1. Briefly describe the two types of visual acuity.

The two types of visual acuity is dynamic and static. Dynamic is the ability of the
driver to see objects in motion. On the other hand, Static is the ability of the driver
to see stationary object given that the driver is staying on a specific location.

2. Differentiate among the three types of vehicle characteristics.

There are three types of vehicle characteristics. Static, Kinematic and Dynamic.
Static is the characteristic that describes the weight and dimensions of the vehicle.
Kinematic describes the motion of vehicle without considering the forces that brings
it in motion. Lastly is Dynamic, it describes the forces that causes the vehicle in
motion.

3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of machine vision (video image
detection) when compared with other forms of detection?

The advantages of using these type of devices is we can now easily gather data
plus it can reduce human error. The disadvantages is that it is expensive and not
recommendable for single use. In addition to disadvantages, it is machine which is
programmed to a specific job. It cant handle technicalities like human can.

4. Select and describe the method and equipment you will recommend for
traffic volume counts for each of the road sections given below. Give reasons
for your recommendations.
a) A private road leading to an industrial development

I recommend the use of Inductive Burial Loop Vehicle Counter. This device is buried
under the roads and counts vehicles that pass through it. It is recommended in this
types of location because for sure the vehicles will go to this area will increase over
time because it is an industrial development area and you will need to conduct a
number of surveys to this area.

b) A residential street

The volume of vehicles in this location is not much as highways, I recommend to

use stick method to count the vehicles. It will be cheaper compared with the use of
electronic devices.

c) A rural collector road

I recommend the use of Pneumatic Road Tubes. This device counts the vehicle every
time a vehicle pass through the hose. I recommend this because a single survey can
be enough for this area because origin of vehicles is just in a specific locations
which I can say the number of vehicles can be constant for a long period of time.

d) A section of a freeway highway, say NLEX

I recommend the use of Autoscope, I recommend the use of this advance device in
highway like NLEX because it can handle huge volume of vehicles. Unlike other
devices it doesnt depends on interaction of vehicles with the devices. It uses video
image detection which is suitable for free highways for the drivers not to be
disturbed during their travel.

5. Define the following terms and cite examples of how they are used.
a) Average annual daily traffic (AADT)

It is the average daily traffic within a year. This type of survey is used in evaluating
and development of a specific highway or computation of crash rates in terms of
crasher per 100 million vehicles miles.

b) Average daily traffic (ADT)

It is used in short planning activities and evaluation of traffic.

c) Vehicle-miles of travel (VMT)

This survey is used for measurement of miles traveled by vehicles within a specified
region for a specified time period. The data gathered can be used in spot speed of
vehicles and helps to set a speed limit for a specific region of highway.

d) Peak hour volume (PHV)

This survey counts the capacity of highway given a consecutive 60 minutes which is
normally done by gathering data every four consecutive 15 minutes and getting its
average. It use for developing traffic routing and parking regulations. It can also be
used in planning the geometric characteristic of highway.

6. Describe the different traffic-count programs carried out in the country or in

your locality. What data are collected in each program, if there is any?

PROCEDURES ROAD SURVEYS done by MMDA along EDSA. The researchers crossed
overpasses and examined the effects of Yellow Lanes, U-turns and speed of the flow
of vehicles. Likewise investigations of the most frequently encountered problems
were observed.

7. Describe the following types of traffic volume counts and explain when they
are used: (a) screen-line counts, (b) cordon counts, (c) intersection counts,
and (d) control counts.

a.The study area is divided to different large sections by putting imaginary lines. To
make the study easier, manmade barriers like rivers, railway, tracks or any easily
recognized locations are used as screen lines. It is used to determine the traffic
volume in the area and to determine traffic flow direction due to changes in land-
use pattern of the area.
b.Cordon counts is done by putting an imaginary loop into a specific area (often
central business district of a city) particular in a specific time. That imaginary loop
will serves as counting lines. By the use of this method, you can determine the rate
of vehicle going inside and outside of the area. This count method is used for
planning parking facilities, updating traffic operational techniques and making long
range plans for freeway and arterial street systems.

c.Intersection counts is used to determine classifications of vehicles passing the

area and the turning movements in the intersections. The study is used for
determining phase lengths and cycle lengths for signalized intersections or by
improving the intersection.

d.Control counts is done seasonally or monthly in the previous location of volume

counts. The purpose of this to count the expansion or inflation of vehicles to
determine year round average values from short counts.

8. How are travel time and delay studies used? Describe one method for
collecting travel time and delay data at a section of a highway.

The study is used to determine travel time and the causes of delay in transportation
in a specific length of highway. One method to determine travel time is Average
speed technique. It is done by driving the test car along the specific length of
highway at a speed that the drivers think is average then the test is repeated into a
minimum number of times to get the average travel time.

9. Explain how to obtain the following information from the data collected: (a)
travel time, (b) operational delay, (c) stopped time delay, (d) fixed delay, and
(e) travel time delay.

a.Travel time can be obtained by the use of timer or in an uncongested road by

dividing distance of highway over speed.

b.Operational delay is obtained by recording the delay caused by the impedance of

other traffic. Example of these parking or unparking of vehicles causing blocking in
the path of way.

c.Stopped time delay is obtained by recording the delay during the vehicle is at rest.

d.Fixed delay is obtained by recording the delay caused by control devices such as
traffic signals.

e.Travel time delay is obtained by getting the difference of actual travel time and
the delayed travel time.

10.Discuss parking studies: its uses, important terms, methods, and important
data for the conduct of one.

Important terms