Properties of Fluid

ENGINEERING EDUCATION CENTRE
Basic Fluid Mechanics

Properties Of Fluid
S. M. TALHA JUBAED.
B.Sc in Computer Science & Engineering (CSE). (On-going)
University of Rajshahi.
Graduate in Engineering (Electrical Engineering) (AMIE-On-going)
Institution of Engineers, Bangladesh (IEB)
Email: talha_zobaed_2010@yahoo.com
Hotline: +8801911-088706.
B.Sc Engg. In Electrical Engineering (EE).
Course Name: Basic Fluid Mechanics.
Chapter-01: Properties of Fluid
Properties of Fluids
1. State and Explain Newtons Law of viscosity. How can the dimensions of viscosity be
derived from it? Oct-09; Oct-07; Mar07; Sep04; Sep03; Oct02; May00
2. Differentiate between Newtonian fluid and non-Newtonian fluid. Apr08
3. Define kinetic viscosity, dynamic viscosity, surface tension, capillarity and manometry,
Viscosity Index. Mar06; Sep04; Sep03;
4. Define Newtonian, Non-Newtonian and plastic fluids. Show them on a shear-stress vs.
velocity gradient plot. Sep05 Apr02
5. Explain pressure, specific weight, Bulk modulus of elasticity with reference to fluid. Oct-
08; Mar-06; Oct02; Apr02;
Mathematical:
1. A plate having an area of 0.6 m2 is sliding down the inclined plane at 30 to the
horizontal with a velocity of 0.36 m/s. there is a fluid film of 1.8 mm thick between the
plane and the plate. Find the viscosity of the fluid if the plate weights 280 N. 10 Marks.
Mar07[Similar to No-11 Question]
2. The velocity distribution for flow over a plate given by = 2 where u is the
velocity in m/s at a distance y meters above the plate. Determine the velocity gradient
and the shear stress at the boundary and 0.15 m from it. 6 Marks Sep-03[Similar to No-3
Question]

3. The velocity distribution over a plate is given by = . If the viscosity of the

fluid is 8 poise, find the shear stress at the plate boundary and at y = 0.15 m from the
plate. 10 Marks Apr-03 [Similar to No-2 Question]
4. The velocity distribution of flow over a plate is parabolic with vertex 30 cm from the
plate, where the velocity is 180 cm/s. if the viscosity of the fluid is 0.9 N-s/m2 find the
velocity gradient and shear stresses at distances of 0, 15 and 30 cm from the plate. 15
Marks Sep-05
5. A 25 cm diameter horizontal disk rotates at a distance of 2 mm above a solid surface.
Water at 10 ( = 1.308 10 N s/m and = 999.7 kg/m ) fills the gap.
Estimate the torque required to rotate the disk at 400 rpm. Any equation used in the
calculation should be derived from the law of viscosity. 12 Marks Oct-09[Similar to No-6
Question]
6. A 120mm disc rotates on a table separated by an oil film of 1.8 mm thickness. Find the
viscosity of oil if the torque required to rotate the disc at 60 rpm is 3.6 10 Nm. 15
Marks Sep-06 [Similar to No-5 Question]
7. Two large fixed parallel planes are 240 mm apart. The space between the surfaces is
filled with oil of viscosity 0.81 N-s/m2. A flat thin plate of 0.5 m2 area moves through the
oil at a viscosity of 0.6 m/s. calculate the drag force (i) when the thin plate is equidistant
S. M. TALHA JUBAED
University of Rajshahi. ENGINEERING EDUCATION CENTRE
Graduate in Engg. In Electrical Engineering (AMIE-On-going)-IEB.
Email: s_m_talha_jubaed@engineer.com RAJSHAHI. Cell: +8801719-033364
Cell: +8801911-088706. Page 2 of 21
from the fixed planes and (ii) when the plate is at a distance of 80 mm from one of fixed
planes. 14 Marks Sep-04; Dec-00; [Similar to No-6 (extra) Question]
8. A piston 59mm diameter rotates concentrically inside a cylinder of 60 mm diameter.
Both the piston and the cylinder are 80mm long. Find the rpm of the piston if the space
between the cylinder and the piston is filled with oil of viscosity 0.3 N.s/m2 and a torque
of 1.5 Nm is applied. Find the power required to rotate the piston. 10 Marks. Mar-
04[Similar to No-10 Question]
9. A square metal plate 1.5 m side and 1.5 mm thick weighting 50 N is to be lifted through
a vertical gap of 25 mm of infinite extent. The oil in the gap has a specific gravity of 0.95
and viscosity 2.5 N-s/m2. If the plate is to be lifted at a constant speed of 0.1 m/s, find
the force and power required. 10 Marks Nov-01
10. A cylinder of 0.12 m radius rotates concentrically inside a fixed cylinder of 0.13m radius.
Both cylinders are 0.3m long. Determine the viscosity of the liquid which fills the space
between the cylinders if a torque of 0.880 Nm is required to maintain an angular velocity
of 2 rad/s. 10 Marks Dec-00 [Similar to No-8 Question]
11. A cubical block weighting 20 kg and having a 20 cm edge is allowed to slide down on an
inclined plane surface making an angle of 20 with the horizontal on which there is a thin
film having a viscosity of 0.22 10-3 kg.sec/m2. What terminal velocity will be attained if
the film thickness is estimated to be 0.025 mm? 10 Marks May-00[Similar to No-1
Question]
***
Extra for A+ Desired Student:

1. What is Fluid Mechanics? Define Fluid, Compressibility, Cohesion, and Adhesion.
2. What is Ideal Fluid? What are the characteristics of an ideal fluid?
3. A 150 mm diameter shaft rotates at 1500 rpm in a 200 mm long journal bearing with
150.5 mm internal diameter. The uniform annular space between the shaft and the
bearing is filled with oil of dynamic viscosity 0.8 poise. Calculate the power dissipated as
heat. AMIE(I)-01
4. A circular disc of diameter D is slowly rotated in a liquid of large viscosity at a small
distance from a fixed surface. Derive an expression of torque necessary to maintain an
angular velocity. AMIE (I)-02
5. A fluid has an absolute viscosity of 0.048 Pas and a specific gravity of 0.913. for flow of
such a fluid over a solid flat surface, the velocity at a point 75 mm away from the surface
is 1.125 m/s. calculate the shear stresses at the solid boundary and also at points 25
mm, 50 mm and 75 mm away from the surface in normal direction, if the velocity
distribution across the surface is (i) linear (ii) parabolic with vertex at the point 75 mm
away from the surface. AMIE (I)-00
S. M. TALHA JUBAED
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2
6. A central plate of area 6 m being pulled with a force of 160 N. if the viscosities of the
two oils are in the ratio of 1:3 and the viscosity of top oil is 0.12 N.s/m2. Determine the
velocity at which the central plate will move, [Similar to No-7 Question]
7. If the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the air bubble of diameter
0.01 mm is 29.2 kPa, what will be the surface tension at air-water interface? AMIE (I)-00
8. Gas A is compressed isothermally and gas B at 100 kPa is compressed isentropic ally
( = 1.4). Which gas is more compressible? AMIE(I)-99

t (40-50% ) *** n p
e a e+ *** e ! ao ## ei
a& a ' (i ) * e+ eg a- )! . !&/
) !k )1 e+ !2 ( i # ) m i ei )1 e+ )!
& !& ei a& (Properties of Fluids) )4 ) + 1 20 ut m
(a ), i 1 !+ e ei !+ ) # ! 201 -k& ei a&
)4 ! ! < e= ! = )*(
Exam Marks Exam Marks Exam Marks Exam Marks

May-00 20 Nov-01 10 Apr-02 25 Oct-02 08
Apr-03 10 Sep-03 10 Mar-04 15 Sep-04 20
Mar-05 10 Sep-05 20 Mar-06 05 Sep-06 20
Mar-07 10 Apr-08 8 Oct-09 12 Apr-10 20
Dec-00 20 Oct-10 20 Apr-11 20 May-01 15
Necessary Laws of this chapter:

#$%&' ()'*% ,
1. Shear stress, " = =
+'%& +
./ ./
2. Shear stress, " =-. ; Where - = Viscosity; = Rate of shear stress or rate of shear
.0 .0
deformation or Velocity gradient.
3. Torque, T = Shear stress (") Area (A) Radius (r).
23
4. Angular speed, 1 = ; Where N = Number of Rotation per minute (rpm).
45
5. Required force, F = W + 2(". 6); where W = Weight of the plate; " = shear stress 6 = Area
of the plate.
6. Required Power, P = Force (F) Speed (u).
7. The equation of velocity profile, which is parabolic, is given by 7 + 8 +9; where l, m,
n are constants.
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2.3
8. Tangential velocity, = ; Where d = diameter; N = Number of Rotation per minute
45
(rpm).
9. Power dissipated as heat = shear force Tangential velocity
10. Linear velocity, = Angular speed radius =1:.
11. Viscous torque = Shearing force radius.
12. Drag force, F = ; +; ; where ; = Shear force on upper side of the plate; ; = Shear force
on lower side of the plate.
13. Surface area of the inner cylinder =<7 ; where d = diameter of shaft 7= length of each
cylinder.
2
14. Pressure force = = < ; Where p= pressure; d = diameter

15. Surface tension force acting around the circumference= > <; where > = Surface
tension.
2
16. = < = > <

Note: ei a& a ' ei 't ' (s ( (i * e (s 4 ei
a& ) a + &
Question Solution
Q: Define Fluid Mechanics & Fluid.
Fluid Mechanics:
Fluid Mechanics may be defined as that branch of Engineering-science which
deals with the behavior of fluid under the conditions of rest and motion. The fluid
mechanics may be divided into three parts: Statics, Kinematics, and Dynamics.
Definition of Fluid:
A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously when subjected to external
shearing force. It may also be defined as a substance which is capable of flowing. A fluid
may be classified as follows:
(i) Liquid (ii) Gas & (iii) Vapor
(i) Ideal fluids & (ii) Real fluids.
Q: What do you mean by the term Viscosity & Kinematic viscosity.
Viscosity/ Dynamic Viscosity:

Viscosity may be defined as the property of a fluid which determines its
resistances to shearing stresses. It is a measure of the internal fluid friction which causes
resistances to flow. It may also be defined as the shear stress required to produce unit rate
S. M. TALHA JUBAED
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of shear strain. It is denoted by . Viscosity of fluids is due to cohesion and interaction
between particles. It is expressed mathematically as:
@
=
AB
AC
2
The unit of viscosity in S.I units is N.s/m .
Kinematic Viscosity:
Kinematic viscosity is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and
density of fluid. It is denoted by (called nu). Mathematically,
DCEFGHI JHKILKHMC O
= =
DNEKHMC P
The unit of kinematic viscosity in S.I units is m2/s.
Q: What are Newtonian fluids, Non Newtonian Fluid & Plastic Fluid?
Newtonian Fluids:
Fluids which follow the linear relationship between shear stress and rate of
deformation (i.e. Newtons Viscosity law/equation) are termed as Newtonian fluids. For
such fluids does not change with rate of deformation.
Examples: Water, Kerosene, Air etc.
Non-Newtonian Fluids:
Fluids which do not follow the linear relationship between shear stress and
rate of deformation i.e. Newtons Viscosity equation are termed as Non-Newtonian fluids.
Such fluids are relatively uncommon.
Examples: Solutions or suspensions (slurries), mud flows, polymer

solutions, blood etc
Defn of Plastic Fluids:

Plastic fluid is Non-Newtonian fluid in which an initial yield stress is to be
exceeded to cause a continuous deformation. An ideal plastic has a definite yield stress and
a constant linear relation between shear stress and the rate of angular deformation. Ex:
Sewage sludge, drilling mud etc. A thyxotropic substance, which is non-Newtonian fluid, has
a non-linear relationship between the sheer stress and the rate of angular deformation,
beyond an initial yield stress.
Examples: Sewage sludge, drilling mud (Ideal plastic) & the printers ink
(thyxotropic substance).
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Q: What do you mean by Pressure & Specific weight?
Defn of Pressure:
The term Pressure may be defined as the normal force per unit area. The
unit of pressure depends upon the units of force and area. It is expressed mathematically
as:
In S.I system of units, the practical unit of pressure is N/mm2, N/m2, kN/m2, MN/m2, Pa, kPa
etc.
Pressure of a Fluid:
When a fluid is contained in a vessel, it exerts force at all points on the sides
and bottom and top of the container. The force per unit area is called pressure.
If ; = The force and 6 = Area on which the force acts, then
,
intensity of pressure, P= ;
+
The pressure of a fluid on a surface will always act normal to the surface.
Specific Weight:
The specific weight (also known as weight density) is defined as the weight per
unit volume at the standard temperature and pressure. It is usually denoted by . It is
expressed mathematically as:
= g
The unit of Specific Weight in S.I units is kN/m3.
Q: What is Ideal Fluid? What are the characteristics of an ideal fluid?
Defn of Ideal Fluid:

An Ideal fluid is one which is incompressible and has zero viscosity or in other
words shear stress is always zero regardless of the motion of the fluid. Thus an ideal fluid is
represented by the horizontal axis (=0).
Characteristics of an Ideal Fluid:

An ideal fluid has the following characteristics:
1. No viscosity (i.e. = 0 )
2. No surface tension.
3. Incompressible (i.e. = constant).
4. An ideal fluid can slip near a solid boundary and cannot sustain any
shear force however small it may be.
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Q: What do you mean by Surface tension? What are Cohesion and Adhesion?
Surface Tension:
Surface tension is defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid
in contact with a gas or on the surface between two immiscible liquids such that the contact
surface behaves like a membrane under tension. Surface Tension is due to cohesion
between particles at the free surface. The magnitude of this force per unit length of the free
surface will have the same value as the surface energy per unit area. It is denoted by the
letter and is expressed as N/m.
Examples: Rain Drops, Rise of sap in a tree, Bird can drink water from ponds,
capillary rise and capillary siphoning etc.
Defn of Cohesion:
Cohesion means intermolecular attraction between molecules of the same
liquid .it enables a liquid to resist small amount of tensile stresses. Cohesion is a tendency of
the liquid to remain as one assemblage of particles. Surface tension is due to cohesion
between particles at the free surface.
Example: The attraction between the molecules of water.
Defn of Adhesion:
Adhesion means attraction between the molecules of a liquid and the
molecules of a solid boundary surface in contact with the liquid. This property enables a
liquid to stick to another body. Capillary action is due to cohesion and adhesion.
Example: The attraction between the molecules of water and molecules of the
container.
Q: What do you mean by Capillarity, Compressibility & Bulk modulus of elasticity?
Defn of Capillarity:
Capillarity is a phenomenon by which a liquid (depending upon its specific
gravity) rises into a thin glass tube above or below its general level. This phenomenon is due
to the combined effect of cohesion and adhesion of liquid particles.
Defn of Compressibility:
The compressibility is the property by virtue of which undergo a change in
volume under the action of external pressure i.e. it is a measure of relative change of
S. M. TALHA JUBAED
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volume (for density) when the fluid is subjected to a pressure change. It is the reciprocal of
the bulks modulus of elasticity (K). It is expressed mathematically as:
Q (AJ/J)
Z= =
R AT
Q
For an ideal gas, if the compression is isothermal, Z= and if the compression
U
Q
is isentropic, V = .
WU
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity:

Bulk modulus of elasticity may be defined as the ratio of compressive stress to
volumetric strain. The elasticity of fluids is measured in terms of bulk modulus of elasticity
(k). Compressibility is the reciprocal of bulk modulus of elasticity. It is expressed
mathematically as:
AT
K= AJ
( )
J
Q: State & explain Newtons law of Viscosity.
Statement:
The shear stress () on a fluid element layer is directly proportional to the rate of shear
strain. It is expressed mathematically as:
<
"
<
Explanation:
Refer fig-1 when two layers of fluid, at a
distance dy apart, move one over the other
at different velocities, say u and u+du, the
viscosity together with relative velocity causes
a shear stress acting between the fluid layers.
The top layer causes a shear stress on the
adjacent lower layer while the lower layer causes a shear stress on the adjacent top layer.
This shear stress is proportional to the rate of change of velocity with respect to y. it is
denoted by " (Called Tau).
./
Mathematically, "
.0
./
Or, " = .
.0
Where, = constant of proportionality and is known as co-efficient of dynamic viscosity or
./
only viscosity. = rate of shear stress or rate of shear deformation or velocity gradient.
.0
Q: Differentiate between Newtonian fluid and non-Newtonian fluid. Apr08
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Difference between Newtonian fluid and non-Newtonian fluid:
Newtonian fluid Non-Newtonian

Fluids which follow the linear relationship Fluids which do not follow the linear
between shear stress and rate of relationship between shear stress and rate
deformation (i.e. Newtons Viscosity of deformation i.e. Newtons Viscosity
law/equation) are termed as Newtonian equation are termed as Non-Newtonian
fluids. fluids.
For such fluids does not change with rate For such fluids change with rate of
of deformation. deformation.
Such fluids are relatively common. Such fluids are relatively uncommon.
Examples: Water, Kerosene, Air etc. Examples:Solutions or suspensions
(slurries), mud flows, polymer
solutions, blood etc
Problem Solution
Problem-1: A plate having an area of 0.6 m2 is sliding down the inclined plane at 30 to the
horizontal with a velocity of 0.36 m/s. there is a fluid film of 1.8 mm thick between the
plane and the plate. Find the viscosity of the fluid if the plate weights 280 N. 10 Marks.
Mar07
[#' ! 4 30 )< ) u !*& 0.6 m2 )kt? e1 )p+ -# 0.36 m/s
) ! = e )p+ 1.8 mm A . !&/ !?l = !* )p+ o 280 N. &,
C p- nd ) ]
Solution:
Given,
Area of plate, A = 0.6 m2
Weight of plate, W = 280 N.
Velocity of plate, = 0.36 m/s; So, Change of velocity < = - 0 = 0.36m/s
Thickness of film, t = dy = 1.8 mm = 1.8 10 m.
Viscosity of the fluid, Z:

Component of W along the plate = W sin [ = 280 sin 30 = 140 N.
Shear force on the bottom surface of the plate, F = 140 N and shear stress,
, 5
" = = = 233.33 ]/8
+ 5.4
./
We know, " =-.
.0
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5.4
Or, "=-
.^ 5_`
.^ 5_`
Or, -="
5.4
.^ 5_`
Or, - = 233.33
5.4
2
= 1.166 N.s/m = 11.66 poise. (Ans.)
HOME WORK: A cubical block weighting 20 kg and having a 20 cm edge is allowed to slide
down on an inclined plane surface making an angle of 20 with the horizontal on which
there is a thin film having a viscosity of 0.22 10-3 kg.sec/m2. What terminal velocity will
be attained if the film thickness is estimated to be 0.025 mm? 10 Marks May-00
Problem-2: The velocity distribution for flow over a plate given by B = aC Ca where u is
the velocity in m/s at a distance y meters above the plate. Determine the velocity
gradient and the shear stress at the boundary and 0.15 m from it. Take dynamic viscosity
of fluid as 0.9 N.s/m2. 6 Marks Sep-03
[e1 )p+ u !*& ) p- p ) = 2 )( u c )p+ u y ! +
*'t m/s e p! ) un! e e+ )4 0.15 m *'t ) ak e I n
- ) p- nd 0.9 N.s/m2]
Solution:
Given,
The velocity distribution, =2y-y2;
Dynamic Viscosity, - = 0.9 N.s/m2
AB
Velocity gradient, and Shear Stress, "::
AC
./
We know, Shear stress, " =-. ;
.0
2.
Here, =2y-y
./
= 2 - 2y
.0
So, at the boundary: At y=0
./
( ) y=o = 2 20 = 2b (Ans.)
.0
./
(") y=0 =-. ( ) y=o = 0.9 2 = 1.8 N/m2 (Ans.)
.0
At 0.15 m from the boundary: At y = 0.15m,
./
( ) y=o.15 = 2 20.15 = 1.7 b (Ans.)
.0
./
(") y=0.15 =-. ( ) y=0.15 = 0.9 1.7 =1.53 N/m2 (Ans.)
.0
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c Q
Problem-3: The velocity distribution over a plate is given by B = C Ca . If the viscosity
a a
of the fluid is 8 poise, find the velocity gradient and the shear stress at the plate boundary
and at y = 0.15 m from the plate. 10 Marks Apr-03
c Q
[e1 )p+ u !*& ) p- p ) B = C Ca . !* p- nd 8 poise &
a a
un! e )p+ )4 0.15 m *'t ) ak e I n - ) ]
Solution:
Given,

The velocity distribution, = y- y2;

Viscosity, - = 8 poise = 0.8 N.s/m2
AB
Velocity gradient, and Shear Stress, "::
AC
./
.0

Here = y - y2;

./
= -y
.0
So, at the boundary: At y=0,
./
( ) y=o = - 0 = b (Ans.)
.0
./
(") y=0 =-. ( ) y=o = 0.8 = 1.2 N/m2 (Ans.)
.0
At 0.15 m from the boundary: At y = 0.15m,
./
( ) y=o.15 == 0.15 = 1.35 b (Ans.)
.0
./
(") y=0.15 =-. ( ) y=0.15 = 0.8 1.35 =1.08 N/m2 (Ans.)
.0
Problem-4: A 150 mm diameter shaft rotates at 1500 rpm in a 200 mm long journal
bearing with 150.5 mm internal diameter. The uniform annular space between the shaft
and the bearing is filled with oil of dynamic viscosity 0.8 poise. Calculate the power
dissipated as heat. AMIE (I)-01
[200 mm m e 150.5 mm a#n-< !!K e1 !&!-e 150 mm
!!K e1 L p!! !+ 1500 M= L e !&!-e N ?O & 0.8
poise nd !!K ) !*& '< ! k& o& !k ! ! ]
Solution:
Given,
Diameter of shaft, dshaft = 150 mm = 150 10-3 m.
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Diameter of bearing, dbearing = 150.5 mm
Length, 7 = 200 mm = 0.2 m
Number of Rotation, N = 1500 rpm.
Dynamic viscosity of oil, - = 0.8 poise = 0.08 Ns/m2
Power dissipated as heat:

( e5.e e5)/
Radial thickness of the oil, < = m = 0.00025 m
555
2.3 2 ( e5 5_` ) e55
Tangential velocity of the shaft, = = = 11.78 m/s
45 45
Change of velocity, < = o = 11.78 m/s
./
Tangential stress in the oil layer, " =-.
.0
.f^
Or, " = 0.08
5.555e
= 3769.6 N/m2
Power dissipated as heat = shear force Tangential velocity
= [" (<7) ] = 3769.9 (150 10 )0.211.78
=4185 W (Ans.)
HOME WORK: A 400 mm diameter shaft rotates at 200 rpm in a bearing of length 120
mm. if the thickness of oil film is 1.5 mm and the dynamic viscosity of the oil is 0.7 N.s/m2,
determine (i) torque required to overcome friction in bearing (ii) power utilized in
overcoming viscous resistance.
Problem-5: The velocity distribution of flow over a plate is parabolic with vertex 30 cm
from the plate, where the velocity is 180 cm/s. if the viscosity of the fluid is 0.9 N-s/m2
find the velocity gradient and shear stresses at distances of 0, 15 and 30 cm from the
plate. 15 Marks Sep-05
[e1 )p+ u !*& p )p+ )4 30 cm -Q I !, )( ) 180 cm/s. !*
p- nd 0.9 N-s/m2 &, )p+ )4 0, 15 and 30 cm *'t ) ak e I n -
) ]
Solution:
Given,
Distance of the vertex from the plate = 30 cm
Velocity at vertex, u = 180 cm/s
Viscosity of the fluid, - = 0.9 N.s/m2
The equation of velocity profile, which is parabolic, is given by

= 7 + 8 +9 --------------------(1)
Where l, m, n are constants. The values of these constants are found
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From the following boundary conditions:

(i) At Y = 0, u = 0;
(ii) At y = 30 cm, u =180 cm/s and
./
(iii) At y = 30 cm, = 0
.0
Substituting boundary conditions (i) in eqn. (1), we get,
0=0+0+n n=0
Substituting boundary conditions (ii) in eqn. (1), we get,
180 = 7 (30)2 + 8 30 or 180 = 900 7 + 30 8----------------------------------------------------
-----(2)
Substituting boundary conditions (iii) in eqn. (1), we get,
./
= 27 + 8 0 = 27 30 + 8 h: 0 = 607 + 8----------------------------(3)
.0
Solving eqn. (2) and (3), we have 7 = 0.2 i9< 8 = 12.
Substituting the values of 7, 8, i9< 9 in eqn. (1), we get,

B = -0.2 Ca + 12C
AB
Velocity gradients, :
AC

Here, = -0.2 + 12
AB
= -0.2 2 + 12 = -0.4 + 12
AC
AB
At = 0, ( )0k5 = -0.4 0 + 12 = 12 b (Ans.)
AC
AB
At = 15 l8 ( )0k5. e = -0.4 15 + 12 = 6 b (Ans.)
AC
AB
At = 30 l8 ( )0k5 = -0.4 30 + 12 = 0 (Ans.)
AC
Shear Stress, ":

./
We know, Shear stress, " =-.
.0
AB
At = 0, (")0k5 = -. ( )0k5 = 0.9 12 = 10.8 N/m2 (Ans.)
AC
AB
At = 15 l8, (")0k e = -. ( )0k e = 0.9 6 = 5.4 N/m2 (Ans.)
AC
AB
At = 30 l8, (")0k5 = -. ( )0k5 = 0.9 0 = 0 (Ans.)
AC
Problem-6: A circular disc of diameter D is slowly rotated in a liquid of large viscosity at a

small distance from a fixed surface. Derive an expression of torque necessary to maintain
an angular velocity. AMIE (I)-02
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[e1 D ) ! k# + )4 al *'t a! nd e1
s s M= )T!< ) & ( p&-& + ! ) ]
Solution:
The arrangement is shown in fig-1.
Consider an elementary ring of disc at radius r and having a width dr. linear velocity at this
radius is 1:.
./
Shear stress, " =-.
.0
Torque = Shear stress Area Radius.
= " 2: <: r
./
= -. 2: <r
.0
Assuming the gap h to be small so that the velocity distribution may be assumed linear.
./ m'
=
.0 $
Torque on the element
m' 2pm
<n = - 2: <r = : <:
$ $
rs 2pm
Total torque, n = q5 : <:
$
2pm ' u r
Or, n = [ ]5
$
2pm r
Or, n= . ( )
$
2pmr u
Or, n = ; which is the required expression.
$
Problem-7: A 25 cm diameter horizontal disk rotates at a distance of 2 mm above a solid

surface. Water at 10 (Z = Q. cxy Qxc z K/Ga and P = {{{. | }~/Gc ) fills the
gap. Estimate the torque required to rotate the disk at 400 rpm. Assume the velocity
gradient in the water film to be linear. Any equation used in the calculation should be
derived from the law of viscosity. 12 Marks Oct-09
[25 cm e1 a#'! ! e1 U 2 mm u M= ! e
?O s 10 (Z = Q. cxy Qxc z K/Ga And P = {{{. | }~/Gc ) t !
&= !1 p!! !+ 400 M p&-& + ) ! !?l ) ak
V!( W ) -< nd 't )4 p!* ]
Solution:
Given,
Diameter of the disc, = 25 cm = 0.25 m
Viscosity of water at 10, - = 1.308 10 ] b/8
Thickness of water film, t = 2 mm = 2 10-3 m
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Speed of the disc, N = 400 rpm.
23 2 55
Angular speed of the disc, 1 = = = 13.33 rad/s
45 45
Torque, :
./
.0
And when the velocity gradient is linear,
AB B
=
AC M
/
Shearing stress, " =-. .

Shearing force = Shearing stress Area
/
= -. 2: <: [Considering an element at radius r and thickness dr]

m'
= -. 2: <: [where = 1:, 1 being the angular velocity]

2pm' ..'
=

Viscous torque = Shearing force r
2pm' ..'
= r

2pm' ` ..'
=

2pm' ` ..'
Total viscous torque, n = q5

2pm
=

q5 : <:
2pmu
=

Substituting the value, we get,

2pmu
n =

2 .5^ 5_` . 2 (5.e/)u
=
5
= 1.05 10-2 Nm. (Ans.)
Problem-8: A 120mm disc rotates on a table separated by an oil film of 1.8 mm thickness.
Find the viscosity of oil if the torque required to rotate the disc at 60 rpm is c. Qx
Nm. 15 Marks Sep-06
[120mm e1 ! )+! u M= ! e )+! X 1.8 mm At )
!?l = !* !1 p!! !+ 60 M p&-& + ! 3.6 10 Nm
&, )1 nd ) ]
Solution:
S. M. TALHA JUBAED
Cell: +8801911-088706. Page 16 of 21
Given,
Diameter of the disc, = 120 mm = 0.12 m
Thickness of oil film, t = 1.8 mm = 1.8 10-3 m
Torque, n = 3.6 10-4 Nm.
Speed of the disc , ] = 60 rpm

23 2 45
Angular speed of the disc, 1 = = = 2 rad/s
45 45
Viscosity, Z:
./
We know, Shear stress, = -. ;
.0
And when the velocity gradient is linear,
AB B
=
AC M
/
Shearing stress, = -. .

Shearing force = Shearing stress Area
/
= -. 2: <: [Considering an element at radius r and thickness dr]

m'
= -. 2: <: [where = 1:, 1 being the angular velocity]

2pm' ..'
=

Viscous torque = Shearing force r
2pm' ..'
= r

2pm' ` ..'
=

2pm' ` ..'
Total viscous torque, n = q5

2pm
= q5
: <:

2pmu
=

Substituting the value, we get,

2pmu
n =

Or, - =
2mu
.4 5 .^ 5
=
2 2 (5. /)u
= 0.00506 N.s/m2
= 0.0506 poise (Ans.)
HOME WORK: A cylinder of 0.12 m radius rotates concentrically inside a fixed cylinder of
0.13m radius. Both cylinders are 0.3m long. Determine the viscosity of the liquid which
S. M. TALHA JUBAED
Cell: +8801911-088706. Page 17 of 21
fills the space between the cylinders if a torque of 0.880 Nm is required to maintain an
angular velocity of 2 rad/s. 10 Marks Dec-00
Problem-9: Two large fixed parallel planes are 240 mm apart. The space between the
surfaces is filled with oil of viscosity 0.81 N-s/m2. A flat thin plate of 0.5 m2 area moves
through the oil at a velocity of 0.6 m/s. calculate the drag force (i) when the thin plate is
equidistant from the fixed planes and (ii) when the plate is at a distance of 80 mm from
one of fixed planes. 14 Marks Sep-04; Dec-00;
[k# + *1 nY 240 mm *'t = *1 N & 0.81 N-s/m2
nd !!K ) d '< 0.5 m2 )kt? e1 , I< o ! )p+ 0.6 m/s ) )
!*& = (1) ( ! )p+ k# + *1 )4 *'t 4 (2)
( )p+1 e1 )4 80 mm *'t 4; ( drag force ) ]
Solution:
Given,
Distance between the fixed parallel planes = 240 mm = 0.24 m
Area of thin plate, 6 = 0.5 m2
Velocity of plate, = 0.6 m/s.
Viscosity of Oil = 0.81 N-s/m2
Drag Force, F:
(i) When the thin plate is equidistant from the fixed planes:
Let, ; = Shear force on the upper side on the thin plate.
; = Shear force on the Lower side on the thin plate.
; = Total force required to drag the plate (= ; + ; ).
The shear stress , on the upper side of the thin plate is given by:
./
" =-. ( ) ;
.0
Where, < = 0.6 m/s (relative velocity between upper fixed plane and the plate) and < =
120 mm = 0.12 m (distance between the upper fixed plane and the plate) (thickness of the
plate neglected)
5.4
" =0.81 = 4.05 ]/8
5.
Shear force, ; = " . 6 = 4.05 0.5 = 2.025 ]
5.4
" =0.81 = 4.05 ]/8
5.
Shear force, ; = " . 6 = 4.05 0.5 = 2.025 ]
Drag force, F = ; + ; = 2.025 + 2.025 = 4.05 N
S. M. TALHA JUBAED
Cell: +8801911-088706. Page 18 of 21
(ii) When the plate is at a distance of 80 mm from one of fixed planes:

The Shear force on the upper side of the thin plate,
; = " . 6
./
= -. ( ) 0.5
.0
5.4
= 0.81 0.5
5.5^
= 3.0375 N
The Shear force on the Lower side on the thin plate,
; = " . 6
./
= -. ( ) 0.5
.0
5.4
= 0.81 0.5
5. 4
= 1.5188 ]
Total force, ; = ; + ; .
= (3.0375 + 1.5188) ]
= 4.5563 ] " (Ans.)
HOME WORK: A central plate of area being pulled with a force of 160 N. if the viscosities
of the two oils are in the ratio of 1:3 and the viscosity of top oil is 0.12 N.s/m2. Determine
the velocity, at which the central plate will move,
[ 6 m2 )kt? e1 )!nd& )p+ 160 N u[ !* *1 ) nd a 1:3 &
e u ) nd 12 N.s/m2 & , ) ) )nd-& )p+ )i )1 )
]
Problem-10: A square metal plate 1.5 m side and 1.5 mm thick weighting 50 N is to be
lifted through a vertical gap of 25 mm of infinite extent. The oil in the gap has a specific
gravity of 0.95 and viscosity 2.5 N-s/m2. If the plate is to be lifted at a constant speed of
0.1 m/s, find the force and power required. 10 Marks Nov-01
[1.5 m \, 1.5 mm At e 50 N o !!K e1 )p+ 25 mm um 's
!*& a- n u[ 's !* ) !k At 0.95 e nd
2.5 N-s/m2. )p+1 0.1 m/s ] ) u u[ p&-& o !k ! < ) ]
Solution:
Given,
Area of metal plate, 6 = 1.5 1.5 = 2.25 m2.
Weight of the plate, = 50 ]
e .e
Thickness of the oil film, = < = = 0.011758
555
Speed of the metal plate, = 0.1 8/b
S. M. TALHA JUBAED
Cell: +8801911-088706. Page 19 of 21
Change of speed, < = 0.1 0 = 0.18/b
Viscosity, - =2.5 N-s/m2
We know,
./
Shear stress, " = -.
.0
5.
Or, " = 2.5 = 21.28 ]/8
5.5 fe
Force Required, F:
; = + 2(". 6)
= 50 + 2 21.28 2.25
= 145.76 N (Ans.)
Power required, P:
=;
= 145.76 0.1
= 14.58 W (Ans.)
HOME WORK: A metal plate 1.25m 1.25m 6 mm thick and weighting 90 N is placed
midway in the 24mm gap between the two vertical plane surfaces. The gap is filled with
an oil of specific gravity 0.85 and dynamic viscosity 3.0 N.s/m2. Determine the force
required to lift the plate with a constant velocity of 0.15 m/s.
Problem-10: If the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the air bubble of
diameter 0.01 mm is 29.2 kPa, what will be the surface tension at air-water interface?
AMIE (I)-00
Solution:
Given,
Pressure difference, = = 29.2 i = 29.2 10 Pa.(or N/m2)
Diameter of air bubble = 0.01 mm = 0.01 10 8
We know,
2
= < = > <

.
Or, > ==

.
Or, > ==

5.5 5_`
= 29.2 10

= 0.073 ]8 (Ans.)
S. M. TALHA JUBAED
Cell: +8801911-088706. Page 20 of 21
***
S. M. TALHA JUBAED
Cell: +8801911-088706. Page 21 of 21

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ENGINEERING EDUCATION CENTRE

Basic Fluid Mechanics

Extra for A+ Desired Student:

Exam Marks Exam Marks Exam Marks Exam Marks

Necessary Laws of this chapter:

Q: What do you mean by the term Viscosity & Kinematic viscosity.

Viscosity/ Dynamic Viscosity:

Examples: Water, Kerosene, Air etc.

Examples: Solutions or suspensions (slurries), mud flows, polymer

Defn of Plastic Fluids:

Q: What do you mean by Pressure & Specific weight?

The unit of Specific Weight in S.I units is kN/m3.

Q: What is Ideal Fluid? What are the characteristics of an ideal fluid?

Defn of Ideal Fluid:

Characteristics of an Ideal Fluid:

Example: The attraction between the molecules of water.

Q: What do you mean by Capillarity, Compressibility & Bulk modulus of elasticity?

Bulk Modulus of Elasticity:

Q: State & explain Newtons law of Viscosity.

Difference between Newtonian fluid and non-Newtonian fluid:

Newtonian fluid Non-Newtonian

Viscosity of the fluid, Z:

Power dissipated as heat:

The equation of velocity profile, which is parabolic, is given by

From the following boundary conditions:

Substituting the values of 7, 8, i9< 9 in eqn. (1), we get,

Shear Stress, ":

Problem-6: A circular disc of diameter D is slowly rotated in a liquid of large viscosity at a

Problem-7: A 25 cm diameter horizontal disk rotates at a distance of 2 mm above a solid

Substituting the value, we get,

Speed of the disc , ] = 60 rpm

Substituting the value, we get,

Drag force, F = ; + ; = 2.025 + 2.025 = 4.05 N

(ii) When the plate is at a distance of 80 mm from one of fixed planes:

Вам также может понравиться

Drag force, F = ; + ; = 2.025 + 2.025 = 4.05 N