Whatmakesthelightstayinthe

fiber?
Refraction(1)
Figure:Thewavefront
becomesstraighter.
Atalongdistancefromthelight
source,thewavefront wouldbe
virtuallystraight.
Inashortintervaloftimeeach
In a short interval of time each
endofthewavefront would
moveforwardaset
distance.

Figure:Thewavefront moves
forward
There
Thereisawidelyheldviewthat
is a widely held view that
lightalwaystravelsatthesame
speed.Thisfactissimplynot
true.
Thespeedoflightdependsupon
Th d f li ht d d
thematerialthroughwhichitis
moving.
 Refraction(2)
Whenitpassesthroughaclearmaterial,itslowsdownbyan
amountdependentuponapropertyofthematerialcalledits
refractiveindex.
Infreespacelighttravelsatitsmaximumpossiblespeed,closeto
I f li ht t l t it i ibl d l t
300millionmetersornearlyeighttimesroundtheworldina
second.
Formostmaterialsthatweuseinopticfibers,therefractiveindexis
For most materials that we use in optic fibers the refractive index is
intheregionof1.5.

Usingtheexamplevalueof1.5fortherefractiveindex,this
gives a speed of about 200 million meters per second.
givesaspeedofabout200millionmeterspersecond.
 Refraction(3)
Figure:Thelightchangesits Figure:Thelightisrefracted
speed

Theamountbywhichtherayswerves
andhencethenewdirectionis
determinedbytherelativerefractive
y
indicesofthematerialsandtheangle
atwhichtherayapproachesthe
boundary.
Snellslaw(1)
Figure:Noticehowtheangle
increasesasitcrossesfromthe
hi h
higherrefractiveindexmaterialto
f i i d i l
theonewiththelowerrefractive
index.

Snellslawstatesthe
relationshipas:

Where:n1 andn2 aretherefractiveindicesofthe

two materials and sin1 andsin
twomaterials,andsin and sin2 aretheanglesof
are the angles of
incidenceandrefractionrespectively.
 Snellsslaw(2)
Snell law (2)
Aworkedexample p
Calculatetheangle
shownas2 inthe
Fi
Figure.Thefirst
Th fi t
materialhasa
refractiveindexof
1.51andtheangleof
incidenceis38 and
the second material
thesecondmaterial
hasarefractiveindex
of1.46.
 Criticalangle
Aswesawinthelastsection,theangleoftherayincreases
asitentersthematerialhavingalowerrefractiveindex.
Eventually,theangleofrefractionreaches90
Eventually the angle of refraction reaches 90 andthelight
and the light
isrefractedalongtheboundarybetweenthetwomaterials.
Theangleofincidencewhichresultsinthiseffectiscalled
the critical angle
thecriticalangle.
Wecancalculatethevalueofthecriticalanglebyassuming
theangleofrefractiontobe90 andtransposingSnells
law:
n1sin1 =n2sin90

Asthevalueofsin90 is1,wecannowtransposetofind
sin1,andthence1,(whichisnowthecriticalangle):
Aworkedexample
Alightrayistravelinginatransparentmaterialof
refractiveindex1.51andapproachesasecondmaterial
of refractive index 1.46. Calculate the critical angle.
ofrefractiveindex1.46.Calculatethecriticalangle.
Usingtheformulaforthecriticalanglejustderived:

Putinthevaluesoftherefractiveindices:
Put in the values of the refractive indices:

Dividethetwonumbers:

So:
 Totalinternalreflection
Figure: Totalinternalreflection

Ifthelightapproachesthe
boundaryatananglegreater
thanthecriticalangle,thelight
isactuallyreflectedfromthe
boundary region back into the
boundaryregionbackintothe
firstmaterial.
Theboundaryregionsimply
actsasamirror.
Thiseffectiscalledtotal
h ff ll d l
internalreflection(TIR).

Ifthefiberhasparallelsides,andissurroundedbyamaterialwithalower
If the fiber has parallel sides and is surrounded by a material with a lower
refractiveindex,thelightwillbereflectedalongitataconstantangle.

Figure:Lightcanbounceitsway
alongthefiber
 Soal Latihan :
Perhatikan gambar di
samping
p g:
Hitunglah besar sudut
dengan tanda ?
Berapakah
k h Sudut
d
Kritisnya?
Agardapat
Agar dapat terjadi total
total
reflectionpada sistem
tersebut,berapakah
besar sudut datang dari
sinarnya?