyindependent
ofthetensionstiffening.

Theresultsusingthe420meshofC3D8Relementswiththevariousvaluesoftensionstiffeningare
comparedwiththeexperimentaldatainFigure3.2.39.Theresultsusinga210meshofS4Relements
withthevariousvaluesoftensionstiffeningarecomparedwiththeexperimentaldatainFigure3.2.310.
TheresultsforbothC3D8RandS4RelementsaresimilartothoseobtainedwiththeCPS4Relements.

Inputfiles

Abaqus/Standardinputfiles

onewayconcreteslab_b21.inp

Slabmodeledasabeamwithtensionstiffening.

onewayconcreteslab_s8r.inp

SlabmodeledwithshellelementsoftypeS8Rwithtensionstiffening.

onewayconcreteslab_cps8.inp

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SlabusingelementtypeCPS8(planestress)withtensionstiffening.

onewayconcreteslab_cpe8.inp

SlabusingelementtypeCPE8(planestrain)withtensionstiffening.

onewayconcreteslab_c3d20.inp

SlabusingelementtypeC3D20withtensionstiffening.

onewayconcreteslab_sc8r.inp

SlabmodeledwithshellelementsoftypeSC8Rwithouttensionstiffening.
Abaqus/Explicitinputfiles

jainkennedy1.inp

Slabmodeledwith40CPS4Relements(410mesh)usingatensionstiffeningvalueof8.0104.

jainkennedy2.inp

Slabmodeledwith80CPS4Relements(420mesh)usingatensionstiffeningvalueof8104.

jainkennedy3.inp

Slabmodeledwith80CPS4Relements(810mesh)usingatensionstiffeningvalueof8104.

jainkennedy4.inp

Slabmodeledwith80CPS4Relements(420mesh)usingatensionstiffeningvalueof5104.

jainkennedy5.inp

Slabmodeledwith80CPS4Relements(420mesh)usingatensionstiffeningvalueof11104.

jainkennedy6.inp

Slabmodeledwith80C3D8Relements(420mesh)usingatensionstiffeningvalueof5104.

jainkennedy7.inp

Slabmodeledwith80C3D8Relements(420mesh)usingatensionstiffeningvalueof8104.

jainkennedy8.inp

Slabmodeledwith80C3D8Relements(420mesh)usingatensionstiffeningvalueof11104.

jainkennedy9.inp

Slabmodeledwith160CPS4Relements(440mesh)usingatensionstiffeningvalueof8104.
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jainkennedy10.inp

Slabmodeledwith20S4Relements(210mesh)usingatensionstiffeningvalueof5104.

jainkennedy11.inp

Slabmodeledwith20S4Relements(210mesh)usingatensionstiffeningvalueof8104.

jainkennedy12.inp

Slabmodeledwith20S4Relements(210mesh)usingatensionstiffeningvalueof11104.

References

Crisfield,M.A.,VariableStepLengthsforNonlinearStructuralAnalysis,Report1049,Transport
andRoadResearchLab,Crowthorne,England,1982.

Gilbert,R.J.,andR.F.Warner,TensionStiffeninginReinforcedConcreteSlabs,Journalof
StructuralDivision,AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineering,vol.104,ST12,pp.18851900,1978.

Jain,S.C.,andJ.B.Kennedy,YieldCriterionforReinforcedConcreteSlabs,JournalofStructural
Division,AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineering,vol.100,ST3,pp.631644,1974.
Table

Table3.2.31Assumedmaterialpropertiesforonewayslab.Reinforcementratio(volumeofsteel:
volumeofconcrete)7.2103.

Concreteproperties
Young'smodulus: 29GPa(4.2106lb/in2)
Poisson'sratio: 0.18
Yieldstress: 18.4MPa(2670lb/in2)
Failurestress: 32MPa(4640lb/in2)
Plasticstrainatfailure: 1.3103
Ratioofuniaxialtensiletocompressivefailurestress: 6.25102
Density: 2400kg/m3(2.246104lbfs2/in4)
Crackingfailurestress: 2MPa(290lb/in2)
IntheAbaqus/Explicitanalysestensionstiffeningisassumedasalineardecreaseofthestresstozero
stressatadirectcrackingstrainof5104,8104,or11104.
Steel(rebar)properties
Young'smodulus: 200GPa(29106lb/in2)
Yieldstress: 220MPa(31900lb/in2)(Perfectlyplastic)

Figures

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Figure3.2.31Onewayreinforcedconcreteslab.

Figure3.2.32Tensionstiffeningeffect.

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Figure3.2.33Momentdeflectionresponsewithnotensionstiffening(Abaqus/Standard).

Figure3.2.34Momentdeflectionresponsewithtensionstiffening(Abaqus/Standard).

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Figure3.2.35UndeformedCPS4R420mesh(Abaqus/Explicit).

Figure3.2.36DeformedCPS4Rmesh(Abaqus/Explicit).Deformationismagnifiedbyafactorof5.

Figure3.2.37MomentdeflectionresponseofJainandKennedyslabinfluenceofmeshrefinement.
CPS4Relements(Abaqus/Explicit).

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Figure3.2.38MomentdeflectionresponseofJainandKennedyslabinfluenceoftensionstiffeningon4
20mesh.CPS4Relements(Abaqus/Explicit).

Figure3.2.39MomentdeflectionresponseofJainandKennedyslabinfluenceoftensionstiffeningon4
20mesh.C3D8Relements(Abaqus/Explicit).

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Figure3.2.310MomentdeflectionresponseofJainandKennedyslabinfluenceoftensionstiffeningon
210mesh.S4Relements(Abaqus/Explicit).

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