CROSS-CULTURAL LITERACT understanding of how cultural differences

across and within nations can affect the way business is practiced

CULTURE a system of values and norms that are shared among a group
of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living

VALUES abstract ideas about what a group believes to be good, right, and
desirable

- Bedrock of a culture
- They provide the context within which a societys norms are
established and justified

NORMS social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behaviour in

particular situations

SOCIETY a group of people who share a common set of values and norms

FOLWAYS the routine conventions of everyday life

MORES norms that are seen as central to the functioning of a society and
to its social life

- They have much greater significance than folkways

DETERMINANTS OF CULTURE
- Social Structure
- Language
- Religion
- Education
- Political Philosophy
- Economic Philosophy

1. SOCIAL STRUCTURE refers to its basic social organization. 2

dimensions: degree to which the basic unit of social organization is the
individual, degree to which a society is stratified into classes or castes

GROUP an association of 2 or more individuals who have a shared sense

of identity and who interact with each other in structured ways on the basis
of a common set of expectations about each others behaviour

SOCIAL STRATA categories where all societies are stratified on a

hierarchical basis
 - Typically defined on the basis of characteristics such as family
background, occupation, and income

SOCIAL MOBILITY refers to the extent to which individuals can move out
of the strata into which they are born

CASTE SYSTEM closed system of stratification in which social position is

determined by the family into which a person is born, and change in that
position is usually not possible during an individuals lifetime

CLASS SYSTEM less rigid form of social stratification in which social

mobility is possible. It is a form of open stratification in which the position a
person has by birth can be changed through his or her own achievements or
luck

CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS refers to a condition where people tend to

perceive themselves in terms of their class background, and this shapes
their relationships with members of other classes

2. RELIGIOUS AND ETHICAL SYSTEMS

RELIGION a system of shared beliefs and rituals that are concerned with
the realm of the sacred

ETHICAL SYSTEMS refer to a set of moral principles, or values, that are

used to guide and shape behaviour

CHRISTIANITY vast majority lives in Europe and Americas, although

their numbers are growing rapidly in Africa

ISLAM 2nd largest of the worlds major religions

HINDUISM most of them on the Indian subcontinent

BUDDHISM found in India in the 6th century BC by Siddhartha Gautama,

an Indian prince who renounced his wealth to pursue an ascetic lifestyle and
spiritual perfection

CONFUCIANISM was founded in the 5th century by Confucius (Kung-Fu-

tzu)

3. LANGUAGE

SPOKEN LANGUAGE
UNSPOKEN LANGUAGE refers to nonverbal communication

4. EDUCATION formal education, is the medium through which

individuals learn many of the language, conceptual, and mathematical skills
that are indispensable in a modern society

CONFUCIAN DYNAMISM captures attitudes toward time, persistence,

ordering by status, protection of face, respect for tradition, and reciprocation
of gifts and favors

ETHNOCENTRISM belief in the superiority of ones own ethnic group or

culture