Explain Timer T3212?

Periodic LA and RA updating is used to notify the network of the UEs availability, and
to avoid unnecessary paging attempts for a UE that has lost coverage and is not able
to inform the CN that it is inactive.
The periodic LA update procedure is controlled by a timer, called t3212, which
gives the time interval between two consecutive periodic location updates. The value
is sent by the WCDMA RAN to UEs on the BCCH.

How much power usually a NodeB is allocated to

control channels?
The power allocated to control channels may depend on equipment
vendor recommendation. Typically no more than 20% of the total NodeB power is
allocated to control channels, including CPICH. However, if HSDPA is deployed on the
same carrier then the total power allocated to control channel may go up to 25 to
30% because of the additional HSDPA control channels required.

How many slots are there in a WCDMA Frame?

How big is a frame in ms. how many chips are
there in a slot?
WCDMA Frame is 15 slots wide. It is 10ms in length. There are 2560 chips in one
slot. Chip rate is 3840 Kc/s
Length of frame = 10 ms
Number of chips in a frame = 3840 *10=38400 chips.
Number of chips in a slot = 38400/15= 2560 chips

Define Processing Gain for WCDMA?

Processing Gain is ratio between rate of spreaded signal and rate of non spreaded
signal.
Processing Gain = 10 log (Chip rate /Bit rate)

What is the processing gain for 384 Kb/s service?

Processing Gain= 10 log (Chip rate /Bit rate)

=10*Log(3840/384)
=10*log (10)
=10*1
=10

What is typical pole capacity for CS-12.2, PS-64,

PS-128 and PS-384?
With same assumptions as above:
CS-12.2k: 120.6 (UL), 64.1 (DL).
PS-64k: 34.8 (UL), 12.8(DL).
PS-128k: 16.2 (UL), 8.4 (DL).
PS-384k: 16.2 (UL), 2.8 (DL).
PS-384k has only 128k on the uplink, therefore the uplink capacity is the same
for both.

Simple definition of Pole Capacity

The pole capacity is the theoretical maximum capacity of the system. In WCDMA,
this capacity is only theoretical since, once reached, the system goes in an instable
state that leads to its collapse. However it is still a reference for expressing the load.
The uplink noise increases with the loading exponentially. When the uplink
noise approaches infinity then no more users can be added to a cell and the cell
loading is close to 100% and has reached its pole capacity.
Mathematically, to calculate the uplink pole capacity we need to know:
W: chip rate (for UMTS 3,840,000 chips per second)
R: user data rate (assuming 12,200 kbps for CS-12.2k)
f: other-cell to in-cell interference ratio (assuming 65%)
EbNo: Eb/No requirement (assuming 5dB)
AF: Activity factor (assuming 50%)
Pole Capacity = (W/R) / ((1+f) * AF * 10^(EbNo/10)) = 120.6
To calculate the downlink pole capacity we also need to know:
: downlink channels orthogonality factor (assuming 55%)
Pole Capacity = (W/R) / ((1- +f) * 10^(EbNo/10)) = 64.06

What is Significance of Eb_No?

Eb_No is related to QOS of a service which in terms related to bit error rate.
Technically it is the minimum signal to noise needed by infrastructure
equipment after despreading it signal. This is a value used to compare different
infrastructure vendors. Eb_No changes with the service type.

For AMR 12.2 is ~ 4db for Node B

For AMR 12.2 is ~ 8db for MS

What is a typical CPICH power?

CPICH power typically takes about 8~10% of the total NodeB power. For a 20W
(43dBm) NodeB, CPICH is around 2W (35.1 ~ 33dBm).
In urban areas where in-building coverage is taken care of by in-building
installations, the CPICH may sometimes go as low as 5% because:
1) The coverage area is small since users are close to the site, and
2) More power can be allocated to traffic channels
What is a typical CPICH power?
CPICH power typically takes about 8~10% of the total NodeB power. For a 20W
(43dBm) NodeB, CPICH is around 2W (35.1 ~ 33dBm).
In urban areas where in-building coverage is taken care of by in-building
installations, the CPICH may sometimes go as low as 5% because:
1) The coverage area is small since users are close to the site, and
2) More power can be allocated to traffic channels

Soft/softer handover downlink: UE rake receiver performs maximum ratio combining, i.e.
UE combines multi-path signals and form a stronger signal.
Soft handover uplink: RNC performs selection combining, i.e. RNC selects the better
signal coming from multiple NodeB.
Softer handover uplink: NodeB performs maximum ratio combining, i.e. NodeB rake
receiver combines signals from different paths and forms a stronger signal.
Advantages:
Overcome fading through macro diversity.
Reduced Node B power which in turn decreases interference and increases capacity.
Reduced UE power (up 4dB), decreasing interference and increasing battery life.
Disadvantages:
UE using several radio links requires more channelization codes, and more resources on the
Iub and Iur interfaces.

SIR-SIR is the Signal-to-Interference Ratio the ratio of the energy in dedicated physical
control channel bits to the power density of interference and noise after dispreading.

The uplink noise increases with the loading exponentially. When the uplink noise
approaches infinity then no more users can be added to a cell and the cell loading is
close to 100% and has reached its pole capacity.

Mathematically, to calculate the uplink pole capacity we need to know:

W: chip rate (for UMTS 3,840,000 chips per second)
R: user data rate (assuming 12,200 kbps for CS-12.2k)
f: other-cell to in-cell interference ratio (assuming 65%)
EbNo: Eb/No requirement (assuming 5dB)
AF: Activity factor (assuming 50%)
Pole Capacity = (W/R) / ((1+f) * AF * 10^(EbNo/10)) = 120.6
To calculate the downlink pole capacity we also need to know:
: downlink channels orthogonality factor (assuming 55%)
Pole Capacity = (W/R) / ((1- +f) * 10^(EbNo/10)) = 64.06

W: chip rate (for UMTS 3,840,000 chips per second)

EbNo: Eb/No requirement (assuming 3dB for CS-12.2k)
i: other-cell to in-cell interference ratio (assuming 60%)
R: user data rate (assuming 12,200 kbps for CS-12.2k)
: loading factor (assuming 50%)

Take 12.2kbps as example:

M = W / (EnNo * (1 + i) * R) * = 3,840,000 (3 * (1 + 0.6) * 12,200) * 0.5 = 32.8

The number of users could also be hard-limited by OVSF code space. Take CS12.2k for
example:
A CS-12.2k bearer needs 1 SF128 code.
Total available codes for CS-12.2k = 128 2 (1 SF64) 2 (4 SF256) = 124.
Consider soft-handover factor of 1.8 and loading factor of 50%: 124 / 1.8 *.05 = 34
uers/cell.

Reports are of 7 types in general.

1) Intra frequency Reports
2) Inter Frequency Reports
3) InterRAT frequency Reports
4) UE Positioning requirements Reports
5) Traffic Volume measurements Reports
6) Quality measurements Reports
7) UE-Internal measurements Reports

Radio Bearer Setup is always initiated by network.It involves radio resources.

If UE requires with particular conf. RB it should send through RRC.

There are 4 ways.

1) Radio Bearer setup with dedicated channel activation - A straight forward procedure
-> UTRAN RRC configures Physical Layers in Both RNC and NodeB
-> After the above RB Setup msg send to UE
-> Once UE receives the above message, it configures its RRC with receied parameters and try
to do L1 Synchronization (UL and DL)
-> UE sends Radio Bearer Setup Complete to UTRAN

2) Radio Bearer Setup with unsynchronized channel modification

-> This is like modify current physical channel to meet new bearer requirements.
-> Unsynchronized implies: Both old and new RBs can co-exists. Such that UTRAN can use one
and UE can use another
-> But while modifying L1 similary through Comm.Phy.RL.Modify.Req, if any error occurs this
will be acknowledged to RRC as error as Negative.

3) Radio Bearer Setup with Synchronized Channel Modification:

-> This is when physical channels can't be reconfigured as per the need
-> So the old and new RBs can't co-exists and only new RB only exists.
-> Before modifying RRC queries NodeB whether Node B Supports this configuration
-> While Modifying after if no error from Nodeb:
RRC includes activation time in RB Setup message and signal to UE. UE intern informs the same
to lower layers. At activation time all entitles starts with new configuration. At end UE
responds with RB Setup Complete to Network.

4) Radio Bearer Setup without dedicated channel

-> Here new bearer does not need a permanent DCH
-> So this does not involve any physical channel modifications. But just RLC and MAC
configuration.

TMA-TMA typically has a 12 dB gain; however, the effective gain comes from noise figure
reduction and the gain is close or equivalent to the feeder loss

On the upside, a TMA reduces system noise, improves uplink sensitivity and leads to longer
UE battery life. On the downside, TMA imposes an additional insertion loss (typically
0.5dB) on the downlink and increases site installation and maintenance complexity.

RSSI is Rx level before descrembling. Its just RxLev of UARFCH.

CPICH_RSCP is Rx level after descrembling.

CPICH_Ec/No is result of filtering after dechanalization.

In dBm is: RSCP=RSSI+EcNo

UE Transmit Power limit is 21dBm.

dBm is a unit of power level, measured in milli-watts in logarithm scale, that is,
dBm = 10 * log(W*1000) where W is the power in Watts
dB is not a unit, it is the difference in dBm.

What is a typical UE sensitivity level?

The service and load determines the UE sensitivity; in general, in no-load condition, the
sensitivity is between -105dBm and -120dBm. For Ericsson, the UE sensitivity level is calculated
at around:
CS12.2: -119 dBm
PS-64: -112 dBm
PS-128: -110 dBm
 PS-384: -105 dBm
HSDPA: -95 dBm

What is a typical NodeB sensitivity level?

The service and load determines the NodeB sensitivity; in general, in a no-load condition, the
sensitivity is between -115dBm to -125dBm. For Ericsson, the NodeB sensitivity level is
calculated at around:

CS12.2: -124 dBm

PS-64: -119 dBm
PS-128: -115 dBm
PS-384: -115 dBm

The maximum NodeB output power is usually 20W or 40W, that is, 43dBm or 46dBm.
Also upto 100W

Some Facts about HSDPA

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HSDPA represents an evolution of the WCDMA radio interface, which uses very
similar methods to those employed by EDGE (Enhanced Data
Rates for GSM Evolution) technology for the GSM radio interface. The
fundamental characteristics which enable the increase in the data throughput
and capacity with reduced latency are summarised below:

Time and code multiplexing of the users

Multi-Code transmission
Fixed Spreading Factor (SF = 16)
Shorter TTI = 2ms
No DTX (Discontinuous transmission)for the data channel
Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) supporting higher order modulation
Node B scheduling and link adaptation
Node B retransmissions (H-ARQ Hybrid Auotmatic Repeat-Request)
No power control
No soft handover

FDD WCDMA-Frequency band:1920 MHz -1980 MHz and 2110 MHz 2170 MHz
(Frequency Division Duplex) UL and DL
Minimum frequency band required: ~ 2x5MHz
Frequency re-use: 1
Carrier Spacing: 4.4MHz 5.2 MHz
Maximum number of (voice) channels on 2x5MHz: ~196 (spreading factor 256 UL,
AMR 7.95kbps) / ~98 (spreading factor 128 UL, AMR 12.2kbps)
Voice coding: AMR codecs (4.75 kHz 12.2 kHz, GSM EFR=12.2 kHz) and SID (1.8
kHz)
Channel coding: Convolutional coding, Turbo code for high rate data
Duplexer needed (190MHz separation), Asymmetric connection supported
Receiver sensitivity: Node B: -121dBm, Mobile -117dBm at BER of 10-3
Data type: Packet and circuit switch
Modulation: QPSK
Pulse shaping: Root raised cosine, roll-off = 0.22
Chip rate: 3.84 Mcps
Channel raster: 200 kHz
Maximum user data rate (Physical channel): ~ 2.3Mbps (spreading factor 4, parallel
codes (3 DL / 6 UL), 1/2 rate coding), but interference limited.
Maximum user data rate (Offered): 384 kbps (year 2002), higher rates ( ~ 2 Mbps)
in the near future. HSPDA will offer data speeds up to 8-10 Mbps (and 20 Mbps for MIMO
systems)
Channel bit rate: 5.76Mbps
Frame length: 10ms (38400 chips)
Number of slots / frame: 15
Number of chips / slot: 2560 chips
Handovers: Soft, Softer, (interfrequency: Hard)
Power control period: Time slot = 1500 Hz rate
Power control step size: 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 dB (Variable)
Power control range: UL 80dB, DL 30dB
Mobile peak power: Power class 1: +33 dBm (+1dB/-3dB) = 2W; class 2 +27 dBm,
class 3 +24 dBm, class 4 +21 dBm
Number of unique base station identification codes: 512 / frequency
Physical layer spreading factors: 4 256 UL, 4 512 D

DPCCH has fixed Spreading Factor of 256.

Spreading Factor 256 is equals to 15 kbps data rate.
CPCH channel only available in FDD mode
Closed loop up and down the line DPDCH power control, power control commands sent in
the corresponding DPCCH.
PSC is the same for every base station in the system and is time aligned with the primary
CCPCH (the BCH) time slot boundary.
Description of the root causes for poor RA Success Rate:

Poor BSIC Plan

Poor BCCH plan
Poor Coverage / Spillage
Phantom RACH
Faulty Antenna / Cable
Also LAC updatation failure & faulty hardware

Power control In WCDMA

Posted: 17 May 2011 08:28 PM PDT

Open Loop

Inner Loop

Outer Loop
Open Loop Power control-The Open loop power control technique requires that
the transmitting entity measures the channel interference and adjusts its
transmission power accordingly. This can be done quickly, but the problem is that the
interference estimation is done on the received signal, and the transmitted signal
probably uses a different frequency, which differs from the received frequency by the
systems duplex offset. As uplink and downlink fast fading (on different frequency
carriers) do not correlate, this method gives the right power values only on average.
Inner Loop-In this method the received signal-to interference ratio (SIR) is
measured over a 667- microsecond period (i.e., one time slot), and based on that
value, a decision is made about whether to increase or decrease the transmission
power in the other end of the connection. Note that the delay inherent in this closed-
loop method is compensated for by making the measurements over a very short
period of time. The transmit power control (TPC) bits are sent in every time slot
within the uplink and the downlink.

There is not a neutral signal; all power control signals contain either an increase
or decrease command.

Outer Loop-The outer loop power control functions within the base station system,
and adjusts the required SIR value (SIRtarget), which is then used in the inner loop
control. Different channel types, which can be characterized by, for example,
different coding and interleaving methods, constitute a channels parameters.
Different channel parameters may require different SIRtarget values. The final result
of the transmission process can only be known after the decoding process, and
the resulting quality parameter is then used to adjust the required SIR value. If the
used SIR value still gives a low quality bit stream, then the outer loop power control
must increase the SIRtarget value. This change in the outer loop will trigger the
inner loop power control to increase the mobile station transmission power
accordingly.