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Pathophysiology
Airflow through a narrowed or compressed segment of a small airway
becomes turbulent, causing vibration of airway walls; this vibration
produces the sound of wheezing.
Etiology
Small airway narrowing may be caused by bronchoconstriction,
mucosal
Asthma COPD
But wheezing may occur in other disorders affecting the small airways,
including heart failure (cardiac asthma), anaphylaxis, and toxic
inhalation. Sometimes, healthy patients manifest wheezing during a
bout of acute bronchitis. In children, bronchiolitis
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Demam.
Fever appears to have evolved in vertebrate hosts as
an adaptive mechanism for controlling infection. This
phenomenon is produced by certain exogenous
(largely microbial) stimuli that activated bone-marrow-
derived phagocytes to release a fever-inducing
hormone (endogenous pyrogen). Endogenous
pyrogen, in turn, circulates to the thermoregulatory
center of the brain (preoptic area of the anterior
hypothalamus) where it causes an elevation in the
"set-point" for normal body temperature. Warm
blooded animals produced fever by increasing heat
production (through shivering) or reducing heat loss
(by peripheral vasoconstriction), whereas cold blooded
animals do so only by behavioral mechanisms
(seeking a warmer environment). This paper discusses
current concepts that involve the mechanism of
endogenous pyrogen production, the role of central
transmittors, and the probable function of fever in
combating disease.