UDC 624.154.5 DEUTSCHE NORM March 1990 Bored cast-in-place piles Formation, design and bearing capacity Bonrplanie; Herstellung, Bemessung und Tragvernal Superseces DIN 4014 Part t ‘August 1975 eaition ang DIN core Part? September 1977 eaition In keeping with current practice in standards published by the International Organzation for Standercization (ISO). & ‘comma has bees used throughout as the decimal marker ‘This standard has been prepared jointly by Section Baugrund of the Normensusschud Bauwasen (Building and CivilEngh- neering Standards Committee] ang the Deutsche Gesellschatt far Era- und Grundbau e.V. (GEG) (German Association for Estmwnrie ane Boundatian Enginaang) [As ine planning. design anc instalation of bored cast-in-place piles require sound knowledge and experience. only those ‘contractors and engineers whe are able to guarantee proper execution of such work shall De commissioned. This applies Inparticular to the person appointed as resident engineer and to the drilling engineers responsible tor supersion on site, ‘The relevant accident prevention regulations ‘ssued by the industrial employers’ Wabilty insurance associations. in par \icular those celating to working in cavities, shell be complied with Dimensions in mm 1. Scope and field of application 2 Concepts ........ 6.4 Reinforcement 2.1 Bored cast-in-place pies. Dieser 6.4.1 General 2.2 Lead capacity . fists: 2 64.2 Reinforcing cage 2.2.1 Load capacity (externa a 7) Determination of load capacity .....-.- 2.2.2 Load capacity (Interna 2... seseees 7.1 Axial load capacity of compression piles 2.3 Nominal diameter TAA General sea 3. Designation = 7.1.2. Point resistance (ct. tables 1 and 2) 4. Ground investigations 7 71.3 Skin ction resistance of a single ote 5 Concrete, reinforcement and design erteia (et tables ¢ and 5). General Tmt U3 7e14. Establishing the load-settiement curve .. strength and composition. ..,....., 3. 7.8. Reduction factors tor diaphragm wall panels a a : 3. 72 Establishing the foad-upit cure for tension piles 7.3 Pile groups 74 Laterally loacea vertical piles 74.1 General 742. Single piles 7.4.3. Pile groups 88 Utimate load capacity for piles bearing on rock - 8.1 Piles subjected to axial loading 8.2. Piles subjected to lateral loading - 8.3 Unusual site conditions 6.3.7 Cutting off pile heads oleae eat Reinforcement 5.5. Special design case: 5.6 Imperfections ......- 5.7. Enlarged pile bases 6 Pile formation ... 6.1 Resident engineer ... 6.2 Boring work . 6.2.1 Boring tools 6.2.2 Boring operations using casing 6.2.3 Boring operations without the use of casing 6.2.4 Boring using continuous tight augers. 62.5 Underreaming ee a 6.3.2 Quality testing ...._. geen ele nee 22 Conse paren Aeron Sec a 235 suonmaeconsee beta 008 staan at ter eens te Continued on pages 2 to 20.~ Page2 DiNsots 1 Scope and field of application ‘Tmua stanaara covers bored casivn-diace piles of circular Gross sechon. matalled individually orn groups, and piles Stononccneviar cross section. such a8. diaphragm wall Ganels, a8 well a5 contiguous bored pile wails. t species Feguiremerts fr tre design ang construction of piles from O'smtod min diameter mstalieg ata rake not fatter than $4/to.arnmmum ent of 5 mar five times the pile diame- ter whicnever's greater For ples witha shorter emoeddes fengih. only ie specifications of clauses &, 5 ane 6 apply. rd gives design consicerations for determining ‘tances, Q. The desige resistance. Q,,is estab- Iigned using ine ultimate load capacity. Q,, and a safety actor, 7a. a8 speciied in DIN T0848, Taking aecount of the Gesigh loads, stato be checked whether the equation 5,20 0 in satiated Determination of specific design values is not the subject of this stancars (cf. OIN 1054}, NOTE: The specitiGations fof the load capacity {also (ermed “bearing capacity’) apply to single piles, The axial load capacity ct pile groups shall be Ghecked In accorcance with DIN 1054. Since verti- ‘eal piles must frequently also resist lateral lcacing, Such ioading is dealt with for piles installed in close: proximity 2 Concepts 2.1 Bored cast-in-place piles Bored cast-in-place piles ‘bores piles’, for short) are bear ing piles formed by excavating or boring a hole in the FOUR and filling t with plain oF reinforced concrete. NOTE: The borehole may be formed with its sides ‘unsupported (i. unlined), with or without the use of ‘2 stabilizing fui¢, permanently supported (by eas- ng pipes), or temporarily supported using a contin ‘vous fight auger {.8, “augering’, for short). 22 Lead capacity 221. Load capacity (externa) 2.21.1 The‘external’ load capacity a function of pile re~ sistance ang head displacement Gownward) head displacement, s, the ultimate ance. Q.. being defined as ine resistance at ihe maximum axial displacement, 5, at which the pile resistance can no Tonger be increased (el. equations (2) and (3). =a @ = Qs) =max Q eo 2.2.1.3. Tne load capacity normal to tne pile axis, HY) or Hla). 15 expressed in terms of pile resistance as a function Of the axial {upward or downward) head displacement, y, or 1 rotation of the pile head, o (ct. equations (4) and (5)). H= Hy) or H= Hla) (4) or (5) 2.22 Load capacity (interna) The internal load capacity is a function of the bearing ca- pacity of tne pile material 2.9 Nominal diameter The normnal giametar of th snortl:s tne maximum diame tool (cf. clause 3} le shatt 'shatt diameter’. for ‘of the casing pioe or Doring 3. Designation Tne following symbols shall ae used to Genote bored piles a5 coverea in this stangare © bored pile V_ perenoie supconed i.e. lined) U_ borehole unsupported (i. uniined) augerea, using a continuous flight auger with hot- tow stem, the rato of , to D, being 0,85 oF more inthe ease of large of aga than 0,55 in the cate of small haltow stems (where D, isthe ciameter of te hollow ster. anc D, tat of the auger) ciaphragm wall panel with enlarged base tretion pite ang pearing pile After the symbolis). and separated trom them by hyphens. the aesignation shall give tne dlameter of the shaft. D. and that of the pile base, Dy. or. im the case of diaphragm wall panels, the thickness. d, and the length of the diaphragm wall panel, ly or. in the case of continuous flight augered Biles, the ratio D/D, Designation of a bored pile, borehole supported and with enlarged base, with a shat diameter of 0,80 m and a base diameter of 1.10 m: Pile DIN 4014-BVF-0,80-1,10 vam Cesignation of a bored pile, borehole supported, with & shatt diameter of 0,89 m: Pile DIN 4014-BV-0,80 4 Ground investigations Before bored piles are designed and constructed, ground investigations shall be carried out in accordance with IN 4020, folowed by exsloration aa specified in DIN 4021, thie giving an indication of ta enaracter and variability of the strata underlying the sie, the groundwater conditions (e.g. aquifers, grounowater table and its changes, artesian (groundwater) and the bearing stratum (e.g. bearing capaci ty ang thickness). Soil mechanics parameters. in particular those relating to (fading and strength (e.g. coefficient of plasticity, 1, (ct. GIN 18322 Part 1), anc unarained shear strength, ¢,=9,/2 (ct. DIN 18196 ang DIN 18137 Parts 1 and 2)) shal, as Yar ‘as the affected strata permit, be determined by laboratory testing, of by in-situ testing, preferably by soundings (ct DIN 4086 ang DIN 4086) For rock an¢ for soil containing boulders. the methods of investigation and exploration selected shall not only pro- vide information on the stratification, rock type and strength. Dut also give an indication of the sirata conesion, To this end, tests shall De carried out to determine the un~ ‘confines compressive strength, q,, in accordance with the recommendations issued by the DGEG Working Group Ver- sucnstechnixim Fels [1] and the stability in water as speci fied in DIN 4022 Part Exploration of ack and soil shall be carried out tothe same Gepth uniess the geological conditions on site permit otherwise. In order to assess the lateral load capacity. the moduli of Stiffness of the ground must be known. If not, these shallbeobtained trom laboratory tests in the case of cohesive soil {and from soundings in the case of non-cohesive soil Groundwaterand soit shall be investigated for therr aggres- siveness to concrete (ef, DIN 4030). their corrosivity (ct, DIN 50929 Part 3) and. where necessary. for properties hugely to wmparr tne cotlowcal staniity of driling Nuras, 5 Concrete, reinforcement and design criteria 5.1. General Unless otherwise specified below, bored piles shall be de- signed in accordance with the specifications of DIN 1045 to resist the loads to be determined as described in DIN 1054. It shall be verified whether reinforced or plain concrete piles adequately resist the loads acting at thei head. By way of depanure from DIN 1054, a check for safety against bucking snail be carried out for pites which are ful ly embedded in soil with an uncrained shear strength. ¢,, of 15 kN/m? or less, Instead of verifying that c, is greater than 35 UN/et. i will ha sidfievant to provide root that the coef ficient of plasticity, Ic, exceeds 0.25. 5.2 Concrete strength and composition ‘The strength of concrete used in the manutacture of bores piles (with or without enlarged base) shall comply with strength class B25 or better (as specified in DIN 1045). Higher strength classes shall not be used in calculations. ‘except for piles with lined borehole, with a shaft diameter ‘of 0,75 m or more, provided construction work is continu ‘ously supervised by the resident engineer. For plain concrete primary piles used in contiguous bored pile walls, concrete of a strength class lower than B 25 may be used ‘The particle size distribution of the aggregate shall i ‘within the most favourable zone as obtained from particle size analysis in accordance with DIN 1045. For reinforced piles with a shaft diameter of less than 0,40 m, the maxi= ‘mum particle size shall not exceed 16 mm. ‘The cement content shall be at least 400 kg per m* of con- crete made with aggregate mx comprising particle sizes from 0 to 16mm. and 350 kg/m? for 0 to 32mm gradings. ‘The water/cement ratio shall be less than 0.6. 5.3 Concrete cover The minimum concrete cover to reinforcement shall be 50mm. Where a bentonite suspension is used to maintain the stability of a bore, a clearance of 70 mm shall be pro- vided between reinforcement and bore wall to prevent the ingress of suspension into the concrete when being places. Conerete with a high resistance to chemical attack as ‘specified in DIN 1045 shall be used for piles coming into ‘contact with water or soil whicn is classed as being slightly aggressive or aggressive to concrete (cf. DIN 4030). The ‘minimum concrete cover shall be that specified in the first paragraph of this subelause, Where concrete is exposed to highly aggressive chemical attack, protective measures as described in DIN 1045 shall be taken, 5.4 Reinforcement ‘The reinforcement shall comply with the specitications of DIN 1045. Longitudinal bars shall be made of ribbed rein- forcing steet with a minimum diameter of 16 mm. ‘Transverse reinforcement shall consist of links or helicat bars with a minimum diameter of 6 mm, with a maximum ‘spacing oF pitch of 0.25 m (cl. DIN 1085). Unless required for structural ‘easons, reinforcement need not be used in :he case of pies with a shatt diameter of DIN 4014 Paged 0.50 m or more ang tor piles with a smaller ciameter. if these are provided wiin 4 feature for load cispersal (as de- seribeo in subclause 5.6}. Reinforcement is always re. {Quited for raking piles and fortension piles, the latter Being reinforced over their whole length. 55 Special design cases Where bored piles are subjected to lateral pressure due to ‘soll movement, of where such loads are to be expected. an investigation shail be carried out in accordance with the DGEG Recommendations Settenaruck aul Pranie aurch Bewegungen von weichen Dindigan Béden (Lateral pres: ‘sure on piles resulting Irom the movement of soft cohesive soi) (2) 5.8 Imperfections Bored piles are seldom installed with such an accuracy that the axis coincides with the line of action of the resultant force. Therefore. they shall be designed to accommodate lan eccentricity, ¢, equal to 0.08 « D, but not less than 5 cm {D being the pi mater. in em) and a deviation. 7. ‘of 0.015 from the specified rake, unless the local condi ‘tons of the formation technique used require higher values ‘of e and n. Such lack of accuracy need not be considered where an accidental bending moment. Qe, is precluded by the use of load-dispersing features such as grating plates, pile Dents o° similar elements. 5.7 Enlarged pile bases ‘The projecting part of an enlarged pile base need not nor- mally be provided with reinforcement. The maximum slope ‘of the base shall be such that the ratio of Base projection to base height is 2:1, unless otherwise specified in sub- clause 6.2.5 (cf. DIN 1045). 6 Pile formation 81 ‘Resident engineer During the formation of bored piles, the resident engineer of his representative shall be present on site. A printed form providing @ record of the work done in constructing each pile shall be completed on site and countersigned ‘ally by the engineer or his representative (see Appendix A for specimen forms}. 62 Boring work 62.1 Boring tools ‘The boring toois used shall be suitable forthe local soil and grounawater conditions. They shall be selected so as to Dreclude disturbance of the ground surrounsing the shatt and below the pile base. NOTE: When using tools with cutting ring or the like, the bottom of the hole shall belevelled once the required depth is reached and the original ground condition restored. Since such disturbance often ‘bccurs wall atter boring has taken place. preference ‘shall De given to equipment which allows the boring ‘Operation te be performed quickly and thus mini- ‘mizing the interval between boring anc concreting, ‘When boring below the groundwater level or using @ stabi- lizsng fluid, it shall be ensured that withdrawal of tools from the Borehole does not change the pressure in tne hole, 6.2.2 Boring operations using casing A casing is normally used to minimize disturtance of the Sol surrounding the borenole, Its use is mandatory where 4 drilling fluid will nof ensure stability of the bore andintlow of soil into the hole is likely.Pages OIN 4014 when bering takes place Below the groundwater le where artesian grounowater is present, a sutficient pr Sure of the water or drilling fluid (normally, bentonite sus- Pension) shall be provided in the Dore during boring opera- fons to prevant ground heave. Wnen goring through unsta- ie water-bearing strata, all necessary measures shalt be taxen to prevent soil Geing entrained by water infiltrating the bore (.. soil inflow). Borenoles shall be lines anead of bor ngto ravent cisture- ance of sollia tne surrounging groura. tn soft cohesive and In nen-cohesive 801, 1n particular in fine sand and silt De- low the groundwater (evel, the ining shall precede boring by naif the casing diameter, Wher soil inflow is likely. the casing snail be advanced fur- ther or the pressure of the criling usd shall De increases, by extending the length of the lead-in pipe above the (Qround level, where necessary. In semi-fitm cohesive sot, Ris seldom practicable, nor required. to advance the lining However. itis to be ensured that the outer edgesof the too! Go net extend beyond the casing diameter and that the lining is advanced as boring proceeds. To this end. a verti- cal foad shall be applied in adzition to the torque used to otate the casing into the"pround. = (On completion of boring and where itis not intended to en- large the pile base. any loose, disturbed or softened soit Delow the Bottom edge of the casing shall be removed and the concrete placed without det NOTE 1: Removal of loose soil from below the bot- tom edge of the casing snall prevent disturbance of the sail below the pile base wnen the casing s being extracted. Concrete shall be placed immediately ater boring to avoid disturbance or softening of the soil at the bottom of the bore. Boring and concreting operations for Dored piles shall take lace on the same day. Where a pile cannot be finished by the end of a working day, a depth of not less than twice the ‘shaft diameter. but not less than 1.5m, shall be bored just before concrete placement on the following day. NOTE 2: The cutting ring projection on the casing pipe should be kept to a minimum to prevent dis- turbance of the soul. ‘The bottom of the bore shall always be inspected by re- eated sounding to ensure that no changes occur as a re- Bult of sloughing, soil inflow or sedimentation. 6.2.2. Boring operations without the use of casing In tiem conesive Sol, a pile may ue formed without the wae of casing. The upper part of the bore shall be lined so that ‘construction work carried aut in the vicinity of the boring ‘operations does not adversely affect the integrity of the bore. To reduce the effects of soil settiement, the Dottom of the bore shall be cleaned just before placing the concrete in the case of non-reinforced piles and. tor reintorced piles, be- tore inserting the reinforcing cage. Boring tools which pro- duce a rough bore wall shall be used to ensure amaximum ‘skin friction. Alaking piles shall not be formed with the bore uniined Boring and concreting operations for piles shall take place ‘onthe same day. Where a pile cannot be finished by the eng ‘of the working day, @ depth of not less than twice the shaft ‘diameter. but not less than 1.5 m. shall be bored ust before concrete placement on the followmng day. Where a bore contains bentonite suspension for more than ten hours bafore concrete placement. the mud cake in te Zone along the Dong transfer length shall be removed. Were this s impossible, a skin friction equa! to two-thirds of the value specifies in tables 4 arg § shail be used. The bottom of the bore snail be inspected by repeated sounging to ensure that no changes occur as a result of Stougning, soi! satiow or searmentation It unlinea bores pass through unstable ground strata, the bore shall be stabilized by means of a pressurized fluid During boring and concreting, the level of this fluid inside the Dore shall always be maintained at not less than tm above the groundwater taole. An adequate quantity of fluid shall be avaiable at all times, Where water does not acequately stapiize a bore. ben- tonite suspension complying with DIN 4126 shall be used. Such suspension shalt always be used as stabilizing fluid ‘or the construction of ciaonragm wall panels. Where Dentonte suspention is used 10 stabilize the Dore. 1 sample shall be taken from about 0.§ m above the base of the bore ang tne density and viscosity checked immadiate- ly before concrete placement. Where a driling fluid com- lying with DIN 4127 is used i the construction of rain- forced piles, tne density. gy, and liquid limit, r,, shall not exceed 1,2 /m? anc 30N/m, respectively. tnrougnout the concreting operation, For plain concrete piles. the driling fluid used shall have a maximum density of 1.30 tm? and a maximum tiquid limit of 40 N/m. if one of these values is exceeded. the fluid shall be partially or completely replaced. In the former case, the fluid shall be homogenized over tne full pile depth. Towards the end of concreting, a sample of driling fhuic hall be taken from about 1,5 above the concrete level land rechecked for compliance with the values of density ‘and liquid limit specitied above. If either value is exceeded, the drilling fluid composition shall be modified prior to tur- ther conereting and drilling. Piles shall be formed with the use of casing in soil having ‘an undrained shear strength, c,, of 15 kN/m! of less. In- stead of veritying wnether this value exceeds 15 kN/m*, it may be sufficient to provide proof that the coefficient of plasticity, Ig, exceeds 0.25. 8.24 Boring using continuous flight augers Where piles are formed by augering, the auger feed anc ‘speed of rotation shall be consistent with the ground con- ditions and selected a0 as not to impair the stability of the Dore. When withdrawn, the auger shall either be pulled straight out or extracted by rotating itin the same direction as for boring. The number of auger revolutions shall be recorded auto- matically a3 a function of depth and the plotter records in- cluded in the piling recora. it snall be ensured tnat neither water nor soll enters live auger stem during boring. The angle of rake of augered pites shail not exceed 6° (10:1) ‘Augering snall not be used for uniform conesioniess soil with a uniformity coetficient, U. of 3 or less below the groundwater table nor for cohesive soil with an undrained shear strength of 15 kN/m? or less. 625 Underreaming Soil that :s sufficiently stable (except for gravel containing pebbles or Douldery ground) may be underreamed in order to produce an enlarged pile base. The frustum used to form the entargement shail ensure that the resultant base will be concentric with the pile shalt. it ‘shall be possible to monitor and control the frustum projec- tion. Where other equipment or methods are used to form the enlargement, ts condition and shape shall be checks The bottom of the bore shall always be inspected by re peated sounding just before the concrete is placed to en- Sure that no changes occur as a result of sloughing, soil in- flow or secimentation Where base enlargements are formed below the ground- water table, they shall be stabilized by means of pressur- ‘2ed fluid until the concrete is placed‘The vase/shatt diameter ratio for en! mally be as given in igure 1. However.tnese values may De gneeeded where it can be demonstrated that larger pile base enlargements can be formes. ‘The slope of the base (cf. subciause 5.7) shall be not less than 3:1 for enlargements formed in non-cohesive soil pot less then 2:1 for those lormed in cohesive soil 6.26 Checking the results of ste investigations ‘The results obtained trom the site investigation regarding the stratification shal be checked, particulary for Dearing Strata, durina boring of, in the case of augered piles, after 198 wncluded in the piling record (el. appencix A). f there are any doubts as to the ground conditions, further sita investigations need be made, ‘The embedment depth in the bearing stratum and the water, lavel in the bore shall be recorded for each pile just before the concrete is placed, 30) 20} Dyin > 19 0 w 20 30 Dinm— Figure 1: Permissible base/ahaft diameter ratios for base ‘enlargements formed in cohesive and non-cohesive soil 63 Concrete work G31 General Unless otherwise specified below, the production anc placement of concrete shall comply with DIN 1045, taking {nto account the specifications of subciause 5.2. 632 Quality testing By way of departure from DIN 1045, atleast six cubes shal be tested at an age o! seven days and of 28 cays. From the concrete prepared for each further series of 25 piles, butat least per 500m? of fresh concrete. three cubes shall be prepared and subjected to the 28-day cube strength test, Where slow-selting cements are used, test periods of upto 56 days are pormitted. For type 8 Il concrete, the number fof cubes required shall be twice thal specified above. DIN Gore Pages 6.3.3 Conerate piacement ‘The concrete shall De places immediately after competion df the boring operations, cleaning of the bore ang. where Zpproptate, insertion of the reinforcing cage, care being taken to ensure that a1 the concrete having the specified composition and Consistence extends £0 tne Bottom of tne bore b) segregation or contamination of the concrete is pre- cludes. €) & continuovs conerete shatt of full cross section 1s, formes. In the case of vertical, linea or augered bores with no standing water. the concrete may be casi using 2 funnel to (which a pipe not lees tnan 2 m long Is fixed. tis Being Rept in. vertical position throughout the casting process. 1n ail other cases, concrete shall be placed by tremie or ‘through 2 pipe or nose which. when starting concrate placement, shall extend to the bottom cf the bore and shal! Be immersed into the concrete until the completion of con ereting. Inthe case of submerged concrete placement (under water for bentonite suspension), atremie technique shall be used. Suitable means shall be provided to prevent the concrate ‘30 placed from mixing with water or the suspension in the tremie pipe. In order to enaure continuity of the casting pro cess and driling fluid from entering the treme pioe. the not be withdrawn unti iss covered by concrete Underwater conerate may be produced by injecting grout trom below into a mass of aggregate (cl. DIN 1045), pro- (on of the aggregate is not ade- versely atfected by sol! inflow. In the case of piles formed by continuous fight auger with 2a short stem, concrete shall be pumped through the stem ‘once the required boring depth has been reached, the ‘auger being withdrawn as the concreting proceeds. The in- jection pressure of the concrete snail De sufficient to en- ‘Sure that the void produced as the auger is being with- Grawn is immediately filed with fresh concrete, For this purpose, the injection pressure shall be measured and re- Corded as a function of the deptn throughout the auger withdrawal. In the case of fine-grained soll with an undrained shear strength of 15 kN/Mm or less, a liner shall De used to sup ort the fresh concrete. Instead of verifying that the un- Grained shear strength exceeds 15 kN/m. it may be aut Cient to provice proof that the coefficient of plasticity. Je. exceeds 0.25. Conereting shall be carried out in one continuous opera tion, Ing process is to be Driefly in- terupted, set retarding admixtures shall De used to Drecluce any adverse effects resulting from the in- terruption. that the enlargements not only completely fillec in one op- eration Dut extends into the shaft 6.3.4 Consistence of concrete Normally, flowing concrete (ie. concrete with 2 slump of 50 om ta 60 em) shall De used without ary plasticizing ad~ mixture being added (which is a departure from DIN 1085}, Use of concrete of consistence range KF as specified in DIN 1048 is permitted, particular attention being given to the workabilty of the fresh concrete during the time needed to form ihe pile When concreting under bentonite suspension. the slump shatibe between $5 cm and 60 cm, use of internal vibrators to compact the concrete no! being permitted.Pages OINotd 6.3.5. Submerged concrete placement /e concreting 1s carried out under water, tramie con Crate (ef sudclause 3.2 of DIN 4126, August 1986 edition} fray De produced on the basis of tre requirements sp ied for 8 | concrete (which 's a gegarture from DIN 1048), 6.3.6 Extraction of casing nen tne casing 1s being extractec, care snail De taken to ensure inat the concrete 1s not iftes or becomes waisted. B sulficient quantity of concrete shalt be left within ine Gazing to ensure tnat ine concrete aressure s higher than She grunewater oreo pressure The requirement shall De Geemed to be satistieg ft can De cemonstrated that there fs equilibrium among the lateral loads assumed to act in fone plane, This shail aise apply for augers with a large stem. 6.3.7 Cutting off pile neads When cutting off ang trimming piles 10 the specified level, particular attention ahall be given to the strength of the Generate in the unpermostzone of inepile, this measuring 0,5 m. After withdrawal of tne casing, the concrete in this, {zone shall Be ramioved. Where necessary. the piles shall be ‘extended beyond the specified cut-off level to ensure that, Stter termming, the concrete above the pile design lengthis sound. 6.4 Reinforcement G41 Gonerat Unless otherwise specified below, all reinforcement shall be prepared and placed in accordance with DIN 1045, 6.4.2 Reinforcing cage ‘The reinforcing cage shall be made sufficiently rigid to withstand deformation during handling, installation and ‘Concrete placement. Before and after concrete placement, the reinforcement in the pile head shall be inspected for any aviation trom tne specified psition and the result stated im the piling record (ef. appendix A). ‘Spacers shall be provided where the casing pipe wall thick- ness is not adequateto produce a concrete covarcf atleast ‘cm. Where piles are formed with the borehole unlined. the spacers used shall De designed to ensure its stability when the remforcing cage is being lowered. In order to ensure that the cage remains inits intenced po- sition during concrete placement and casing extraction. Stee! fat cross shall be fitted at the cage Dottom, for exarm- ‘Tne reinforcement may be inserted immediately after con- creting, provided that the specified concrete cover can be attained and the cage can be properly places. It may be Recessary to gently rock the cage back and forth for this purpose. NOTE: Normally, tha construction of bored piles Using augers with small stem requires the rein- forcing cage to be placed after complation of the ‘concreting operation. “The spacing of reinforcing bars shallbe as specified in sub- Clause 18.2 of DIN 1045, but not less than twice the maxi mum particle size of the aggregate Where concrete with a maximum panicle size of 32 mm is placed into a bore stabilized by bentonite suspension, tne Funimum spacing of longitudinal bars shall be 70 mm for a Gynamic liquid limit of 10 N/mm? and 80 mm for a dynamic, Quid limit of 30 Nim? (intermediate values being ob- tained by linear interpolation). Where the maximum particle size ig 16 mm, the minimum spacing may be SOmm. 7 Determination of load capacity 7.1. Axial load capacity of compression piles TAA General ‘Tne toad-sattlement curve for compression piles shall be determined on the basis of pile loading tests m accordance ‘with DIN 1054 or on the oasis of experience gained with loading tests carned out under similar conditions. where no such experence s available and no 1oading tests have Deen carried out, :ne oad-seitiement curve of aaingle pile may be determined as specified in subciause 7.1.4 Using the values given ntables 1. 2,4 and §. where ground conditions are net complex. Such conditions are ‘efined in BIN 105¢ as those for wmen {Re strength in nun-coneaive soil can be expressed wih sulficient accuracy in terms of Benetrometer tip resistance, q, andin the case af conesive Soil, 19 terms of unarained shear strength. ¢, may be assumed that the thickness of the bearing stra- ‘tum below the pile bases equal to three times tne pile Dase Slametar, but not tess than 1.5m. Otherwise, it shall be Verified that this stratum is adequately resistant to Deing Denetrated ang that the undertying soil does not adversely Affect the tettiement bebaviour of the pil NOTE: When using tables 1 and 4, the value of g, to ‘be used shall be determined by sounding to a ceti- rite depth range and calculating the mean from the Values obtained. Specific q, values have not been {ven in order to allow for possible variations trom Sie to site. ‘The values given in tables 1. 2. 4 and are empirical (ct. DIN 1084), obtained froma number of loading tests carried ‘out on piles formed using stabilizing fluid, with of without ining. and are ta be considered typical. The actual values, fare lower only in rare cases where the ground conditions are unfavourable. TA Point reslatance (ct. tables | and 2) The specifications for point resistance givenin tables 1 and 2 relate to standard piles with an embedded length within the stratum of not less than 2.5m. In the case of non- ‘cohesive soll a3 defined in subclause 2.1.1.1 of DIN 1054, November 1976 edition, compliance with this requirement shall be verified by soundings, preferably using a static Gone penetrometer #8 specified in DIN 4094. In this test. tip resistance, ¢,, shall be not less than oth for which a thickness of the Dear- ing stratum nas been specified in subciause 7.1.1 NOTE: Where a dynamic penetrometer is used in- stead of the static cone penetrometer e.g. in coarse ‘oil it should be checked whether the results of dy~ namie soundings can be converted to values ob- tained with the static penetrometer. When using & DPH type penetrometer complying with DIN 4034 in Coarse sol with less than TU% Of paricies ex Seeding 20 mm in ize (ef. DIN 18198), the following may be assumed as a simplification: Ge Nie where a, isthe penetrometer tip resistance, in MN/m*; Nag is the number of blows per 10.¢m of penetra: tion. For soll which cannot be penetrated. compliance with the requirement for g, may be assessed on the Dasis of any available local exSerience. ‘When determining Qi) from equation (8) using the values: given in tables 1 and'2, a value of 1 cm shall be added tos Sinen determining s/D and s/D,, where the boring tools Used are provides with a cutting ring or the like and any re sulting sisturbance of the ground below the pile baseis not, eliminated (cf, suociause 6.2.1)‘Taple 1: Point resistance in non-cohesive soll: tion of relative settlement, s/D or s/D,, and average penetrometer tip resistance Dinaor4 Page? jesistance values do no apply for areas of the pile shalt protected by sieving and above the level of the pile Dase, ‘Table 4: Ultimate skin friction resistance of piles in nen-cohesive soll Point resistance. 0,. in MN/m™) 1D or 1D, ‘Average penetrometer tip mem resistance. ¢,. in MN/mé 0.02 0.03 0.10- “) Intermediate values may be obtained by linear inter polation. For piles with enlarged base, the values Shalt be reduced by 25%. ‘Table 2: Point resistance in cohesive soll as 8 function of relative head settlement, s/D or s/D, T Unimate skin tre ‘Average penetrometer 10 ion resistance. foe resistance. 4, wa MNIm in MNIex) 9 0 5 : 0,04 10 0.08 218 | 012 Ty iatermediate values may be obtained by linear inter polation. ‘Table 5: Untimate skin friction rasistance of piles Tn cohesive soit ultimate skin tric~ Undrained shear strength. cy. | gion resistance, tay 108s, 8 I 1s *) Intermediate values may be obtained by linear inter polation. For piles with enlarged Dase, the values, ‘shall be recuced by 25%. ee nd “The values of o, given in table 2 shall only be used for soit with a liquid limit, w,. of less than 80% (ef. DIN 16122 Part 1), To obtain the'c, values, laboratory testing is nor mally required. Where friction can influence the sounding results obtained with a OPH type penetrometer, SPT type penetrometer: ‘Specified in DIN 4094 should be used. See table 3 for con- version of results. Table 3: Conversion factor q,/N,, for standard ‘penetrometer tests, en aeooee Gre er eet Gand or slightly gravelly sand | 0.51006 +) Number of blows per 30 cm of penetration. 7.4.8. Skin friction resistance of a single pile (ef. tables 4 and 5) ‘The ultimate skin friction resistance of a single pile shall be assumed to De as given in (ables 4 and 5 and the increase inskin resistance 10 be linear until the ultimate value calcu- lated trom equation (7) is roached at settlement ¢, (ct fig tre 3) The c, values given in table & shall be determined in laccorcance with subciause 7.1.2. The ultimate skin friction “=Point resisiance, o,, in MN/m™) 9 MN in MN/m*) : Grane en aenath o008 eas #0 91 Ye o os 1 Bee on 7 ate be [yraarmedaievaues nay sieved Byinearine| 0,02 0.35 1 09 polation. : a oe % 3 Leet Mt bored piles are formed in soil or water which is to De classed as highly aggressive (as defined in DIN 4090 Parte 1 and 2}, an expert's opinion shall be used as a basis for determining whether the skin friction wil change during the service ife of the ple foundation and whether it may be sed in determining the toad capacity. ¢, values determined by vane tests as specified io ‘BIN 4096 shall be multiple by a reduction factor, 1, &S specified in in figure 2. NOTE: The reduction factors are empirical (ct. (9D. 10 os} Reduction factor, y—= Figure 2: Reduction factor for c, values determined by vane teat 7.14 Establishing the load-settiement curve A load-settiement curve, similar to that shown in figure 3. ‘Shall be established from the data tabulated in subclauses Tit2 and 7.1.3 (et. appendix B). Instead of the 5,and Q,val- les (ef, subciause 2.2.1.2). substitute values, §, (oF f,) and (or Q,, and Qu), respectively, shall be used th he Caleu- talon (ste figure 2)SS Pages OIN4014 ‘The point resistance sa function of settlements, and given by: 20.1 Dors,=0.1 Dy o D_ 1s the pile snatt cvamet Dy 18 the pile base diameter ‘The ultumate skin friction resistance a function of settie- ment 5,, 470 gwen by 5447 0.5 Qin MNI = 0.8 ¢3em ” The load-settiement curve snail De calculated using tne tol- lowing equation: GIs] = Qis) + Vis) * ApS) TZ Ag Tals) (8) 1m equations (7) and (8). Q,(sh is the base resistance as a function of head settlement: Qs) is the skin rasistance asa function of head settlement; Oye Eat Ag is tne pile base ar 9,(8) is the point resistance as a function of head settlement: ‘Aq, _ isthe surtace area of the pile shaft along tne embedded length in stratum rq) ia the akin friction resistance as a function of ead settlement: 1 isthe number asssigned to a particular stra- tum. le self-weight may be ignored in this ealeulation. Pile resistance, Q —= Tee spa Ser $= 0,03 D} \ Qu aw ms) + Head sottioment 5,20.1°D| 1 1 ay Qu a Figure 3: Loag-settiement curves established on the basis, of tables 1, 2,4 and 5 7.4.8 Reduction factors for dlaphragm wall panels, When determining the load capacity of diaphragm wal panels, the ultimate skin friction resistance shall be 2s Specified in tables 4 and 5. and the point resistance, 23 Specified in tables 1 and 2 (using a reduction factor. v. 25. Specified in tabie 6). ‘The tame procedure snail be followed in the design of ax wally loadee diaphragm wal panels, with the sum of pile ase areas being used as ne base area and the enveloping surface area as the skin surface ar ‘Table 6; Reduction factor, v, for the point resistance of ‘diaphragm wall panels Length to thickness © Reduction factor.» 1 08 7.2. Establishing the load-upltft curve for tension piles Where, by way of departure trom DIN 1054, no loading tests have Deen carrie out, the loac-uplift curve for ten sion piles may be established in accordance with sub- clause 7.1, using the values given in tables 4 and 5 for the tukimate skin friction resistance of compression piles, at a settlement Sag aug OQUAL TO 1.34 @. 4&,, Being calculated from equation (7) The specifications of subciause 7.1.1 shall apply as appro- priate. 73 Pile groups For pile groups subjected to axial loading, the interaction between the pilee shall be taken into consideration as described in DIN 1054 NOTE: The spacing of piles at which interaction oc- ‘curs isa function of the distance between pile axes, the length and rigidity of the piles a3 well as of the ratio of pile skin resistance to pile base resistance. When determining the ultimate load capacity of groups, that of equivalent individual piles esleu- Tatedin accordance with aubclauses 7.1 and7.2, re~ spectively, shall be taken into account. 7.4 Laterally loaded vertical piles 1 Generat The specifications given in subciauses 7.4.2 and 7.4.3 also cover laterally loaced piles installed at a cake up to 1 in 4, 7.4.2. Single piles The lateral ioad resistance of piles may be determined on the basis of loading tests or, alternatively, be based on ex perience gained Irom other ioading tests carried out under similar conditions. Whore piles are subjectes to cyctic dynamic loading and/or alternating stresses, this shall De simulated in the tests a3 realistically as possible. unless empirical values af fable. Loading shall continue until thera is no longer an ‘crease in strain, Craep under constant loading shall also be considered. Ia given lateral displacement or rotation of the pile head ig not tobe exceeded, tne magnituce and distribution of the coefficient a! subgrade reaction shallbe determined. in the tests, the magnitude of lateral loading shall be a3 close a3 possible to the design loads, vertical loads being ignored (et. (1D. Where piles are subjected to impact loading, the coetfi- cient of suograde reaction, k,, shall be multiplied By 3. Where only acequately accurate determination of the bending moment is required, the coefficients of subgraceyctuon of the soil strata involves may be calcul the following equation EID 0) where 1k, U8 the coetticrent of subgrade reaction: E, is the modulus of stifiness: D_ ts the pile shatt diameter not exceeding 1 m.a value of tm actual ‘The stresses Ueiween the pile and the surrounding groun shall not reach the earth pressure at failure. K,. as spec fied in DIN 4085, taking account of the magnitude and sign of the wall friction angle. This formula is also based on the ‘assumption that the soil is not temporarily or permanently Famoved, which could disturb the equilibrium between piles, structure and surrouncing ground. NOTE: Failure uncer lateral loading is ignored since the loads involving a head displacement. y, or ro~ tation, @. which structures can accommodate are much lower Than the (08d at failure. 743 Pile groups For pile groups in whichai piles are subject to the same lat eral head displacement, the single piles accommodate the lateral load, H,. acting on the group to differing degrees. ‘The distributio® of the load on piles in double-symmetric (GFOUPS of identical piles is expressed by: Aa on a” Sa, ‘The interaction factors a, and 2g are a function of the pile ‘spacing in the cirection of loading, a,, and transverse to it ‘4g, and on the location of a pile within the group (see f ue 6). ‘The following coefficients of subgrade reaction, k,, corre: ‘spond to reduction factor g, for single piles in a group. 4) For k, increasing in direct proportion to the depth, z (applicable, by way of simplification, for piles in nor- mally con-solidated and non-cohesive soils): Alls my: 2/D 3) with the elastic tength, L, of .91e pile, given by: E1\? o (E2) vs For values of U/L above 2 up to 4, m,, may be obtained by linear interpolation. In equations (13) to (16). EJ is the bending stitiness of a pil ye 18 the coetficient of subgrade reaction of & single pile at cepth, 2, equal to D; the coefficient of subgrade reaction of 2 single pile in @ group at depin, z, equal to D; 1 iste pile length DIN 4014 Pages ') For k, remaining constant throughout the depth (for piles in overconsolidated cohesive soil) .2. A(z) k= constant, with the elastic tength. L, and a cdetticient of subgrade reaction, kg, of a single pile ‘given by: ie ules on Ase hy torte 18 Te ke formes? oo) For values of I/L above 2 up to 4, m,, may be obtained by linear interpolation. Equations (11) to (19) may be used both for free-? piles and for restrained piles. In the case of restrained piles, the restraint need not be simulate Since. in the analysis tor bending, the stitiness of the pile is @ major factor, itis recommended that the upper anc lower limiting values be included in the calculation. eased am 10; 6 aD Figure 4: Interaction factor a, as 2 function of 2,/D (a, =O fora @,/D ratio of lees than 2) oni far 40 OF 075} 3 ago Figure 5: Interaction factors ag, and ag, a6 2 function of ‘2q/D tthe pila groups shall be considered a continuous ‘wall where 2D is less than 2 (ef, DIN 4085).Page 10 DINAoTE ble 7: Ultimate point resiatance, 0,, and skin friction re ‘slatance, ry, a8 a function of the uniaxial compressive "strength of rock, 9.1/9 MN/mE a oe ps eee 0.08 30 50 POS [20 10 Os Inyemciat values may be coarnea Bynes ite Figure 8: Reduction factor a, as 2 function of the location ‘of a pile within a group For pile groups with an uneven distribution of piles, the a, values may be determingg on the basis of figures 4 and 5. Where the piles in a group differ in flexural stittness. the distribution of H.; on ihe single piles may be calculated, by ‘approximation, from equation (20), using thea values from figures 4 and 5: eS He” EC, 7 Ctr en where Hg is tna tater toa on te la hand lay) ana Yq_ i the head displacement. “with due consideration being given to equations (15) and (18) or (18) ana (19). 8 Ultimate load capacity for piles bearing on rock &.1 Piles subjected to axial loading ‘The ultimate axial load capacity of compression piles and tension piles bearing on rock shall be determined on the Dasis of loading tests cr, alternatively, be based on experi- ‘ence gained from other loading tests carried out or pi foundations constructed. under similar conditions. Where no auch experience is a and no loading tests have been carried out, the ultimate load capacity of a compre sion pile may De calculated using the following equation: re Ae 2 tau A ey where isthe point resistance as afunction of the uni- axial compressive sirength, table 7: is the ultimate skin friction resistance of stra- tum i as a function of the uniaxial compres sive strength, q,, of the rock: 4, is the uniaxial compressive strength of the rock as given in the recommendations of Working Group Versuchstechnik im Fels of the Deutsche Geseliscnatt for Erd- und Grundbau (German. Association. for Earthworks and tion Engineering) [5]: ig the surtace embedded length in stcatum f snatt along the 10d from equation (22) apply to piles sock- 3 than 0.8 m and having a uni- axial compressive strengtnof notless than $ MN/m#. Where @, 13 less than 0,5 MN/m?, the minimum embedded length Shall be 2,6 m, Intermediate values may be obtained by ln- ‘ear interpolation. Calculation of the axial loac capacity is also based on the following assumptions: ‘) the rock bed is adequately thick and has a uniform matrix: ) the orientation of the rock surface and of join planes shall be such that pile failure is unlikely {¢) the rock does not exhibit joints filled with material “which yields under pressure; d) itis engured that the rock strength Is not reduced a {8 result of drilling operations (such a3 those involving ingress of water, .g. when boring in claystone or mari stone). ‘Skin friction owing {o soil strata overlying the rock shall tonly be included in the calculation it can be shown to be ‘compatibie with the anticipated settlement. For tension piles socketed into bedrack by less than 5m, the ultimate load capacity snail be verified by loading tests. 8.2. Piles subjected to lateral loading Plies which are restrained by rock at their base of over part of theirlength and whose head is subjected to lateral forces and to bending moments orto: ‘shaft are considered to be practically rigid structure To preclude movements likely to cause failure, the pres~ sure Detween pile shaft and rock shail be limited to on ues given in table 7, unless "ed local experience with similar piles formed un- 8.3 Unusual Determination of the ultimate load capacity of piles bearing ‘on rock shall involve consultation with a competent insti- tute, ifthe following apply: 2) the rock cannot be adequately classified: ) the geologicat conditions are nighly complex: ) the strike of the rock surtace exceeds 30°: 9) itis intenced to apply values higher than those given in table 7: ‘e) the water concitions ate dificult to investigate. ‘The note in the margin on page 1 protibiting reproduction of any nart of tne stancarc does not apply to the following specimen forms. \Appendix B DIN 4014 Page 17 ‘Typical load-settlement curve established for a BV-0,90 bored pile formed with lined borehole and subject to axial loading (ct. figure B.1) Soil promie Sounding graph Pile geometry Penetrometer tip resistance, ¢,.in MN/m? —e 50 Fil -=— Depth below ground su 0.1 MNImt BS Figure 8.1: Soll profie, sounding graph and pile dimensions for determination of oad-settioment curve Figure mate I 1 summarizes the informasion relating to soil type, 1d capacity of a pile, Qs). Determination of pile skin resistance, Q,() [As shown in figure 6.1, the 2.2m thick stratum of fill is, hardly resistant to the penetrometer. In the clay stratum. the penetrometer tip resistance is a function of the un- drained shear strength of the soil. Assuming that f, 20.1 MN/m, the utimate skin friction, ry, may be taken ? "ine penetrom- ‘he sand statum is expressed in he rvative’ averages. J. 442806 ¢,, which rel to depth ranges, af illustrates in figure 8.1. From table 4 the ultimate skin riction resistance in the sane ‘stratum is obtained and, taking the associated values of Ars into account, the ultimate skin resistance, Q,,. can be Oetived jet. table B.1), ‘The head settlement, £,. in em, can De determined from Qin MN, using ecuation (7: 4420,5-Q,-0.5 soil strength and pile geometry requied for determining the uit ‘Table B.1: Ultimate skin resistance in stratum i as 8 func ‘tion af pile surtace area, penetrometer tip resistance ‘and ultimate skin friction resistance Barn of [sah seq valine | [ine | | Met | 22t0 52 0.04 | 0,238 sa 77 ase | eae 7710 10.2 088 | 0.622 Og 1asT Using the values from the specimen application in table Bot, tq is obtained as: yg 2 0.5: 1,987 20,5 1.2 em+ Page 18 DINaoe Determination of pile bese resistance, Q's) ine pile resistance calculated trom base re- To determine the pile base resistance, an average soit in hetion as a function of head settlement, atrength ts assumed fora zone equal to.3 Din depin Which plotted in igure B.2 there, 3D =2.7 m) below the pile base. For this zone. an average penetrometer tp resistance. of 17.518 obtained trom the sounaing graph shown in figure 8.1 pil eatoesieae Ia Nae Using the values given in table 2 and the value of, thus de ° lermined, the point resistance can be calculated. The re 0 SSuItS are given in tabla 8.2. 3-99 af Figure B.2: Losd-settiement curve jexampie) Appendix Establishing the distribution of lateral loads within a group of piles (see [4]) asin figure C.1: @,=1-0.95 = 0.95 21-088 = 0,88 2, = 0,69- 0,88 = 0.61 Coetticients of subgrade reaction for l/L=3 For k, increasing in dicect proportion to depth: 3 ¥4-(0,95'47 + 0,95)- Muy = 0.93 Me ig 2 Ye (0,884 + 0,88)- 4520.84 yp ny = Ye (0.684 + 0.68): rg = 0.58 yy y= Ye (0.617 + 0.61): yy = O52 Mp For constant k, value: ky 2% (0.951234 0,98): hye = 0.94 hye Figure 6.1.: Configuration of a group of ples ig= Ye: (0,88"2%+ 0,88)- hip 0.86 Aye eee ys %4- (0,6619°+0.66)- hy = 0.62 "hyp Reduction factors: B= ¥%4-(0.61129+0.61): hg 0.58 as in figure 4: 9/7 as in figure 5: aq) 5 a, 0,89 5: Ogg = 0.95 ag = 0.88DINaa1s Page 1s Standards and other documents referred to ON 3035 Structural use of concrete: design and construction IN 1048 Parts Testing concrate: testing of fresh concrete DIN 1054 Permissible loading of subsoil wn 4020 Geotechnical investigations for civil engineering purposes ow 021 SuDsoii; exploration of soit by digging (trial pits) and boring and by sample recovery Din 4022 Part‘ Subsoi! and grouncwater: classification anc description of som! and rock; borehole logging of soil anc Fock not invalving continuous core sample recovery DIN 4030 Part Assessment of water, soil and gases for their aggressiveness to concrete: principles and timiting values DIN 4030 Part2 Assessment of water, soll and gases for their aggressiveness to concrete: collection and examination of water and soil samples DIN 4085, Principles for the calculation of earth pressure DIN 609 Penetration testing of soil DIN 4096 ‘Vane testing of seil: apparatus, procedure and evaluation IN 4126 Castan-situ concrete diaphragm walls; design and construction oN 4127 Diaphragm wall clays for supporting liquids; requirements, testing, supply and inspection Bin 18122 Part Sot analyse; determination of Vaud it ane plastic mt DIN 18135. Soilenaias; determination of unconfines comoresive anath Div te tor Party Cetermmaton ef smear siengt of ao concepts ane genera att condone BIN 18137 Part? Cetermamaton of aneer tang of ao asa test Sn t8196 carmwomn sol safeatin for il engineering purposes ard methods of soi cenieaton On saee cana seetnunratsorcaonat mae mateals wren sdjectiocarouontrom he outa; ured ardun- @ Ecieator petnas and sructural components, {11 Gundste tara burenfonung und Avewertung horizotala Probapelatunge an Grotbohptnen (ineipesoa- Cree ee ere ia Botar outed pl, sotarabi trom Deutche Geselschat far Er und Grurdbau #¥. (Eee) Novevsoternats 52, D126 Essen «21 Recowrendenans at wonung Group ol te Deutsch Gesellschaft fr Er-uné Grundbau o.¥.(OGEG):Seitendryek su Re eee tee chon bindgen Bacon, Geotocann, 1878, po 100 M. btanable tam DOES ©. Fenenzclorate 38 0-08120 Caer, {a} Bjerrum General Repo 8. [SEMFE. Moscow, 1973: Te eeraniccar Stanproppen unter nerartatbetestung (le groups subject oatera iudig) er Bauingoier, 1980 1a oenmunctoet soning Groups Versuchatecinkim Felscrne Deutsche Geselschaf fr Erd- und rundoay 6, Sesanaal nom SOG os Hovensotamat 32, 0-05120 Eve Previous editions DIN 4074: 12.60, 11.69; DIN 4014 Part 1:08.75; DIN 4014 Part 2:09.77. Other relevant documents Bjerrum et a Recuction of negative shin retion on atl piles on rock. Pr. 7. IGSMFE, Mexico, 10 rome. Precast ping oracice, Stocknolm: Royal Institue of Technology 1978 Burland, Saft neton al ple In clay -A simple fundamental approach, Ground Engg. 1972: 4), 30, urerd, Stars and de Mall Benavicr of foundations and srucure. State ofthe At Raper, Proc, 9 ICSMFE, Tok, torr, 38-526, e crane he seterent of Hcton ple foundations. Buldng Research Extabianmen, Current Paper OP 1275, 1975. Selassr Grate efactintn ranepestion athe resus of deep souncng tela or ie utimate Dearing capacity of ples ane Chasen touneettone. Geotechongue, 1963 130) 38 Funenus nagatwe skin ncton ard settlement ef piles, Proc. 2, Int. Geotechnical Seminar on Pte Founcations, NI Singuocee SE ted" Sams) Fleming, Weltmann, Rancolph and Elsan. Piling engineering, Surrey University Press. Glasgow and London: Halsted Press, 1985. Frank. Traglanigkeit von Wurzelptanien mit Anwendungsbeispisien (Bearing capacity of piles. with specimen applications) In Vortrage der Baugrunctagung 1970 in Dosseicort, Deutsche Gesellschaft fir Erd- und Grundbau, Essen, 1970. Franke. Principles for test foading of large bored pilas by horizontal loads, Proc. 8 ICSMFE. Moscow, 1973: 2.1, 97. Franke. Point pressure versus length and diameter of piles, Proc. 10 ICSMFE, Stockholm, 1981: 2, 717-722. Franke. Plahie, Grundbautaschenbueh (Foundations Handbook: Piling), 3rd ed... Bain: Verlag W, Ernst und Sonn. 1982: 2, section 2.11, 459-540. Franke. Beitrége um Symposium Ptahigrondungen (Papers from Symposium of pile foundations) held on 12 and 13 March 1986 in Darmstadt. Institut fur Grunebau, Boden- und Felsmechanik of TH Darmstadt, 1986. Franke and Gabrecht. Orei Serien von Probebelastungen, Ziel-Methode-Ergebnisse (Three series of loading tests, Objec tives. metho and results), Mitteilungsbiatt der BAW (BAW Bulletin), 1976: 41 Franke and Gabrecht. Test loading of 8 large bored piles in sand, Proc. 9 ICSMFE. Tokyo, 1977: 1, $29. Franke anc Kiuber. Prahigcuppen unter Horizontalbelastungen {Pile groups under lateral joxding). Der Bauingenieur, 1969: 4, 19-26. Housel. 2.27, load capacity: Estimates and test results. Proc. ASCE, 1868: 93, SM 4, 1Page 20 OIN 4014 Kerisel. Fondations profonces en-miveux sableux (Deep foundations in sandy soi), Proc. § ICSMFE, Paris, 1961: 2, 73 Keriael et al Resistance de point en mieux pulvarulentes de s0rrage divers [Point resistance in powdery sos of dit Gegrees of conesion!. Proc. 6 ICSMFE, Montreal. 1965: 2, 265, Koreck, Kiesnbonrptanio {Small Dorea Dules). Symposium Pléble und Pfahiwande (Pules and contiguous bored pile walls), Devische Geseilschalt for Erd- und Grunddau, Essen, Munchen. 1971 Matiock and Reese. Generalized solution for laterally loaded piles. Proc ACSE. 1960: 88. SM 5. 63-31 Mesiner, Tragvernalten axial und henzontal Delasteter Bonrpféhle m kornigen Boden (Bearing capacity of axially and laterally loaded piies i granviar soll, |= 1], Geotechrik, 1982: 54 and 3) Mayernol. Bearing capacity and settement of pile founcations, Proc. ACSE, 1976; 102, GT 3. 197-228 Parnasn, Behaviour of pile groups subjected to lateral loading, Ph. D. Thesis. University of iingis. 1962 Poulos and David. Pile foundation analysis and design. 1980: Jonn Wiley and Sons Inc... New York Poulos and Mattes. Settlement andioad distnbution analysis of pile groups. Australian Geomechanics Journal, 1971: 1.28. Reese et al, Bored piles installed by slurry displacements, Proc. 8 ICSMFE, Moscow, 1973: 2.1, 203 ‘Sehmict. Beitrag zur Berechnung lotrechter Grogbonrptéhle an Gelandespringen una Béschungen fr planmabige. waage- Fechte Belastung (contribution tothe design of horizontal large bored piles on terraces and embankments, subject lateral loading), Der Bavingenieur. 1973: 48(2), 41 Schmidt, Gruppenwirkung bei Pfanireinen unter norizontaler Belastung im GroBversuch (Establishing the groun effect of pile Fous under arerat loading ina large-scale test), in Beitrage 2um Symposium Pfanigrunaungen on 12 and 13 March 1386 in Darmstact, institut for Gruncdau, Boden- und Felsmechanik of TH Darmstadt, 1986. ‘Skempton, Cast-in-situ bored piles in London clay. Geotechnique. 1989: 9. 183. ‘Smoitezyk. Die Einspannung im veliebig geschichteten Gaugrund (Restraint in randomly stratified groun). Der Bavingenieur, 1969: 38410), 988, ‘Sommer and Hambach. GroBpfahiversuche im Ton for die Grondung der Talbricke Alzey (Large-scale testing of pliesin cis ‘ty subsoil for the construction of the Alzey bridge), Der Bavingenieur, 1974: 49(8}, 310. ‘Stamm. Die Tragfanigkeit von Pfénien (The bearing capacity of piles), Gautechnix. 1988: 65. Stocker. Vergleich der Tragfahigkeit unterschiedlich hergestellte Ptanie (Comparison of the bearing capacity of ples formed by different methods), in Vortrage zur Baugrundtagung in Mainz, Deutsche Gesellschaft for Erd- und Grunabau, Essen, 1980, 565. ‘Tze. Ober den seiticnen Sodenwigerstend bei Pranigrandungen (Gn the iater pieur-Praxis, Senin: Verlag Ernst una Sonn, 1970: 77. Tomlinson. The adhesion of piles driven in clay, Proc. 4 ICSMFE, London, 1957: II, 68. van impe. Proceedings of the 1st International geotechnical seminar on deep foundations on bored anc augsred| 7710 June 1988, Rotterdam: Vertag A. A. Balkema. 191 Vasic. A study of beating capacity of deep foundations, Final Report. Project 8-189, School of Civil Engg... Georgia institute of Technology. Atlanta, GA. Weinhold, Zur Belastbarkeit von Bohrpthien in teliweise entfestigtem und geklOftetem Fels und in felsahnliche Boden (On the Dearing capacity of bored piles in partially disintegrated and fissured rock and rocky soi), Siteungsbericht III, Kongre® Intern, Gesellschaft fOr Falsmechanik, Denver, 1974: 113). ‘Weil and Hanack. Der Einfiu® der Lagerungsdichte des Bodens und der Herstellungsart von Gro8bohrpfahien auf deren Trag~ Jahighelt (he influence of compactness cf solland the method of forming large bored piles on their Bearing capacity), Mtt- lungen der DEGEBO, Berlin, 1963: 35. Whitaker. The design of piled foundations, 2nd ed.. Oxtord/New York: Pergamon Press, 1976. Whitaker and Cooke. Aa investigation of the shatt and base resistance of large bored piles in London clay. Proc. Symp. on Large Bored Piles, Institution of Civil Engg3.,. 1966. Amendments ‘he following amendments have been made to DIN 40%4 Part, August 1975 edition and DIN 40%4 Part 2, September 1977 edition, 2) The scopes of beth Parts nave been consolidated and now cover pile diameters detween 0,3 and 3.0m and & Ghstinction ieno longer made between conventional and large bored piles, nor between standardized piles and purpese- made piles. 1) The scope has been extended to cover piles of non-circular cross section, such as diaphragm wall panels subject to axial loading, <) Bored piles formed with or without casing and augered piles have been included. 1G) The tables for determining the oad-settlement curve fora single pile have been revised on the basis of comprehensive investigations mage to date, @) Due consideration has been given to the Grundlagen zur Festlegung von Sicherheitsanforderungen far bauliche Ani Gen (Principles for the specification of satety requirements (or structures). Berlin and Kéin: Beuth Veriag GmbH, 1981 International Patent Classification £218 7700 £218 10/00 £218 17/00 £210 1700 0205/22 Gore rent rth pressurein pile foundations), Bauinge- es, Gent,