ENVIRONMENT

Environment is the sum total of conditions that surrounds us at a given point of time and
space. It is comprised of the interacting systems of physical, biological and cultural elements
which are interlinked both individually and collectively. Our environment is constantly
changing. There is no denying that. However, as our environment changes, so does the need
to become increasingly aware of the problems that surround it. With a massive influx of
natural disasters, warming and cooling periods, different types of weather patterns and much
more, people need to be aware of what types of environmental problems our planet is facing.
One of the environmental problems is greenhouse effect.

The "greenhouse effect" of the atmosphere is named by analogy to greenhouses which get
warmer in sunlight. The explanation given in most sources for the warmer temperature in an
actual greenhouse is that incident solar radiation in the visible, long-wavelength ultraviolet,
and short-wavelength infrared range of the spectrum passes through the glass roof and walls
and is absorbed by the floor, earth, and contents, which become warmer and re-emit the
energy as longer-wavelength infrared radiation. Glass and other materials used for
greenhouse walls do not transmit infrared radiation, so the infrared cannot escape via
radiative transfer. As the structure is not open to the atmosphere, heat also cannot escape via
convection, so the temperature inside the greenhouse rises. The greenhouse effect, due to
infrared-opaque "greenhouse gases" including carbon dioxide and methane instead of glass,
also affects Earth as a whole; there is no convective cooling because no significant amount of
air escapes from Earth.

However, a significant experiment suggests that the mechanism by which the atmosphere
retains heatthe "greenhouse effect"is different; a greenhouse is not primarily warmed by
the "greenhouse effect". A greenhouse works primarily by allowing sunlight to warm surfaces
inside the structure, but then preventing absorbed heat from leaving the structure through
convection. The "greenhouse effect" heats Earth because greenhouse gases absorb outgoing
radiative energy, heating the atmosphere which then emits radiative energy with some of it
going back towards Earth.

A greenhouse is built of any material that passes sunlight, usually glass, or plastic. It mainly
warms up because the sun warms the ground and contents inside, which then warms the air in
the greenhouse. The air continues to heat because it is confined within the greenhouse, unlike
the environment outside the greenhouse where warm air near the surface rises and mixes with
cooler air aloft. This can be demonstrated by opening a small window near the roof of a
greenhouse: the temperature will drop considerably. It was demonstrated experimentally (that
a "greenhouse" with a cover of rock salt (which is transparent to infra red) heats up an
enclosure similarly to one with a glass cover. Thus greenhouses work primarily by preventing
convective cooling.

More recent quantitative studies suggest that the effect of infrared radiative cooling is not
negligibly small, and may have economic implications in a heated greenhouse. Analysis of
issues of near-infrared radiation in a greenhouse with screens of a high coefficient of
reflection concluded that installation of such screens reduced heat demand by about 8%, and
application of dyes to transparent surfaces was suggested. Composite less-reflective glass, or
less effective but cheaper anti-reflective coated simple glass, also produced savings.

By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are:

water vapor, 3670%

carbon dioxide, 926%

methane, 49%

ozone, 37%

It is not physically realistic to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption
and emission bands of the gases overlap (hence the ranges given above). The major non-gas
contributor to Earth's greenhouse effect, clouds, also absorb and emit infrared radiation and
thus have an effect on the radiative properties of the atmosphere.

The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms
the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere.[1][2]

If a planet's atmosphere contains radiatively active gases atmosphere will radiate energy in all
directions. Part of this radiation is directed towards the surface, warming it. The downward
component of this radiation that is, the strength of the greenhouse effect will depend on
the atmosphere's temperature and on the amount of greenhouse gases that the atmosphere
contains.

On Earth, the atmosphere is warmed by absorption of infrared thermal radiation from the
underlying surface, absorption of shorter wavelength radiant energy from the sun, and
convective heat fluxes from the surface. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere radiate energy,
some of which is directed to the surface and lower atmosphere. The mechanism that produces
this difference between the actual surface temperature and the effective temperature is due to
the atmosphere and is known as the greenhouse effect.

Earths natural greenhouse effect is critical to supporting life. Human activities, primarily the
burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests, have intensified the natural greenhouse effect,
causing global warming.

The mechanism is named after a faulty analogy with the effect of solar radiation passing
through glass and warming a greenhouse. The way a greenhouse retains heat is fundamentally
different, as a greenhouse works by reducing airflow and retaining warm air inside the
structure.

MINIMIZING IMPACT THROUGH PROPER SELECTION AND USE

Now that we understand the waste management hierarchy, biodegradation, and the
recyclability and biodegradability of common cleanroom materials and packaging, how do
we apply this knowledge to minimize environmental impact when selecting and using
cleanroom wiping materials and cleanroom bond paper?

Evaluate and choose the optimum packaging configuration.

Cleanroom wiping materials can be purchased in multiple packaging configurations. The best
way to minimize the impact on the environment is to choose packaging configurations that
contain the most wipers per carton or plastic bag or pouch. In this way, the amount of natural
resources and energy used to produce those materials along with the amount of material to be
recycled and the energy required for recycling is lessened.

Choose a wiper with higher absorbency.

When comparing wipers of the same material type, size, basis weight, and general cleanliness
performance for spill pick-up or other similar types of applications, look at absorbency
values. By choosing a wiper with higher absorbency, the amount of wipers required can be
minimized.

Choose a wiper or bond paper with a lower basis weight.

When comparing cleanroom wipers or cleanroom bond paper of the same material type, size,
absorbency and general cleanliness performance, look at basis weight. By choosing a wiper
or bond paper with a lower basis weight, the amount of natural resources and energy required
to produce the wiper are reduced and the weight of material that may be placed in landfills
post use is reduced.

Be sure that operators are trained in proper wiper usage and cleaning techniques.
The use of improper wiping techniques can lead to increased wiper usage, increased solution
usage, and decreased process and product yields. All of which lead to an increase in natural
resources and energy consumed in manufacturing and an increased amount of material to be
recycled or sent to landfills. Most leading cleanroom wiper manufacturers have produced
cleanroom wiping guides for reference or can provide operator training in proper techniques
as part of their technical service programs.

Evaluate the use of pre-wetted cleanroom wipers in place of in-house wetting techniques.
By utilizing pre-wetted wipers several environmental benefits can be derived:

Reduced volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions: Many states, such as California, are
now mandating reductions in VOCs and have put in place guidelines on the amount of VOCs
allowable in products based on their intended use. Pre-wetted cleanroom wipers typically
come in an easy to use re-sealable pouch that allows the extraction of one pre-wetted wiper at
a time with very little VOC emission compared to in-house blending, spray bottles, and squirt
bottles.

Reduced solution usage: Alternative methods of wetting wipers in-house can lead to
excessive solution usage. When using spray bottles or squirt bottles, the wiper can be over-
saturated causing solution waste. There is also the waste associated with spills during in-
house blending and spray or squirt bottle usage.

Reduced process and product waste: Pre-wetted wipers ensure increased cleaning consistency
and control due to very high wetting accuracy during manufacture and use. They can
eliminate the potential for over-spray on sensitive parts when wetting dry wipers, thereby,
increasing process and product yields, and reducing manufacturing waste.

Clean Environment Consciousness

The environmental problems of the world are gradually increasing and spreading. Neglecting
the environment within the process of industrialism and industrial production as well as the
impact of competition threatens the future of human kind and other living creatures.

Today, any investment and sensitive approach to environment is the most important steps to
be taken for the futures of our country and the world.

The main aspects of environment which is defined as the medium where all living creatures
live together, influence each other and influenced from each other are; Air, water, soil and
people. Human kind usually endangers the future of the world and existence of life on it by
unconsciously polluting other aspects establishing environment. The environmental pollution
has been firstly experienced in the cities with highly increasing population and industrial
centers and this pollution is gradually spreading.

How can the expectations of natural resource conservation and waste elimination be
achieved in highly critical cleanroom manufacturing environments?

Environmental responsibility is no longer just an occasional headline in the news. It is

expected socially and often mandated governmentally. Every day the public is demanding a
decreased impact on the environment and an improvement to their quality of life globally.
Every day new environmental regulations are introduced and government agencies are
mandating change. In response, companies are announcing or improving green or
environmental responsibility programs as their commitment to creating a better world.
Initiatives to conserve our natural resources, eliminate operational waste, and produce more
environmentally-friendly products are now both a corporate and customer expectation.

Burning fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal, oil and gasoline raises the level of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere, and carbon dioxide is a major contributor to the greenhouse effect
and global warming. You can help to reduce the demand for fossil fuels, which in turn
reduces global warming, by using energy more wisely.

The following is a list of 10 steps you can take to reduce greenhouse gas emissions:

1. Reduce: To minimize environmental impact and produce less waste by purchasing

more environmentallyfriendly products and improving methods to lessen
consumption. Examples would include lighter weight, high absorbency wipers, and
packaging configurations that use less packaging material.

Reuse: To use an item over and over prior to recycling or land filling. This is rarely
done with cleanroom wipers due to the critical nature of the process and material
requirements; however, there are some instances of reuse in less critical environments
dependent on the ability to remove the contamination added by the original cleaning
process.

Recycle: Recycling is the primary component of modern waste management and

involves the collection and processing of used materials to produce the same or a new
product. Leading examples include the recycling of corrugated and plastic packaging
materials.

Implementation of any of the above three concepts will result in the following:

Less waste of potentially useful materials.

Conservation of natural resources that would be required to produce new

materials.

Reduced energy usage that would be required to produce new materials.

Reduced air pollution.

Reduced water pollution.

 Once the three principles of the waste management hierarchy have been applied, the
remaining waste must be incinerated or disposed of in a landfill. The landfill impact
can be minimized by using materials that are biodegradable in municipal or
commercial composting facilities.

2. Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning

Adding insulation to your walls and installing weather stripping or caulking around
doors and windows can lower your heating costs more than 25 percent, by reducing
the amount of energy you need to heat and cool your home. Turn down the heat while
youre sleeping at night or away during the day, and keep temperatures moderate at all
times. Install a programmable thermostat because setting it just 2 degrees lower in
winter and higher in summer could save about 2,000 pounds of carbon dioxide each
year.

3. Replace Your Light Bulbs

Wherever practical, replace regular light bulbs with compact florescent light (CFL)
bulbs. Replacing just one 60-watt incandescent light bulb with a CFL will save you
$30 over the life of the bulb. CFLs also last 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs,
use two-thirds less energy, and give off 70 percent less heat. If every Canadian family
replaced one regular light bulb with a CFL, it would eliminate 90 billion pounds of
greenhouse gases, the same as taking 7.5 million cars off the road.

4. Drive Less and Drive Smart

Less driving means fewer emissions. Besides saving gasoline, walking and biking are
great forms of exercise. Explore the York Region Transit system and check out
options for carpooling to work or school.
When you do drive, make sure your car is running efficiently. For example, keeping
your tires properly inflated can improve your gas mileage by more than 3 percent.
Every gallon of gas you save not only helps your budget, it also keeps 20 pounds of
carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.

5. Buy Energy-Efficient Products

Home appliances now come in a range of energy-efficient models, and compact
florescent bulbs are designed to provide more natural-looking light while using far
less energy than standard light bulbs.
 6. Use Less Hot Water
Set your water heater at 120 degrees to save energy, and wrap it in an insulating
blanket if it is more than 15 years old. Buy low-flow showerheads to save hot water
and about 350 pounds of carbon dioxide yearly. Wash your clothes in warm or cold
water to reduce your use of hot water and the energy required to produce it. That
change alone can save at least 500 pounds of carbon dioxide annually in most
households.

7. Use the "Off" Switch

Save electricity and reduce global warming by turning off lights when you leave a
room, and using only as much light as you need. And remember to turn off your
television, stereo and computer when you're not using them. Its also a good idea to
turn off the water when youre not using it. While brushing your teeth, shampooing
the dog or washing your car, turn off the water until you actually need it for rinsing.

8. Plant a Tree
If you have the means to plant a tree, start digging. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and
give off oxygen. A single tree will absorb approximately one ton of carbon dioxide
during its lifetime.

9. Get a Report Card from Your Utility Company

Many utility companies provide free home energy audits to help consumers identify
areas in their homes that may not be energy efficient. In addition, many utility
companies offer rebate programs to help pay for the cost of energy-efficient upgrades.

10. Encourage Others to Conserve

Share information about recycling and energy conservation with your friends,
neighbors and co-workers, and take opportunities to encourage public officials to
establish programs and policies that are good for the environment.

These 10 steps will take you a long way toward reducing your energy use and saving you
money. Less energy use means less dependence on the fossil fuels that create greenhouse
gases and contribute to global warming.
 ENVIRONMENT

DISUSUN OLEH :
Nanda Rizka Asyura (T.Industri,150403025)

Candra Gunawan(T.Mesin,150401019)
Hasanul Arifin(T.Sipil,150404029