FAULT DIAGNOSIS METHODS FOR OFFSHORE GRID-CONNECTED CONVERTER

IN VARIABLE-SPEED WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS

PROPOSAL
FINAL YEAR PROJECT 1
SEMESTER II, SESSION 2016/2017

MOHD AMIRUL BIN ZAIYADI

AE130008

SUPERVISOR
PROF. MADYA IR. DR GOH HUI HWANG

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
1.1 Title Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0"

FAULT DIAGNOSIS METHODS FOR OFFSHORE GRID-CONNECTED

CONVERTER IN VARIABLE-SPEED WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS

1.2 Project bBackground Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0"

The worldwide environment issues suggest a carbon-free society. Therefore, the challenge for this
century consist in the installation of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydropower,
biomass and etc. Wind energy is considered one of the most rapidly developing renewable energy
source during the past decade, supplying about 3% of global electricity consumption [1]. Future
offshore wind farm is expected to build further away from the shore and have large capacities than
today. As one of the most cost-competitive forms of renewable energy, wind energy has a
remarkable potential for fulfilling the increasing demand for global energy in more
environmentally responsible way.
Wind Energy Conventional System (WECS) is an efficient system for electrical energy
production over a wide range of wind speed, also with a good power quality [2]. Nowadays, the
most common configuration for wind turbine is the double fed induction generator (DFIG). DFIG
offers a lower converter cost and less losses as compared to a system which is fully based on fed
synchronous generator with full-rated converter.
At the grid site, one of type of fault is voltage dip and this fault becomes more and more
pertinent due to its important impact on loads connected to power system. For another reason,
some equipment usually trip when the Root Mean Square (RMS) voltage drops below90% of the
full scale for longer than one or two cycle.

1.3 Problem sStatement Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0", Space After:
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1.3
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bullets or numbering
Nowadays, the power level and individual capacity of power converter in wind turbine keep Formatted: Justified, Indent: Left: 0", Space After: 0 pt

increasing. Due to the severe operational environment and varying operational condition, wind
power converter is subjected to different sorts of component failures. According to the previous
report, the failure rate of wind power converter is much higher than that of mechanical component
and generator in wind energy convention system (WESC) [1].
In an attempt to reduce system downtime and avoid catastrophic failure, the fault diagnosis Formatted: Justified, Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0.5",
Space After: 0 pt
method for offshore grid-connected converter in variable speed has gained increasing attention.
There is know that for each wind speed an optimum rotation turbine speed imposed. Even the fault
geographically for from the turbine; it may cause at the connection point several problems for the
double fed induction generator. This is because a voltage sag in the network will cause an increase
of the generator stator current. The magnetic coupling between the stator and the rotor, the rotor
current and the power converter current will also increase reducing the DC bus voltage.
Hence, this issue should have proper protections because voltage dip fault may cause
overheating and destruction to the power converter or the machine winding. Therefore, this is
significant issue for improving the power quality. Level of availability and reliability faults and
diagnosis faults have to be implement in order to maintain a satisfactory.
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1.4 Objectives Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0", Space After:
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The main objective of this project is to:
To propose a method for voltage dip fault voltage detection and diagnosis in a grid
connected wind turbine generator.
To present a review on wind converter fault diagnosis including both model base and
data driven method.
To evaluate some, contribute to the present value establishing strategies and model of
certain component.

1.5 Scopes
 In order to fulfil the state objective, the scope of the project is as follow: Formatted: Justified, Space After: 0 pt

Focuses on diagnosis of technical system and typical fault considered are for example
sensor fault and actual fault.
Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, 12 pt

The observation is mainly the output signal obtained from the sensor but can also be Formatted: Normal, Justified, Indent: Left: 0.5", No
bullets or numbering
observations made by a human such as level noise and vibration. Formatted: Justified, Space After: 0 pt
Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, 12 pt

There are studied the specific windmills control system components. Formatted: Normal, Justified, Indent: Left: 0.5", No
bullets or numbering
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1.6 Methodology Commented [User1]: Should be place in Chapter 3 or

Section 3!
1.6
Formatted: Indent: Left: 0", First line: 0", Space After:
General about talking about fault diagnosis method are model-based or data-driven based. Model- 0 pt

based method are built from physical laws and thanks to some assumption analytical relations are Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, No bullets or
numbering
derived. Data-driven method are based on data history it is from the available sensor, the Formatted: Justified, Indent: Left: 0", Space After: 0 pt
measurements are pre-processed to extract the most significant features hidden in the data for fault
diagnosis and identification. So, for this project the data model based will be use in this research
work.
 Commented [User2]: This is a figure? If yes, where is the
description for this figure?

Besides, what to do with this figure with your entire

research work? Could you please explain more?

1.7 Expected Result

Simulation result prove the efficiency of the method.
Surveyed typical fault modes of the fragile component in wind converter and has
provide a comprehensive review of the fault diagnosis method used for numerous
converter topology. Commented [User3]: Should be place at Chapter 4 or
Section 4. Not in section 1 or chapter 1.

2.0 Literature reviews

1.Introduction
When an accurate analytical model is available, model based method-based method are very Formatted: Font: (Default) Times New Roman, 12 pt

efficient. However, wind a convention system are complex system with different point, coupling Formatted: Justified, Space After: 0 pt, Line spacing:
1.5 lines
and nonlinear phenomena such as mechanical, electromagnetic, thermal and etc. Therefore, the
physical model will be not accurate enough and these uncertainties and modelling errors will
corrupt the residuals event in faultless cases.
The topology of the variable speed wind turbine is illustrated in figure 1 Formatted: Space After: 0 pt, Line spacing: 1.5 lines
 Commented [User4]: Where do you crop this figure? If
you crop from a journal or conference, you are required to
reproduce the figure and cite the work!

Fig. 1. Topology of the wind energy conversion system

In figure 1 the proposed architecture is based on the three-phase model of the variable speed wind
system. There are three main control, which are indispensable for the proper functioning of the system

The first control is the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). Since the power coefficient
depend on the tip ratio speed.
The second control concern the Machine Side Converter (MSC). It monitors the electromagnetic
torque and the stator reactive power of the double fed induction generator.
The last control is for the Grid Side Converter (GSC). It targets the supervision of the DC bus
voltage, the active and reactive power exchanged with the grid.

2.Overview of the wind farm benchmark model

This consider an advance wind farm simulation toolbox called SimWindFarm[1]. The toolbox provides a
realistic wind farm simulation benchmark model that allow control designer to develop, implement, and
investigate farm level control and diagnosis algorithms under different operating condition for an
optional quantity and layout of turbine installed in a wind farm.

Commented [User5]: Where do you crop this figure? If

you crop from a journal or conference, you are required to
reproduce the figure and cite the work!
 Fig. 2. Wind farm layout (D1=600m, D2=500m, D3=300m).

Commented [User6]: Where do you crop this figure? If

you crop from a journal or conference, you are required to
reproduce the figure and cite the work!

Fig. 3. Illustration of overall model structure for N turbine.

Commented [User7]: Where do you crop this figure? If

you crop from a journal or conference, you are required to
reproduce the figure and cite the work!

Fig. 4. The qth wind turbine in farm (q=1, 2, ., N)

In the benchmark model, sensor model are updates to present noise-contaminated, uncertain
measurement systems. The recommended rate and magnitude limiters are also applied on any
reference signal to the actuator model. In addition, to facilities the assessment to the robustness
features of any control solution under external disturbance, different wind field with arbitrary mean
wind speed and turbulence intensities can be generated and applied in the benchmark model. Fig 2
shows the default layout for the considered wind farm with ten turbines. The overall structure of the
simulation benchmark model under consideration is illustrated in Fig.3.
3. Mathematical model of the wind energy conversion systems component.

1. Present turbine-generator rotor speed calculation

There is known that for each wind speed an optimum rotation turbine speed is imposed. Based
on original turbine mathematical model, thus a sensor less rotation speed determination
strategy can be elaborated; correspondingly a rotation speed calculation method was proposed

2. Present generator voltage calculation

In the case of the variable speed asynchronous machine, optimum operation may be assured if

Commented [User8]: Could you reproduce the equation

(1) by using MATHTYPE EQUATION? Please make sure your
work is acceptable by the readers.

DO NOT crop any equations and paste in your report!

(in case of neglecting the issue of magnetic saturation)

In the case of coupled generator machines with ventilators and wind turbines, having M n
f 2 the relation (1) can be rewritten

Commented [User9]: Could you reproduce the equation

(2) by using MATHTYPE EQUATION? Please make sure your
work is acceptable by the readers.

DO NOT crop any equations and paste in your report!

This fact must be considered for variable speed induction generator windmills. As a
simplification, in the technical literature, there is assumed that the voltage is:
Commented [User10]: Could you reproduce the equation
by using MATHTYPE EQUATION? Please make sure your
work is acceptable by the readers.
(3)
DO NOT crop any equations and paste in your report!

4. Wind converter and its typical faults

In variable-speed wind turbine, advance AC-DC-AC converter which is integrated into

both double fit induction generator based wind energy conversion system and squirrel-cage induction
generator or permanent-magnet synchronous generator based wind energy conversion system is the
most popular topology in realization of two major objectives:

a) Maximum power extraction tracking

b) Regulation of reactive power exchange between the wind turbine and the grid
 Fig. 5. WECS and its demand to power electronic [1]

5. Failures in wind converter

5.1 Semiconductor faults

Semiconductor is an essential part in utility interfaces of WECS. Refs. [5] show that more
than 34% of the faults in power converters are caused by semiconductors. According to the investigation
on the user manuals from manufacturers, the major power semiconductors adopted in WECS converter
include Wire- Bond IGBT Module, Press-Pack IGBT Module and IGCT Module. The typical faults of power
switch are divided into wear- out failure and catastrophic failure as shown in Table 1.

Commented [User11]: Could you reproduce the TABLE?

Please make sure your work is acceptable by the readers.

DO NOT crop any tables and paste in your report!

Table 1. IGBT failure in power converter

5.2 DC-Link capacitor faults

 Capacitor is widely used in WPC for DC-Links to minimize the voltage variation Commented [User12]: Could you reproduce the TABLE?
and balance the power transients to an acceptable level. Currently, three typical capacitors are available Please make sure your work is acceptable by the readers.
for the high-power density converter in WECS, which are Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors (AL-Caps),
DO NOT crop any tables and paste in your report!
Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitors (MPPF-Caps) and high capacitance Multi-Layer Ceramic
Capacitors (MLC-Caps)

Commented [User13]: Please make sure the font for

your entire report is constant! Times New Roman with 12
pt.

Please double check you work nicely before submitting.

Please compare the formatting in section 1 and the

following sections! Please check you work once again!

Table 2. DC-Link capacitor failures

REFERENCES
1. Zhimin Yang, Yi Chai. (2016). A Survey of Fault Diagnosis for onshore grid-
connected converter in wind energy convention system. Journal Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Review. 66(2016): 345-359
2. Hamed Badihi, Youming Zhang, Hendry Hong. (2017). Fault-tolerant cooperative
control in an offshore wind farm using model-free and model-based fault detection
and diagnosis approaches. Journal applied Energy. (2017)
3. Jorun I. Marvika, Harald G. Svendsena. (2013). Analysis of grid faults in offshore
wind farm with HVD connection. Journal energy procedia 35 (2013) 81-90
4. Iosif Szeidert, Octavian Prostean, Ioan Filip, Cristian Vasar, Lucian Mihet-Popa.
(2008). Issues Regarding the Modeling and Simulation of Wind Energy Conversion
Systems Components. IEEE journal department of machine and electrical drive.
5. Fuchs F. Some diagnosis methods for voltage source inverters in variable speed
drives with induction machines-a survey. In: Proceedings of the 29th annual
conference of the IEEE on industrial electronics society(IECON'03); vol. 2,2003.
p.137885. Commented [User14]: With so many literature reviews
studies in SECTION 2 and you just cited 5 references?
POSSIBLE?
APPENDIX

Weeks
NO. Work Description
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Meeting with
1. supervisors

Confirmation of
project title,
2. objectives,
problem statement
and project scopes

Proposal writing
3.
and submission

Literature review
4. analysis and data
collecting

Progress report on
5.
literature review

6. Discussion on
methodology of
 report with
supervisor

7. Writing reports

Submission of
8.
reports

Preparing for
9.
presentation

PSM1 Report
10.
Presentations

Finalize and
submission of
11. PSM1 report and
logbook to
supervisor