Problems - Chapter 12 Introduction To Compressible Flow

Introduction to Compressible
Flow
Review of thermodynamics
12.1 An air flow in a duct passes through a thick filter. What happens to the pressure, temperature,
and density of the air as it does so?
Hint: This is a throttling process
Answer:
Flow
12.3 A vendor claims that an adiabatic compressor takes in air at atmospheric pressure and 50 oF
and delivers the air at 150 psig and 200 oF. Is this possible? Justify your answer by calculation.
Sketch the process on a Ts diagram.
Answer: S = -0.1037 Btu/lbm oR so no feasible (violates 2nd law of thermodynamics)
Flow
12.5 Air initially at 50 psia and 660 oR expands to atmospheric pressure. The process by which this
expansion occurs is defined by the expression pV1.3 = constant. Calculate the final temperature and
the change in entropy through the process
Answer: T2 = 498 oR S = 0.0161 Btu/lbm oR
Flow
12.7 Air expands without heat transfer through a turbine from a pressure of 10 bars and a
temperature of 1400 oK to a pressure of 1 bar. If the turbine has an efficiency of 80 percent,
determine the exit temperature and the changes in enthalpy and entropy across the turbine, if the
turbine is generating 1 MW of power, what is the mass flow rate of air through the turbine?
Answer: T2 = 860 oK, h = 542 kJ/kg, S = 171.7 J/kg oK, m = 1.845 kg/s
Flow
12.9 An automobile supercharger is a device that pressurizes the air that is used by the engine for
combustion to increase the engine power (how does it differ from a turbocharger?). A supercharger
takes in air at 70 oF and atmospheric pressure and boosts it to 200 psig, at an intake rate of 0.5
ft3/s. What are the pressure, temperature, and volume flow rate at the exit? (The relatively high exit
temperature is the reason an intercooler is also used.) Assuming a 70 percent efficiency, what is the
power drawn by the supercharger?
Hint: the efficiency is defined as the ratio of the isentropic power to actual power.
Answer: W=8.26 kW
Flow
12.11 Air is contained in a piston-cylinder device. Temperature of the air is 100 oC. Using the fact that
for a reversible process the heat transfer q = Tds, compare the amount of heat (J/kg) required to
raise the temperature of the air to 1200 oC at (a) constant pressure and (b) constant volume. Verify
your results using the first law of thermodynamics. Plot the process on a Ts diagram.
Answer - computation: dQ/dm = 1104 kJ/Kg at constant pressure; dQ/dm = 789 kJ/kg at constant volume
Flow
12.12 The four-stroke Otto cycle of a typical automobile engine is sometimes modeled as an ideal air-
standard closed system. In this simplified system the combustion process is modeled as a heating
process, and the exhaust-intake process as a cooling process of the working fluid (air). The cycle
consists of: isentropic compression from state 1 (p1=100 kPa (abs), T1=20 oC, V1 =500 cc) to state 2
(V2=V1/8.5); isometric (constant volume) heat addition to state 3 (T 3=2750 oC); isentropic expansion
to state 4 (V4 =V1); and isometric cooling back to state 1. Plot the pV and Ts diagrams for this cycle,
and find the efficiency, defined as the net work (the cycle area in pV space) divided by the heat
added.
Computation
Flow
12.13 The four stroke cycle of a typical diesel engine is sometimes modeled as an ideal air standard
closed system. In this simplified system the combustion process is modeled as a heating process,
and the exhaust-intake process as a cooling process of the working fluid (air). The cycle consist of:
isentropic compression from state 1 (p1 = 100 kPa abs, T1 = 20 oC, V1 = 500 cc) to state 2 (V 2 =
V1/12.5); isometric heat addition to state 3 (T3 = 3000 oC); isobaric heat addition to state 4 (V4 = 1.75
V3); isentropic expansion to state 5; and isometric cooling back to state 1. Plot the pV and Ts
diagrams for this cycle, and find the efficiency, defined as the net work (the cycle area in pV space)
divided by the heat added.
Answer - computation: =58.8%
Flow
12.15 A tank of volume V= 10 m 3 contains compressed air at 15 oC. The gage pressure in the tank is
4.50 MPa. Evaluate the work required to fill the tank by compressing air from standard atmosphere
conditions for:
a) Isothermal compression
b) Isentropic compression followed by cooling at constant pressure.
What is the peak temperature of the isentropic compression process? Calculate the energy
removed during cooling for process b). Assume ideal gas behavior and reversible processes. Label
state points on a Ts diagram a Pv diagram for each process
Answer: W = 176MJ Ws =228 MJ Ts (max) = 858 oK m = 1.845 kg/s
Flow
12.17 Natural gas, with the thermodynamic properties of methane, flows in an underground pipeline of
0.6 m. The gage pressure at the inlet to a compressor station is 0.5 MPa; outlet pressure is 8.0 MPa
(gage). The gas temperature and speed at the inlet are 13 oC and 32 m/s, respectively. The
compressor efficiency is = 0.85. Calculate the mass flow rate of natural gas through the pipeline.
Label state points on a Ts diagram for compressor inlet and outlet. Evaluate the gas temperature
and speed at the compressor outlet and the power required to drive the compressor.
Answer: m = 36.7 kg/s T2 = 572 oK V2 = 4.75 m/s W = 23 MW
Flow
12.18 Over time the efficiency of the compressor of Problem 12.17 drops. At what efficiency will the
power required to attain 8.0 MPa (gage) exceed 30 MW? Plot the required power and the gas exit
temperature as functions of efficiency
Answer - computation
Flow
12.19 Improper maintenance on the turbine of problem 12.7 has resulted in a gradual decrease in its
efficiency over time. Assuming that the efficiency drops by 1 percent per year, how long would it
take for the power output of the turbine to drop 950 kW, assuming that the entrance conditions, flow
rate, and exhaust pressure were all kept constant?
Answer: T = 4 years
Flow
12.20 In an isothermal process, 0.1 cubic feet of standard air per minute (SCFM) is pumped into a
balloon. Tension in the rubber skin of the balloon is given by = kA, where k=200 lbf/ft3, and A is the
surface area of the balloon in ft2 Compute the time required to increase the balloon radius from 5 to
7 in
Flow
12.21 For the balloon process of Problem 12.20 we could define a volumetric ratio as the ratio of the
volume of standard air supplied to the volume increase of the balloon, per unit time. Plot this ratio
over time as the balloon radius is increased from 5 to 7 in.
Flow
Propagation of sound waves
12.23 Calculate the speed of sound at 20 oC for,

a) Hydrogen
b) Helium
c) Nitrogen
d) Carbon dioxide
Answer: H2 = 1305 m/s He = 1005 m/s N2 = 349 m/s CO2 = 267 m/s
Flow
12.25 You have designed a device for determining the bulk modulus, Ev, of a material. It works by
measuring the time delay between sending a sound wave into a sample of the material and
receiving the wave after it travels through the sample and bounces back. As a test, you use a 1-m
rod of steel (Ev = 200 GN/m2). What time delay should your device indicate? You now test a 1-m
rod (1 cm diameter) of an unknown material and find a time delay of 0.5 ms. The mass of the rod is
measured to be 0.25 kg. What is this materials bulk modulus?
Answer: T = 198 s Ev = 12.7 GN/m2
Flow
12.27 A submarine sends a sonar signal to detect the enemy. The reflected wave returns after 3.25 s.
Estimate the separation between the submarines. (As an approximation assume the seawater is at
20 oC.)
Answer: x = 2.5 km
Flow
12.29 Next-generation missiles will use scramjet engines to travel at Mach numbers as high as 7. If a
scramjet-powered missile travels at Mach 7 at an altitude of 85,000 ft, how long will it take for the
missile to travel 600 nautical miles? Assume standard atmospheric conditions. (Note: This is the
range for the Tomahawk missile, which uses a conventional propulsion system, but it takes 90 min
to cover that same distance.)
Answer: T = 531 seconds
Flow
12.31 The Boeing 727 aircraft of Example 9.8 cruises at 520 mph at 33,000 ft altitude on a standard
day. Calculate the cruise Mach number of the aircraft. If the maximum allowable operating Mach
number for the aircraft is 0.9, what is the corresponding flight speed?
Answer: M = 0.776 V = 269 m/s

Flow
12.32 Investigate the effect of altitude on Mach number by plotting the Mach number of a 500 mph
airplane as it flies at altitudes ranging from sea level to 10 km.
Answer computation
Flow
12.33 You are watching a July 4th fireworks display from a distance of one mile. How long after you
see an explosion do you hear it? You also watch New Years fireworks (same place and distance).
How long after you see an explosion do you hear it? Assume its 75 oF in July and 5 oF in January).
Answer: T = 4.66 seconds (July) T = 5 seconds (January)
Flow
12.35 You need to estimate the speed of a hypersonic aircraft traveling at Mach 7 and 120,000 ft. Not
having a table of atmospheric tables handy, you remember that through the stratosphere
(approximately 36,000 ft to 72,000 ft) the temperature of air is nearly constant at 390 oR, and you
assume this temperature for your calculation. Later, you obtain the appropriate data and recalculate
the speed. What was the percentage error? What would the percentage error have been if you used
the air temperature at sea level?
Flow
Answer: - 5.42% (assuming stratospheric temperature) 9.08% (assuming sea level temperature)
12.37 While working on a pier on a mountain lake, you notice that the sounds of your hammering are
echoing from the mountains in the distance. If the temperature is 25 oC and the echoes reach you 3
seconds after the hammer strike. How far away are the mountains?
Answer: x= 519 m
Flow
12.38 Use data for specific volume to calculate and plot the speed of sound in saturated liquid water
over the temperature range from 0 to 200 oC.
Answer-computation
Flow
12.39 Compute the speed of sound at sea level in standard air. By scanning data from Table A.3 into
your PC (or using Fig. 3.3), evaluate the speed of sound and plot for altitudes to 90 km
Answer-computation
Flow
12.41 The temperature varies linearly from sea level to approximately 11 km altitude in the standard
atmosphere Evaluate the lapse ratethe rate of decrease of temperature with altitudein the
Flow
standard atmosphere. Derive an expression for the rate of change of sonic speed with altitude in an
ideal gas under standard atmospheric conditions. Evaluate and plot from sea level to 10 km altitude.
Flow
12.43 Consider the hypersonic aircraft of Problem 12.35. How long would it take for an observer to
hear the aircraft after it flies over the observer? In that elapsed time, how far did the aircraft travel?
Answer: T = 116.1 seconds
Flow
12.45 A photograph of a bullet shows a Mach angle of 32o. Determine the speed of the bullet for
standard air.
Answer: V = 642 m/s
Flow
12.47 An F-4 aircraft makes a high-speed pass over an airfield on a day when T = 35 oC. The aircraft
flies at M =1.4 and 200 m altitude. Calculate the speed of the aircraft. How long after it passes
directly over point A on the ground does its Mach cone pass over point A?
Answer: V = 493 m/s T = 0.398 sec
Flow
12.49 An aircraft passes overhead at 3 km altitude. The aircraft flies at M=1.5; assume air temperature
is constant at 20 oC. Find the air speed of the aircraft. A headwind blows at 30 m/s. How long after
the aircraft passes directly overhead does its sound reach a point on the ground?
Answer: V 515 m/s t = 6.92 sec
Flow
12.51 A supersonic aircraft flies at 3 km altitude at a speed of 1000 m/s on a standard day. How long
after passing directly above a ground observer is the sound of the aircraft heard by the ground
observer?
Answer: x = 1043 1064 m
Flow
12.53 The airflow around an automobile is assumed to be incompressible. Investigate the validity of
this assumption for an automobile traveling at 60 mph. (Relative to the automobile the minimum air
velocity is zero, and the maximum is approximately 120 mph.)
Answer: Density change < 1.21%, so incompressible
Flow
Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties
12.55 Plot the percentage discrepancy between the density at the stagnation point and the density at
a location where the Mach number is M, of a compressible flow, for Mach numbers ranging from
0.05 to 0.95. Find the Mach numbers at which the discrepancy is 1 percent, 5 percent, and 10
percent.
Answer- computation: M= 0.142 (1%) M = 0.322 (5%) M =0.464 (10%)
Flow
12.59 Find the dynamic and stagnation pressures for the missile described in Problem 12.29
Answer: po = 1336 psia pdyn = 1106 psia
Flow
12.61 An aircraft flies at 250 m/s in air at 28 kPa and -50 oC . Find the stagnation pressure at the nose
of the aircraft
Answer: po 44.2 kPa
Flow
12.63 For an aircraft traveling at M=2 at an elevation of 12 km, find the dynamic and stagnation
pressures.
Answer: pdyn = 54.3 kpa po =152 kPa
Flow
12.65 Consider flow of standard air at 600 m/s. What is the local isentropic stagnation pressure? The
stagnation enthalpy? The stagnation temperature?
Answer: po=546 kPa ho h = 178 kJ/kg To =466 oK
Flow
12.67 An aircraft cruises at M=0.65 at 10 km altitude on a standard day. The aircraft speed is deduced
from measurement of the difference between the stagnation and static pressures. What is the value
of this difference? Compute the air speed from this actual difference assuming (a) compressibility
and (b) incompressibility. Is the discrepancy in air speed computations significant in this case?
Answer: po p = 8.67 kPa V = 195 m/s V = 205 m/s error using Bernoulli = 5.13%
Flow
12.69 Modern high-speed aircraft use air data computers to compute air speed from measurement of
the difference between the stagnation and static pressures. Plot, as a function of actual Mach
number M, for M=0.1 to M=0.9, the percentage error in computing the Mach number assuming
incompressibility (i.e., using the Bernoulli equation), from this pressure difference. Plot the
percentage error in speed, as a function of speed, of an aircraft cruising at 12 km altitude for a
range of speeds corresponding to the actual Mach number ranging from M=0.1 to M=0.9
Answer-computation:
Flow
12.71 Air flows steadily through a length (1) denotes inlet and 2 denotes exit of insulated constant-
area duct. Properties change along the duct as a result of friction
a) Beginning with the control volume form of the first law of thermodynamics, show that the
equation can be reduced to
V12 V2
h1 h2 2 K
2 2
b) Denoting the constant by h0 (the stagnation enthalpy), show that for adiabatic flow of an ideal
gas with friction
T0 k 1 2
1 M
T 2
c) For this flow does T01 = T02? p01 = p02? Explain these results
Flow
12.73 For aircraft flying at supersonic speeds, lift and drag coefficients are functions of Mach number
only. A supersonic transport with wingspan of 75 m is to fly at 780 m/s at 20 km altitude on a
standard day. Performance of the aircraft is to be measured from tests of a model with 0.9 m
wingspan in a supersonic wind tunnel. The wind tunnel is to be supplied from a large reservoir of
compressed air, which can be heated if desired. The static temperature of air in the test section is to
be 10 oC to avoid freezing of moisture. At what air speed should the wind tunnel tests be run to
duplicate the Mach number of the prototype? What must be the stagnation temperature in the
reservoir? What pressure is required in the reservoir if the test section pressure is to be 10 kPa
(abs)?
Answer: V= 890 m/s To = 677 oK po = 212 kPa
Flow
12.75 The NASA X-43A Hyper-X experimental vehicle traveled at M= 9.68 at an altitude of 110,000 ft.
Calculate the flight speed for these conditions. Determine the local stagnation pressure. Because
the aircraft speed is supersonic, a normal shock wave occurs in front of a total-head tube. However,
the shock wave results in a stagnation pressure decrease of 99.6 percent. Evaluate the stagnation
pressure sensed by a probe on the aircraft. What is the maximum air temperature at stagnation
points on the aircraft structure?
Answer: po = 119.7 kPa To = 8350 oR
Flow
12.77 Air is cooled as it flows without friction at a rate of 0.05 kg/s in a duct. At point 1 the conditions
are M1=0.5, T1=500 oC, and p1=500 kPa (abs). Downstream, at point 2, the conditions are M 2=0.2,
T2= - 18.57oC, and p2=639.2 kPa (abs). (Four significant figures are given to minimize round off
errors.) Compare the stagnation temperatures at points 1 and 2 , and explain the result. Compute
the rate of cooling. Compute the stagnation pressures at points 1 and 2. Should this process be
isentropic or not? Justify your answer by computing the change in entropy between points 1 and 2.
Plot static and stagnation state points on a Ts diagram.
Answer: T01 = 812 oK T02 = 257 oK Q = - 27.9 kW s = - 1186 J/kg oK
Flow
12.79 Air flows steadily through a constant-area duct. At section 1, the air is at 400 kPa (abs), 325 K,
and 150 m/s. As a result of heat transfer and friction, the air at section 2 downstream is at 275 kPa
(abs), 450 K. Calculate the heat transfer per kilogram of air between sections 1 and 2, and the
stagnation pressure at section 2 .
Answer: dQ/dm = 160 kJ/kg p02 = 385 kPa
Flow
12.81 Let us revisit the ramjet combustor in Problem 12.80. To more accurately model the flow, we
now include the effects of friction in the duct. Once the effects of friction have been included, we find
that the conditions at state 2 are now M 2=0.9, T2=1660 oF, and p2=1.6 psia. Recalculate the heat
transfer per pound of air between sections 1 and 2 , and the stagnation pressure at section 2 .
Answer: Q = 33.5 Btu/s po2 = 2.71 psia
Flow
12.83 Air enters a turbine at M1=0.4, T1=1250 oC, and p1=625 kPa (abs). Conditions leaving the turbine
are M2=0.8, T2=650 oC, and p2=20 kPa (abs). Evaluate local isentropic stagnation conditions (a) at
the turbine inlet and (b) at the turbine outlet. Calculate the change in specific entropy across the
turbine. Plot static and stagnation state points on a Ts diagram.
Answer: p01 = 698 kPa T01 = 1575 oK p02 = 30 kPa T02 = 1041 oK s = 485 J/kg oK
Flow
Critical Conditions
12.85 If a window of the cockpit in Problem 12.84 develops a tiny leak the air will start to rush out at
critical speed. Find the mass flow rate if the leak area is 1mm2
Answer: m = 1.83 x 10 -4 kg/s
Flow
12.87 A CO2 cartridge is used to propel a toy rocket. Gas in the cartridge is pressurized to 45 MPa
(gage) and is at 25 oC. Calculate the critical conditions (temperature, pressure, and flow speed) that
correspond to these stagnation conditions.
Answer: T*= 260 oK p* = 24.7 MPa V* = 252 m/s
Flow
12.89 Stagnation conditions in a solid propellant rocket motor are T 0=3000 K and p0=45 MPa (gage).
Critical conditions occur in the throat of the rocket nozzle where the Mach number is equal to one.
Evaluate the temperature, pressure, and flow speed at the throat. Assume ideal gas behavior with
R=323 J/(kg_K) and k=1.2.
Answer: Tt = 2730 oK pt = 25.5 MPa Vt = 1030 m/s
Flow
12.91 Certain high-speed wind tunnels use combustion air heaters to generate the extreme pressures
and temperatures required to accurately simulate flow at high Mach numbers. In one set of tests, a
combustion air heater supplied stagnation conditions of 1.7 MPa and 1010 K. Calculate the critical
pressure and temperature corresponding to these stagnation conditions.
Flow

Problems - Chapter 12 Introduction To Compressible Flow

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Problems - Chapter 12 Introduction To Compressible Flow

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Introduction to Compressible

Propagation of sound waves

12.23 Calculate the speed of sound at 20 oC for,

Answer: M = 0.776 V = 269 m/s

Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties

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