10-1 9 15 1394

mme.modares.ac.ir

*2 1

-1
-2
ahmadin@aut.ac.ir 4413- 15875 : *

1394 30 :
LCR .
1394 07 :
5000 . 1394 31 :
5 .
LCR .
.
HAZ
5000
.
.

Evaluation of the Capability of Ultrasonic Method for Measuring

Longitudinal Welding Residual Stress, by Validating with X-Ray Diffraction
Method

Mohammad Eftekhary, Mehdi Ahmadi Najafabadi

1- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University, Tehran, Iran.
P.O.B. 4413-15875 Tehran, Iran, ahmadin@aut.ac.ir

ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT

Original Research Paper In recent years, measurement of residual stress by ultrasonic method has developed because of its
Received 20 May 2015 nondestructive nature, portable equipment and being cheap and fast. In this research, the
Accepted 28 June 2015
Capability of ultrasonic method by using longitudinal critically refracted or LCR wave in
Available Online 22 July 2015
measurement of longitudinal welding residual stress has been scrutinized. For this purpose, two
Keywords:
plates of aluminum alloy series 5000 were joined by TIG welding method. Measurement of
Welding Residual Stress longitudinal residual stress by ultrasonic method was done in closeness of surface via MHz
Ultrasonic Method transducers based on acoustoelasticity theory. In order to create LCR wave and transmit it into
X-Ray Diffraction Method specimen, an ultrasonic wedge was made based on Snells law. Also, triaxial table was used to
Aluminum Alloy Series 5000
control the wedge movement and keep the pressure on it fixed. In order to calculate residual
stress and increase in accuracy, acoustoelastic constant for each three welding zones, including
weld metal, HAZ and base metal was obtained separately from uniaxle tension test. In order to
validate ultrasonic method results, measured longitudinal residual stress by x-ray diffraction
method in points on the specimen surface was used. Finally, after comparing the results of the
two used methods with each other, good agreement was seen which indicates the good ability of
ultrasonic method in measurement of longitudinal residual stress.

-1

. .
. .

Please cite this article using: :

M. Eftekhary, M. Ahmadi Najafabadi, Evaluation of the Capability of Ultrasonic Method for Measuring Longitudinal Welding Residual Stress, by Validating with X-Ray
Diffraction Method, Modares Mechanical Engineering Vol. 15 No. 9, pp. 1-10, 2015 (In Persian)
 LCR
AA7075-T6
[13 12 1] 2013 2012
304L
LCR .

.[1]
.
. [2]
( ) .
[14]
1953 [3]
.

) 5000
( 1967 [4]
5000 .
1976 [5]
.
.
-2 1

-1-2 [ 6] .
5000 1979 1978
2 1
. 8 50150
60 1990 . [8]
AWS .
[15] D1.2/D1.2M . 60

.
ER5183 AWS D1.2/D1.2M .

. 3 1995 [9]
1
.
2003 2002 .
5000 1
Cu Cr Zn Fe Si Mn Mg Al
0/06 0/09 0/09 0/15 0/25 0/60 4/25
2008 [10]

5000 2
2219 Q235
2

(GPa) (MPa) (MPa) 2011 [11] .

71 0/33 337 226
1- Longitudinal Critically Refracted (LCR)
2- Marc

9 15 1394 2
. 3

(1) 5
. (mm/s) (V) (A)
1 0/66 AC 15 140 1
0/77 AC 15 150 2
2 2
sin sin sin
= = (1)
2

90 2
1
.
90
(2)

= sin ( ) (2)
2
LCR
.[16]
3 6 1

0/6
(11-3)
= + 2 + (2 + ) + (4 + 4 + 10 ) (3)
1
= +( + ) +4 +2 (4)
2
1
= +( + ) +4 +2 (5)
2
1
= +( + ) +2 +4 (6)
2
= + 2 + (2 + ) + (4 + 4 + 10 ) (7) -2-2
1 - 1- 2- 2
= +( + ) +4 +2 (8)
2 . LCR 1
1
= +( + ) +4 +2 (9)
2
1
= +( + ) +4 +2 (10) .
2
= + 2 + (2 + ) + (4 + 4 + 10 ) (11)

3 2 1

)
Vij =3 +2 +1 8
l 7 LCR
2
i )
. j (.
3
2 V23
4
. 3 .
V11
V11 V33 V22
. (1 ) 2
2 1

5- Snells Equation 1- Longitudinal Critically Refracted

6- Hughes and Kelly 2- Acoustic Impedance
7- Lame's Elastic Constants 3- Reflection
8- Murnaghans Elastic Constants 4- Refraction

3 9 15 1394
 = + 2 + [4(2 + ) + 2( + 2 ) +
2
1+ ] (17)
= = + [4 + (1 2 )+ ] (18)
2
= + 2 + [2 (1 2 ) 4 ( +
+2 )] (19)
= = + [( + 2 + )(1 2 )
+ ] (20)
2
= = + [( + )(1 2 ) 6
[16] 2
] (21)
2

(26-22)

+2 + 1+2
= 2+ = (22)
+2

= 2+ + = (23)
4 2( + )
+2 +
= + = (24)
2( + ) 4

= 2 [1 + ]= (25)
+2
2
= + = (26)
2( + ) 4
Lij
4
o
L11 . [16] 3
.[17] LCR
-
(27) (22) .
( )
= (27) .
.[1] E (12)
t (28) (27) = + + + (12)
dt (28) D C
. .
( )
= (28) .
. (15-13)
(29)
= (13)
( )
= = (29) = (3 + 2 )/( + ) (14)

L = (3 + 2 )/3 (15)
3 2 1
. K E G
t t 1
.[18] .
(21-16)
- 2- 2- 2 (16)
= , = =
5
LCR

1- Shear moduli
4- Acoustoelastic constant 2- Youngs moduli
5- Transducer 3- Bulk moduli

9 15 1394 4
 .
8
[13] LCR
2 .
4 5 ( ) 5
.[1]

1
LCR .
2
. 5
.
. 100 . 100
4 3

6 5
.
10
.[19]
4
7
. [18]

. ( )
10 . LCR
LCR
90
(2) .

(C o CPMMA 2749m/s)
6 . (Cl = CAl = 6393 m/s) 5000
25/5

LCR - 3- 2- 2
5 LCR
5000 4
.

1- OPBOX
2- OPTEL
3- Synchronization
6 4- Pulser signal
5- Internal clock
6- A/D converter
8- Couplant 7- PMMA

5 9 15 1394
 LCR
. LCR
1/1 5 LCR

- 4- 2- 2
LCR

.[1] HAZ
HAZ
.
1
7
HAZ 5/5
800 y 4.7388x 4.9353
2/1
700 (29)
600 HAZ y 3.486x - 0.2939
(30)
E(t-to)/to (MPa)

( )
500 = = (30)
( )
400 E to t
300 . L
200 y 3.1768x 1.3776 .[18]
100 HAZ
0 3/5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 . HAZ
(MPa)
LCR
8
HAZ
. 7
4
HAZ
.
4/7388 3/1768 3/4860
8 (30)
.
4

- 5- 2- 2

LCR . 9
) 5
9 (
.
9 6
9
.
[20]
. 10 (29)
10

1- Etch

9 15 1394 6
 sin2 d 10 .
12 (32)
.

-3-2

= (32) - 1- 3- 2
(1 + ) sin
1
d 0 E
d =0 (31)
.[23] = 2 sin (31)
d n
- 2- 3- 2
( )
2

3
. 13 3000

4
d
5
250 120 ) 120 .
. (
(13 ) . k 2 k 1

.
120 2

k 2 k 1

.[21]

11
.[22] d 2

d .

250
225
200
[22] 11 175
150
125
100
75
50
(MPa)

25
0
-25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
[23] 12 -50
(mm)

2- Equinox
10
3- Inel
4- detector
5- CPS 1- Braggs law

7 9 15 1394
 50 [24]
1
40
0/01
30 .[25] ( 0/05 0/2 )
5
20
2

10 112 111
(14 ) 120
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
( )2 .
14

6 sin2 d . 6
d 2
( ) ( )
sin2 ( )
. (32)
0/9308 111/893 0 0 1 15 sin2 d
0/9310 111/875 0/015708 7/2 2
0/9307 111/839 0/031359 10/2 3
5 10
0/9311 111/875 0/048332 12/7 4
.
0/9312 111/839 0/082576 16/7 5
0/9313 111/875 0/119231 20/2 6
0/9312 111/831 0/150168 22/8 7 7
0/9314 111/766 0/178606 25 8

0.9321
-3
0.9318 7 10
y 0.0033x 0.9308
0.9315 10
0.9312
d ()

0.9309

0.9306

0.9303

0.93
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
sin2

d-sin2 15

7
13

5
% (MPa)
(MPa) (MPa) (mm)
2/4 4/5 192 187/5 0 1/54059 [] k 1

8/8 -16/8 174/2 191 10 1/544426 [] k 2

17/2 -19 91 110 15 30mA 40kV

6 2/3 39/5 37/8 25 350
- -19/6 12/4 32 40

HAZ
1- Resolution

9 15 1394 8
 16/8

.2 25 10
19
19/6 40

19/6

HAZ
1 10
.
-5 5
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