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The 1998 version was contributed to in 2005 by Victoria Cheng, Alison Chew, Chen Kean Choy,
Sue Ann Loh, Kelvin Lye & Siew Lee Shu, and in 2006 by Vanessa Tee, Priya, Desmond Ong,
Chin Jong Khen and Chua Su Ling
Document: A2O-ED-IG-RE-0004-02
Elaborated versus restricted codes of language are important ways of identifying and thinking
about language use. That is, people who are well educated or well read might use longer, more
complex sentences and have a greater vocabulary at their disposal (elaborated code), as
compared to others, whose speech may be less varied (restricted code).
In Australia, most people use informal speech: slang, or colloquial English. Some people use it
more often than others, but most people use it, especially in informal situations, regardless of
whether their usual code is restricted or elaborated. Sociolinguistics shows us how some slang
belongs to certain age groups, or people with certain educational backgrounds, and so on.
Some Australian people use American slang, but certainly we have a great deal of slang and
informal speech that is unique to us and is not shared by other English speakers. The specific
form of English (with all of its slang included) used in Australia is referred to as Australian English.
Slang is shaped by the culture of the people, and its use is contextually dependent. Many things
that we say to each other have historical roots, or come from our environment, like sayings based
on references to the weather or animals or plants that are from here. Some slang is specific to a
particular state or to the country as opposed to the city, and so on. Informal speech makes it
difficult to learn a new language because it is often not written down anywhere; if it is written
down it is fairly meaningless if taken out of context.
Australian slang is often based on rude or vulgar words. However, the meaning may be quite the
opposite. To give an example, one man might say to another, you old bastard!. That would not
necessarily mean that the person was elderly, or had parents who were not married to each other.
If said with a smile or a slap on the back, it is a term of affection; if said in anger, it means that an
argument might be about to happen; if said with a sly grin it might mean that the person is
cunning or clever. Nonverbal communication used together with slang is often very important in
correctly interpreting what the slang words actually mean.
However, this way of speaking is not sufficient if it is the only way in which you know how to
speak. You need to be able to interact with Australian colleagues and reception staff, members of
the community, your teachers and mentors. If you speak very formally all the time, you may
discover that people dont warm to you. They may feel uncomfortable with your interaction. They
may also perceive that you dont understand what they are saying. Therefore, they might restrict
their language to a very basic, formal level in response to yours. This is not a good start in building
rapport between you and other people, and it is not good for the development of your language
skills because you wont get to hear everyday Australian English.
You also need to know slang because you have to talk to patients. You are expected to listen to
people, understand them, and be able to accommodate their language level. An important skill for
you as the doctor is the ability to engage this such language accommodation, to be able to
communicate with a patient so that they understand you; doing so will foster the relationship
between you.
A GP is expected not only to master the appropriate communication skills to be a doctor, such as
rapport, open-ended questions and so on, but also to have a level of English-language proficiency
that is adequate for their doctor-patient interactions. Your proficiency must encompass not only
technical jargon, but everyday, informal language as well. Patients will often use polite forms of
language with the doctor, but their vocabulary may sometimes be limited to slang. During times of
emotional distress, patients may revert to speech that they have learned earlier in life, or which
they commonly use in their everyday life. This will include slang.
Below are two strategies you can use when you dont understand:
1. Simply ask them what they mean. There is nothing at all wrong with doing this.
2. Use your knowledge of communications skills to summarise what they have said as you
understand it. That way, if you are mistaken they can tell you so.
1. Ask the patient what they mean. Ensure that you use open ended questions, to facilitate
rapport and openness. For example, you might ask, Im not sure what you mean by that;
are you able to explain it for me? or, Im not familiar with that word/phrase, what does it
mean? Similarly, you could summarise what the patient has said as you have understood
it, so that they can tell you if you are mistaken.
3. After the consult, or when you have a list of words, take your notebook with you to your
mentor, or someone who you trust, and ask them what it means.
So, what specifically can you do to gain some idea of our informal language?
1. Talk to people. Talk to your friends and colleagues. This is not as easily done as said,
but you will discover that usually the effort in overcoming your fear or nerves will be
repaid in many ways. You might find out that there are some people who are quite happy
to share their knowledge of informal language with you.
2. Participate actively in your community. If you have time, try to join a sporting club, or
a social club or organisation. Not only will it help you become part of your community, it is
a good way of finding out about how people speak in your immediate context. Other ways
you might find of doing this are by actively participating in activities that your childrens
school put together, or by going to the pub for a drink or a meal
3. Notice what people say. Keep an exercise book of words that you hear people, in your
immediate context and region, or in the media, which you dont understand. Then ask
someone what the words mean and write the meanings down next to them. Be sure to
find out what the term means, who would be most likely to use it, under what
circumstances, and to whom.
Keep building on the list, and eventually you will have a good resource of informal
language specific to your region. We encourage you to share them with other IMGs by
forwarding your lists to Adelaide to Outback; we will update the lists in the rear of this
handbook, so that the resource continues to be valid and useful.
Remember, this is not an exhaustive list by any means. It is meant to serve as a reference for you.
Add colloquialisms of your own where you find that they are not included here.
The index, which commences on the next page, will provide you with a list in alphabetical order,
which will help you to find the words and phrases that you need with ease.
Amber fluid Get some amber fluid into yer Beer (old fashioned, rural)
Back
Anus
passage
Word Context of Use Meaning/ other notes
Birds Birds are all the same. Women/ females. (old fashioned)
Bogans The place was full of bogans. White trash, people in low socioeconomic areas
Boys/ girls
Visit the little boys room Bathroom/ toilet
room
Brekkie Breakfast
Bricks short
Hes two bricks short of a load Lacking in intellect/ a bit stupid
of a load
Buckleys You know how many chances You dont have much chance
youve got dont yer? Buckleys
and none.
Disappointing.
Bummer What a bummer
Used by younger people.
Bun in the
Shes got a bun in the oven Pregnant
oven
Anxiety, nervousness.
Butterflies Ive got butterflies in my stomach
Females probably say this more than males.
Cancer
I bought some cancer sticks Cigarettes (old fashioned) (mainly rural)
sticks
Cheers Thanks
Chook = chicken
Chook Like a chook with its head cut off
chook with its head cut off = flustered
Chunder I chundered all over the floor. Vomit (mostly younger people)
Cotton
Gave me complete cotton mouth. Dry mouth
mouth
Counted
Shes counting sheep Sleeping/ fell asleep
sheep
Crack the
He cracked the whip Working hard
whip
Cut
[persons] The bugger cut Dicks lunch. Steal someones partner
lunch
Dogs
dinner, done Im done like a dogs dinner Tiredness (old fashioned)
like a
Done and
All done and dusted Deliberately forget about things. (old fashioned)
dusted
Disappointing.
Downer What a downer.
Used by younger people.
Oh you drongo!
Drongo Idiot
Im not a bloody drongo!
Fair to
Im fair to middling Feeling alright (old fashioned)
middling
Fish out of
I felt like a fish out of water Alien or out of place
water
Fit as a
Im fit as a fiddle Feeling good/ fit/ well
fiddle
Flat as a
She seemed flat as a tack Sad, depressed. Can also mean tired.
tack
Frog I have a frog in my throat Sore throat that affects the voice
Front
Problem with the front passage Trouble with urinary tract, usually passing urine
passage
Gammy She has a gammy leg Immobile, damaged, painful (old fashioned)
Goog Egg
Mentally unwell
Hatter Mad as a hatter
Used in the third person.
Head down,
Working hard
bum up
Hell for
She was going hell for leather Very fast
leather
Hell for
Working hard
leather
Home and
Its home and hosed Finished
hosed
Hubbie/Hubby Husband
Kids Children
Lights are
on but no- Lacking in intellect/ a bit stupid
ones home
Like a
She smokes like a chimney Heavy smoke
chimney
Like a fish She drinks like a fish Drinks a lot of alcohol, alcoholic
Mentally unwell
Loopy Shes loopy
Used in the third person.
Lurgey Ive got the lurgey An illness going around at the time
Mental Chuck a mental Got very angry. Usually used by younger people.
Mr Wobbly Penis
Nick off Why dont you just nick off! Go away (used in argument)
Nose to the
Working hard
grindstone
Mentally unwell
Nuts Hes nuts
Used in the third person.
Off his head He was totally off his head Affected by drugs
Off the
He was off the planet Affected by drugs
planet
One-eyed
trouser Penis
snake
Over and
Its all over and done with Finished
done with
Over the
Im over the moon Very Happy
moon
Paint the
Go out and get drunk
town red
Pale as a Im/ he/ she is/ was pale as a Someone looked unwell or, depending on
ghost ghost context
Passed
She passed away Died
away
Pee Urine
Percy Penis
Pins and Ive got pins and needles in my Tingling/numbness in the limbs. Used by
needles finger! absolutely everybody.
Poo Faeces
Pop off I popped off! Pass flatulence (esp with young children)
Quack Doctor
Rocket
Shes not a rocket scientist Lacking in intellect/ a bit stupid
scientist
Run down Ive been feeling run down Unwell and tired
Sandwich
short of a Hes a sandwich short of a picnic. Lacking in intellect/ a bit stupid
picnic
Screamed
Got very angry and yelled a lot.
the place She screamed the place down
Usually used in the third person.
down
Shag on a
I felt like a shag on a rock Alien or out of place (old fashioned)
rock
Shoot
She just shot through To leave
through
Shrink Psychiatrist
Sick as a
I am sick as a dog Very unwell
dog
Six foot
Shes six foot under Dead
under
Snag short
Lacking in intellect/ a bit stupid
of a barbie
Sore thumb She stuck out like a sore thumb Alien or out of place
Its all gone south Things are going badly and will probably get
South
Its all south from here worse (old fashioned)
Spend a
I need to go spend a penny. Urine/ go to the toilet (old fashioned, rural)
penny
Im gonna spew
Spew Vomit.
I spewed
Angry.
Spewing She was spewing
Used by younger people.
Splitting
I have a splitting head Headache
head
Stiff as a
Im as stiff as a board Have stiff or aching muscles.
board
Tea Do you wanna come over for tea? Dinner, evening meal
Technicolour
Vomit (older)
yawn
Ticker The old ticker Heart. Used more often by older people.
Overconfident/ arrogant
Shes got tickets on herself
Tickets Used in the third person
Hes got tickets
Can be used as an insult.
Toot (sound
Just goin to the toot! Toilet
like book)
Top of the
Im on top of the world Very happy
world
Two bob
Hes two bob short Lacking in intellect/ a bit stupid (old fashioned)
short
Under the
Sweep it under the carpet Deliberately forget about things. (old fashioned)
carpet
Under the
Its all under the table Deliberately forget about things. (old fashioned).
table
Under the
It was done under the table Not in accordance with the rules
table
Thats unreal!
Unreal Oh, unreal! Excellent, very good
I had an unreal time
Overconfident/ arrogant.
Up him/her- Hes up himself
Used in the third person.
self Shes up himself
Can be used as an insult.
Up shit We were really up shit creek
creek
In a difficult situation (vulgar)
[without a He was up shit creek without a
paddle] paddle
Up the duff Shes up the duff again Pregnant (younger, low socioeconomic)
I wagged
Wag Miss school illegally
I wagged it
White balls
He stuck out like white balls on a Alien or out of place (vulgar)
on a black
black dog (rural)
dog
Thats wicked!
Wicked Oh, wicked! Excellent, very good
I had a wicked time
Wild goose
Shes gone on a wild goose chase Misled
chase
Wired to the
Completely wired to the ground. Affected by drugs, specifically marijuana
ground
Got angry.
Wobbly He chucked a wobbly
Used by/ to younger people.
Work like a
Work hard
dog
Other resources and lists of words you mind find useful include:
Hunt, Ken. 1993. The Xenophobes Guide to the Aussie. Ravette Books: Sussex.
Lambast, J (ed). 2000. Macquarie Book of Slang; Australian Slang in the Noughties. Macquarie
University Press: Sydney.