DESIGN LABORATORY - II

EXPERIMENT NO 3

THERMAL ANALYSIS:
Part A: Square Plate with Temperature Prescribed on one edge and opposite edge insulated.

Part B: A Thick Square Plate with the Top Surface exposed to a Fluid at high temperature,
Bottom Surface at room temperature, Lateral Surfaces Insulated.

THEORY:
Thermal conduction is the transfer of internal energy by microscopic diffusion and
collisions of particles or quasi-particles within a body. The microscopically diffusing and
colliding objects include molecules, atoms, and electrons.

Conduction is governed by Fouriers Law, which states that the time rate of heat
transfer through a material is proportional to the negative gradient in the temperature and to
the area, at right angles to that gradient, through which the heat flows. The equation is stated
as

Where Q is rate of heat transfer, A is area, dt is the temperature difference for perpendicular
distance dx.

Steady-state conduction

Steady state conduction is the form of conduction that happens when the temperature
difference(s) driving the conduction are constant, so that (after an equilibration time), the
spatial distribution of temperatures (temperature field) in the conducting object does not
change any further. Thus, all partial derivatives of temperature with respect to space may
either be zero or have nonzero values, but all derivatives of temperature at any point with
respect to time are uniformly zero. In steady state conduction, the amount of heat entering
any region of an object is equal to amount of heat coming out (if this were not so, the
temperature would be rising or falling, as thermal energy was tapped or trapped in a region).

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Transient conduction

In general, during any period in which temperatures change in time at any place within an
object, the mode of thermal energy flow is termed transient conduction. Another term is "non
steady-state" conduction, referring to time-dependence of temperature fields in an object.
Non-steady-state situations appear after an imposed change in temperature at a boundary of
an object. They may also occur with temperature changes inside an object, as a result of a
new source or sink of heat suddenly introduced within an object, causing temperatures near
the source or sink to change in time.

Thermal Convection

Thermal convection is process of energy transport affected by the circulation or mixing of

fluid medium. Convection is possible only in fluid medium and is directly linked with
transport of medium itself.

In Natural or Free convection, the circulation of the fluid medium is caused by buoyancy
effects, i.e. by the difference in the densities of the cold and heated particles.

In Forced convection, the flo0w of fluid is caused by the pump, fan or by wind.

Convection is governed by Newtons Law of Cooling, which is given as

Where Q is the convective heat flow rate, A is the area exposed to heat transfer, are
the surface and fluid temperatures.

RADIATION

Thermal radiation is transmission of heat in form of radiant energy or wave motion from one
body to another across an intervening space. The basic rate equation for radiation heat
transfer are based on Stefan- Boltzman Law given as

Where, is energy radiated per unit time, is Stefan-Boltzman constant, T is the

absolute temperature of the surface.
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Heat transfer analysis using ANSYS

The finite element solution performed via ANSYS calculates nodal temperatures.
The nodal temperatures are then used to obtain other thermal quantities of interest such as:
The temperatue distributions.
The amount of heat gained or lost.
Thermal Gradient.
Thermal fluxes.

The heat balance equation obtained from the principle of conservation of energy is the
basis for thermal analysis in ANSYS
The ANSYS program handles all three primary modes of heat transfer: conduction,
convection, and radiation.

Types of thermal analysis:

1. Steady-state thermal analysis: determines the temperature distribution and

other thermal quantities in an object that are caused by thermal loads that do not
vary over time. Such loads include the following:
Convection, Radiation, Heat flow rate, heat fluxes, heat generation, constant temp
boundaries
A steady-state thermal analysis may be either linear, with constant material properties;
or nonlinear, with material properties that depend on temperature. The thermal
properties of most material do vary with temperature, so the analysis usually is
nonlinear.

2. Transient thermal analysis: determines the temperature distribution and

other thermal quantities under conditions that vary over a period of time.

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Element Library: The ANSYS and ANSYS Professional programs include about 40
elements for performing steady-state thermal analyses. Commonly used element types are:
LINK31 -
Radiation Link
LINK32 - 2-D
Conduction Bar
LINK33 - 3-D
Conduction Bar
LINK34 -
Convection Link

PLANE35 - 2-D 6-Node Triangular Thermal Solid

PLANE55 - 2-D
Thermal Solid
SHELL57 - Thermal
Shell SOLID70 - 3-D
Thermal Solid
MASS71 - Thermal
Mass

PLANE77 - 2-D 8-Node Thermal Solid

SOLID87 - 3-D 10-Node Tetrahedral Thermal Solid

SOLID90 - 3-D 20-Node Thermal Solid

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Typical Units in ANSYS (SI)

Temperature: 0C ( or K )

Heat Flow: Watts

Thermal Conductivity: Watts/ ( meter - 0C )

Density: kilogram/ ( meter3 )

Specific Heat: ( Joule/ ( kilogram-0 C)

Film Coefficient: Watt/ ( meter2 - 0C )

Heat Flux: Watt/ ( meter2 )

Thermal Gradients: 0C / meter

Internal Heat Generation: Watt/ ( meter3 )

Thermal loading conditions:

Temperatures Regions of the model where temperatures are known.

Convections Surfaces where heat is transferred to (or from) surroundings by

means of convection. Input consists of film coefficient h
and bulk temperature of the surrounding fluid Tb.
Heat flux Surfaces where the heat flow rate per unit area is known.
Heat flow Points where the heat flow rate is known.
Heat generation Regions where the volumetric heat generation rate is known.

Radiation Surfaces where heat transfer occurs by means of radiation. Input

consists of emissivity, Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and optionally,
temperature at a space node.
Adiabatic surfaces Perfectly insulated surfaces where no heat transfer takes place.

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General procedure to solve any Problem in ANSYS:

Preprocessing:
Build Geometry: Construct one, two or three dimensional representation of the
object to be modeled and tested using the active coordinate system within ANSYS.
Define Material Properties: Define a library of the necessary material models that
compose the object (or project) being modeled. This includes thermal and
mechanical properties.
Generate Mesh: Specify element attributes for different parts of the
geometric model and discretise the geometry into finite element model.

Processing:
Apply Loads: Specify type of solution, Apply constraints and loads and then solve

Post processing:
Present the Results: present the ANSYS analysis results in the form of tables, graphs,
and contour plots, vector plots, animations etc.

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PROBLEM:
A long bar of rectangular cross section, having thermal conductivity of 1.5W/m0C is
subjected to the boundary conditions shown in fig. Two opposites are maintained at uniform
temperature of 1800C, one side is insulated and the remaining side is subjected to9
convection process with T = 250C and H= 50W/m2 0C. Determine the temperature
distribution in the bar.

Five node, three element model

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The element matrices is developed as follows

Element 1 2 3
1 1 2 3
2 5 1 3
3 5 4 3

We have,

[ ]

Therefore for each element

[ ]

[ ]

[ ]

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Then KT = k Ae BT yields

KT(1)= (1.5)(0.03) BT(1) (1)

=[ ]

KT(2)= [ ]

KT(3) = [ ]

Now the matrices hT for elements with convection edges are developed. Since both elements
1 and 3 have edges 2-3( in local node numbers) as convection edges, the formula

[ ]

Thus resulting in 1 2 3

[ ]

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5 4 3

[ ]

The matrix K= (kT + hT) is now assembled. The elimination approach for handling the
boundary conditions T = 1800C at nodes 4 & 5results in striking out these rows & columns.
However, these 4th and 5th rows are used subsequently for modifying the R vector. The result
is

[ ]

1 2 3

[ ]

5 4 3

[ ]

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DESIGN LABORATORY - II

1 2 3

R= 93.75 [0 1 2]T

In the elimination approach R gets modified, thus solution of KT= R yiel

[T1 T2 T3] = [124.5 34 45.4] 0C

PROCEDURE:
PREFRENCESTHERMAL

PREPROCESSORELEMENT TYPE--SOLIDQUAD 4NODEOPTIONSK3= PLANE

THICKNESSTHICKNESS= 5

MATERIAL PROPSMATERIAL MODELSLINEAR ISOTROPICEX=2e5; PRXY= 0.3

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITYISOTROPICKX= 1.5

MODELLINGCREATEAREARECTANGLEBY DIMENSIONS0.4 x 0.6

MESHINGMESH TOOLSMART SIZEMESH

SOLUTIONDEFINE LOADAPPLY--THERMALTEMPERATUREON LINES

(SELECT TOP AND BOTTOM LINES)SELECT TEMPAPPLY TEMP TO ENDPOINTS=
180

CONVECTIONON LINESLEFT LINE SELECTENTER NO VALUES OR ZERO FOR

INSULATION

CONVECTIONON LINESRIGHT LINE SELECTFILM COEEF= 50, BULK TEMP= 25

SOLVECURRENT LS

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GENERAL POSTPROCCPLOT RESULTCONTOUR PLOTNODAL SOLUTION

DOF SOLUTIONNODAL TEMP

PLOT RESULTCONTOUR PLOTNODAL SOLUTIONTHERMAL GRADIENT

THERMLA GRADIENT VECTOR SUM

GENERAL POSTPROCCPATH OPERATIONDEFINE PATHBY NODESSELECT

TOP AND LEFT LINEDEFINE PATH NAME & NO. OF DATA SETS AND DIVISIONS=
30 & 20

GENERAL POSTPROCCMAP ONTO PATHITEM TO BE MAPPEDFLUX &

GRADIENTTHERMAL GRAD TGX

GENERAL POSTPROCCPLOT PATH ITEMON GRAPHPATH ITEM TO BE

GRAPHED= 1--GRAPH OBTAINED.

ANSYS RESULT:

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DESIGN LABORATORY - II

EXPERIMENT NO 4

THERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS:

Part A: A Thick Walled Cylinder with specified Temperature at inner and outer Surfaces.
Part B: A Thick Walled Cylinder filled with a Fluid at high temperature and Outer Surface
exposed to atmosphere.

CYLINDER:
The inner and outer radius of cylinder are ri = 50cm and ro = 100cm resp. The ineer surface of
the cylinder is maintained at temperature Ti = 2000 C and outer surface is exposed to
atmospheric temperature of To = 200 C. calculate the heat lost per unit length of pipe and also
calculate the temperatue at distance of 1cm, 2cm, 3cm resp for cylinder. Thermal
conducticity k = 42W/ mk; length of cylinder = 50cm

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31415.9cm2 = 3.14 m2

= 2(3.14)50(50)

=15707.9 cm2 = 1.57 m2

= (3.14- 1.57) / ln(3.14/1.57)

=2.266

=34.261 kW

1) r = 1cm = ( )

= 194.80 C

2) r= 2cm = 189.610 C
3) r= 3m = 184.410 C

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PROCRDURE:
FILECHANGE JOB NAMEENTER JOB NAME= XYZ

PREFRENCESTHERMAL

PREPROCCELEMENT TYPEADD ELEMENTSOLIDQUAD 4NODE

OPTIONSK3= AXISYMMETRIC

PREPROCCMATERIAL PROPSMATERIAL MODELSLINEAR ISOTROPIC

EX=2e5; PRXY= 0.3; THERMAL CONDUCTIVITYISOTROPICKXX= 40; THERMAL
EXPANSIONSECANT COEFFISOTROPICALPX= 12e-6

MODELLINGCREATEAREARECTANGLEBY DIMENSION(50,0),(100,50)

MESHINGMESH TOOLSMART SIZEMESH

SOLUTIONDEFINE LOADAPPLYTHERMALTEMPON LINESSELECT LEFT

LINETEMP= 200 & SELECT RIGHT LINETEMP= 20

SOLUTIONSOLVECURRENT LS

GENERAL POSTPROCCPLOT RESULTCONTOUR PLOTNODAL SOLUTION

NODAL TEMP

PREPROCCSWITCH ELEMNT TYPETHERMAL TO STRUCTURAL

SOLUTIONDEFINE LOADAPPLYTEMPFROM THERMAL ANALYSISNAME

OF RESULT FILE= XYZ.rth

SOLUTIONSOLVECURRENT LS

GENERAL POSTPROCCCONTOUR PLOTNODAL SOLUTION--STRESSVON

MISSES STRESS

PLOTCNTRLSTYLESYMMETRIC EXPANSION2D AXISYMMETRIC3/4

EXPANSIONOBTAINED RESULT

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RESULT :

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