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Table 3. Average relative preference index for treated and untreated fistulated sheep in four trials.
Grasses Forbs
Dunce- Moun- North- Thick-
Moun- Showy cap Leafy- tain Moun- west Pale Sticky leaf
Alvine tain onion- lark- bract knot- tain cinque- agos- Stick- gera- Sweet ground- Western Western
Trials timbthy brome grass - svur aster weed sorrel foil eris seed nium anise se1 valarian varrow
No. 1
Control 1.2 2.0 1.5 .8 5.0 .6 11.9 1.3 4.0 1.0 LZ 36.4 55.7 1.7 L
AP 1.8 2.4 2.0 5.6 5.3 .9 7.9 1.4 3.0 .5 L 7.8 45.8 1.6 .3
As 1.4 1.5 1.7 7.7 5.2 .9 11.1 1.0 4.2 1.4 .2 19.5 73.1 3.9 .3
Ag .2 .8 1.1 9.5 4.7 1.0 2.5 1.7 5.8 2.3 .2 24.8 31.5 1.4 .2
At 1.4 2.4 1.9 1.2 4.6 .3 .9 1.4 2.2 1.6 .l 9.9 31.9 1.1 .l
No. 2
Control 2.2 2.2 7.6 .5 6.3 1.7 37.4 1.1 3.4 .9 L 4.6 14.2 1.3 .2
AP, As 2.4 2.2 13.8 L 5.6 2.6 29.6 1.1 1.4 .8 .l 8.3 10.0 3.5 .4
AP, Ag 2.5 2.2 9.2 .4 5.4 1.4 .2 1.5 1.8 .5 .l 5.5 6.6 1.0 .8
As, Ag 1.2 1.4 7.8 L 5.0 1.0 2.2 2.0 2.8 2.5 .l 5.9 5.6 3.7 .5
AP, At 2.3 2.1 9.6 L 4.5 .3 11.4 1.1 .9 1.0 .l 17.8 2.9 .5 .2
No. 3
Control 18.5 2.1 3.7 L 9.6 3.7 69.6 2.0 25.6 .7 L 14.6 12.2 2.0 .l
As, At 1.2 1.8 3.0 L 7.8 8.2 61.4 1.4 3.2 4.5 .l 8.2 13.9 .l .5
As, AP, Ag 7.0 2.2 4.9 35.1 7.5 4.8 2.4 1.8 13.2 .5 .2 4.1 20.2 2.1 1.4
As, Ag, At 5.8 1.2 3.8 1.9 9.4 2.4 9.1 2.1 3.5 3.5 .2 3.3 10.6 1.8 1.0
Ag, At 4.7 1.8 4.4 L 9.6 4.3 5.3 1.4 6.8 1.9 .l 2.7 27.8 8.0 .3
No. 4
Control 2.0 2.6 2.2 .3 12.8 .8 2.4 2.1 2.4 1.9 L 2.5 7.2 .4
As, Ap, At 1.2 2.9 2.8 .4 11.9 1.3 1.8 1.2 1.9 .4 .l 2.4 13.2 :: .2
AP, At, Ag 2.4 2.6 3.4 .l 5.7 .4 .5 1.7 .l .4 .l 4.0 .l 2.1
As, Ap, Ag, At 2.4 2.8 3.1 .3 8.0 1.6 .l 1.0 2.7 :: .3 2.7 3.2 1.4 2.1
Symbols used are as follows: As = anosmia, sense of smell impaired; Ap = anopsia, sense of sight impaired; Ag = ageusia, sense of taste impaired; and At = atactilia, sense of
touch impaired.
L = less than .l.
As, AP,
I
As, Ap, At As AP, At, Ag AP As, Ag, At As, AP, Ag Ag, At
Plant species $2 (4) (1) (4) (1) (3) (3) (4)
Grasses
Alpine timothy .02 NS3 NS NS .20 .15 NS .20 NS
Mountain brome .Ol .Ol NS .Ol NS NS NS NS .02
Showy oniongrass NS NS NS NS .20 NS NS NS NS
Forbs
Duncecap larkspur .05 NS .lO NS NS NA4 NS NA NS
Leafybract aster NS NS NS .02 NS NS NS NS NS
Mountain knotweed NS NS NS .20 NS NS .20 NS .05
Mountain sorrel .Ol NS NS .20 NS .lO .Ol .lO .lO
Northwest cinquefoil .lO .05 .15 .20 NS NS NS NS .lO
Pale agoseris NS NS NS .15 NS .lO .lO NS NS
Stickseed NS .05 NS .05 NS NS NS NS .05
Sticky geranium .Ol NS NS .Ol NS .Ol NS .Ol .Ol
Sweetanise NS NS NS NS .20 .02 .20 .05 NS
Thickleaf groundsel NS NS NS .15 NS NS .20 NS .20
Western valarian NS NS .lO NS NS NS NS NS NS
Western yarrow .02 .15 .Ol .20 .Ol .15 NS .02 .15
Symbols used are as follows: As = anosmia. sense of smell impaired; Ap = anopsia, sense of sight impaired; Ag = ageusia, sense of taste impaired; and
Ai = atactilia, sense of touch impaired.
2Trial number.
Not significant at P < .20.
4Not statistically tested.
cinquefoil; anosmic sheep had a prefer- was impaired. This change was prob- plants, such as thickleaf groundsel,
ence value of 1 .O compared to 1.3 for ably related primarily to the change in swee tanise (Osmorhiza occiden talis),
control animals. However, the interac- feeding behavior of the sheep when and pale agoseris (Agoseris glauca),
tion of smell and taste suggested that blindfolded. Anopsic sheep tended to was also positively related to the sense
taste was more influential in selection feed longer in a specific spot and lower of touch. Mountain knotweed (Poly-
of this plant. When both smell and in the vegetation. Grasses that tended gonum montanum), not succulent but
taste were controlled, the relative pre- to grow lower than most other vegeta- rated low in degree of coarseness,
ference index increased, which is the tion were more frequently en- decreased in preference when touch
same response observed with impair- countered by anopsic sheep than by was controlled. No plants had charac-
ment of taste alone, but opposite of untreated animals. Since these low- teristics producing sufficiently adverse
the response observed when smell growing grasses did not have other tactile stimuli to cause significant
alone was impaired (Table 3). Although o b j e c tionable characteristics, they decreases in preference. The role of
this difference was not significant, it were consumed more frequently by touch in selection was not as influen-
did show a tendency for the effects of anopsic sheep than by sheep that had tial as that of other senses. Preference
taste impairment to override the better access to higher growing vegeta- for thickleaf groundsel was more re-
effects of smell impairment. Further tion because of normal behavior. lated to interactions of smell and taste.
evidence to suggest a more important Changes in feeding behavior were only Sheep with smell and taste controlled
influence of taste was found when all apparent for anopsic sheep. showed a significantly lower prefer-
other senses were impaired. When this Mountain sorrel was a forb strongly ence (5.6) than untreated sheep (14.2)
occurred, preference decreased signifi- preferred because of its sour taste. with P < 0.01. Most bitter plants in
cantly; animals that could only taste When taste was impaired singly or in this study were unpalatable; however,
took less northwest cinquefoil than combination with other senses, prefer- the bitter-tasting thickleaf groundsel
control animals. When senses except ence for sorrel decreased. Mountain was preferred when smell and taste
smell were controlled, sheep prefer- sorrel a tender, succulent plant, was functioned together. Since preference
ence remained depressed, which indi- also preferred on the basis of touch. for groundsel decreased when only
cated that selection on the basis of However, taste seemed to be more smell remained intact, it is probable
smell was dependent upon other sen- influential, as indicated by results that the bitter taste of this plant and
sory stimuli. when all senses except touch were its tenderness provide highly preferred
Preference for grasses was primarily controlled. In this case, the preference stimuli for acceptance by sheep.
related to taste and sight. Preference index for treated sheep was 2.4 com- Sweetanise was a highly preferred
for alpine timothy (Phleum alpinum) pared to 69.6 for untreated sheep. plant. Acceptance of this plant
and for mountain brome was signifi- Preference remained depressed when decreased from RPI = 36.4 to RPI =
cantly decreased when taste was all senses except touch were impaired. 24.8 when taste was controlled. While
impaired. Preference for showy onion- When all senses except taste were the difference was not significant, it
grass (Melica spectabilis) was not sig- controlled, no significant differences did suggest sheep preferred the sweet
nificantly altered by taste treatment. were noted between treated and con- taste of this plant. Sweetanise, also
Preference for showy oniongrass and trol sheep. highly succulent, was preferred on the
alpine timothy increased when sight Preference for other succulent basis of touch. Sight was also related