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VIKAS KURAPATI
130010058
1 AIM
To measure the thrust and efficiency of the given nozzles (2 Converging Diverging nozzles and one
converging nozzle)
3 THEORY
Compressible flow through a nozzle can be accompanied by shock waves and can be moved out of the
nozzle by manipulation of inlet and exit pressure making the flow approximately isentropic along the
nozzle. Presence of shocks inside the nozzle causes dissipation due to wave drag and reduces the total
pressure and total enthalpy of the flow thereby reducing the efficiency of the nozzle.
The relation between area, velocity and mach number of a flow is given by
(2 1)
=
This expression shows that converging nozzle accelerates a subsonic flow and diverging nozzle accelerates
a supersonic flow.
Real velocity can be found by dividing mass flux from the thrust
Ideal Thrust: =
1
Ideal velocity can be found from the formula = 2 01 [1 ( ) ]
4 PROCEDURE
1. The device is calibrated to find out the load deflection curve. Tip deflection of the cantilever
beam is noted against the load applied on the tip of the cantilever beam.
2. The nozzle is fixed on the tip of the cantilever beam, which is fixed in the chamber which has
certain pressure.
3. The pressure difference is varied by changing the inlet pressure and keeping exit pressure
constant once and then changing the exit pressure and keeping the inlet pressure constant.
4. Tip deflections are noted along with the mass flow rate for each pressure ratio and pressure
difference and inlet temperature is noted.
5. Thrust and efficiency are calculated using the data obtained from the experiment.
6. The process is repeated for the other two nozzles.
5 OBSERVATIONS
Load(N) 1(mm) 2(mm) Average (mm)
0.5 13 10 11.5
1 26 23 24.5
1.5 39 36 37.5
2 52 50 51
2.5 66 63 64.5
3 79 76 77.5
3.5 92 89 90.5
4 106 106 106
Load and Deflections for calibration of thrust
2.5
2 Load(N)
1.5 Linear (Load(N))
1
0.5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
DEFLECTION(MM)
Load-Deflection Plot
Nozzle 1:
Experimental Values:
Ideal Values:
Experimental Values:
P1(Inlet) P2(exit) kN/m2 (mm) (g/sec) Thrust(N) Exp. Velocity
kN/m2 Actual(m./s)
301.325 201.325 13 1.8 0.5751 319.5
401.325 201.325 24 2.6 0.9854 379
501.325 201.325 35 3.4 1.3957 410.5
601.325 201.325 43 4.0 1.6941 423.525
701.325 201.325 52 4.5 2.0298 451.0667
801.325 201.325 61 5.4 2.3655 438.0556
Ideal Values:
Nozzle 2:
Experimental Values:
Ideal Values:
Experimental Values:
Ideal Values:
Nozzle 3:
Experimental Values:
Ideal Values:
Experimental Values:
Ideal Values:
Graphs:
As the pressure difference increases, mass flux increases and becomes constant after a particular pressure
difference because of the choking phenomenon.
Mass Flow rate Vs. Pressure Ratio
7
6
MASS FLOW RATE(G/S)
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
PRESSURE RATIO FOR CONSTANT INLET PRESSURE = 801.325KPA
For constant exit pressure, as pressure ratio drops, the mass flux tends to increase.
5
MASS FLUX(G/S)
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
PRESSURE RATIO FOR CONSTANT EXIT PRESSURE = 201.35KPA
2.5
2
Ideal Thrust(N)
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pressure Ratio for constant Inlet Pressure = 801.325KPa
Ideal Thrust is a function of pressure ratio and inlet stagnation temperature. Thrust increases as pressure
gradient increases due to the increase of the flow velocity increase due to higher pressure gradient.
2.5
Ideal Thrust(N)
1.5 Nozzle 1
Nozzle 2
1
Nozzle 3
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Pressure Ratio for Constant Exit Pressure = 201.325KPa
The specific thrust increases with decrease in pressure ratio
350
300
250 Nozzle 1
200 Nozzle 2
150 Nozzle 3
100
50
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pressure Ratio for Inlet Pressure = 801.325KPa
450
400
350
Specific Thrust(m/s)
300
250 Nozzle 1
200 Nozzle 2
Nozzle 3
150
100
50
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Pressure Ratio for Exit Pressure = 201.325KPa
Efficiency of the nozzle initially reduces and then increases as the flow gets towards to getting choked and
stabilizing it.
0.8
Efficiency
0.6 Nozzle 1
Nozzle 2
0.4 Nozzle 3
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pressure Ratio with Inlet Pressure = 801.325KPa
Efficiency of the nozzle initially reduces and then increases as the flow gets towards to getting choked and
stabilizing it.
1
Nozzle 1
0.8
Nozzle 2
0.6
Nozzle 3
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Pressure Ratio with Exit Pressure = 201.325KPa
The difference between experimental and theoretical values of thrust are shown in the below graph and
they occur due to the viscous effects and irreversibility approximation used to calculate the theoretical
values.
2.5
2 Experimental(Nozzle 1)
Thrust(N)
Ideal(Nozzle 1)
1.5
Experimental(Nozzle 2)
1 Ideal(Nozzle 2)
Experimental(Nozzle 3)
0.5 Ideal(Nozzle 3)
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Pressure Ratio with Inlet Pressure = 801.325KPa
2.5
2
Experimental(Nozzle 1)
Thrust(N)
Ideal(Nozzle 1)
1.5
Experimental(Nozzle 2)
Ideal(Nozzle 2)
1
Experimental(Nozzle 3)
0.5 Ideal(Nozzle 3)
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Pressure Ratio with Exit Pressure = 201.325KPa
6 CONCLUSIONS
A converging and two convergent divergent nozzles were analysed and different nozzle performance
parameters were studied depending on the parameters controllable and plotted on graphs.
The Pressure ratio is an important factor effecting the increase the mass flow rate and the velocity which
improves the thrust and effectively the efficiency of the nozzle.
Due to random errors in the setup which cannot be avoided, the experimental Kinetic Energy varies from
the theoretical Kinetic energy. Another reason that effects the experimental kinetic energy to deviate
from the theoretical kinetic energy is that the viscous dissipative effects and singularities which make the
flow non-isentropic that are neglected in calculating the theoretical calculations where the flow is
considered to be isentropic.