Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
241
Copyright 2005 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK
density of the fluid in relative motion. Biots dynamic Any pole corresponds at a given frequency to a com-
permeability k() can be expressed as plex wavenumber root [kl = Re(kl ) + iIm(kl )] of the
period equation. The phase velocity of the mode is
equal to /Re(kl ), while its attenuation is equal to
2Im(kl )/Re(kl ), then the group velocity is obtain by
Here k() describes the response of the fluid-saturated numerical differentiation from /Re(kl ).
porous medium to an applied stimulus, and character-
izes the frequency-dependent behaviour of pore fluid
flow. Fm () is the viscosity correction factor, which is 3 NUMERICAL RESULTS
generalized to the case of a non-Newtonian (Maxwell)
fluid with arbitrary pore size distribution. It measures In the following, we calculated the acoustic partial
the deviation from Poiseuille flow friction as a function waveforms and the curves of velocity dispersion, and
of the frequency. attenuation coefficients of the fundamental guided
waves due to a monopole, a dipole and a quadrupole
source. The pore size a is given in m and in units.
Note, = ln a (a in mm). The pore radius probability
density distribution function is
where
242
Copyright 2005 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK
1.6 (a) 1.6 Flex (a)
pR1 Phase
De = De =
Normalized velocity
Normalized velocity
1.4 De = 10 1.4 De = 10
De = 1 phase De = 1
1.2
1.2
group 1.0
1.0 Sto
group
phase 0.8
0.8
group
0.6
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Frequency(KHZ) Frequency(kHz)
0.14
(b) (b)
0.12 Flex
Attenuation coefficients
Attenuation coefficients
De =
De =
De = 10 0.10
0.1 De = 10
De = 1
Sto De = 1
0.08
0.06
pR1 0.04
0.01 0.02
0 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 20
Frequency(KHZ) Frequency(KHZ)
Figure 1. Dispersion curves (a) and attenuation coefficients Figure 2. Dispersion curves (a) and attenuation coefficients
(b) of guided waves excited by monopole point source. (b) of guided waves excited by dipole point sources. Velocity
Velocity is normalized by the velocity of borehole fluid. is normalized by the velocity of borehole fluid.
shear wave velocity of the solid. As the frequency of those in the Newtonian fluid-saturated case at inter-
the waves increases, the phase velocity of the mode mediate frequency, which comes to our notice even in
approaches the fluid velocity asymptotically-from the general non-Newtonian regime (De = 10).
above. As the De decreases, only in the deeply non- Figure 3 shows the dispersion and attenuation of the
Newtonian regime, the values of phase velocity and screw mode excited by a quadrupole point source for
group velocity of the two types of guide waves have three cases as figure 1. The dispersion and attenuation
a little change. Namely, the effect of non-Newtonian of the screw mode are analogous to those of the flexu-
on velocity of the two type of guide is small. How- ral mode except to a shift toward to higher frequency.
ever, the attenuation coefficients of the tube wave We can find that the dispersion curves of flexural
have an overall increase in intermediate frequency, mode have a little change only in the deeply non-
especially in the deeply non-Newtonian regime. The Newtonian regime. However, the attenuations in the
attenuation coefficients of pseudo-Rayleigh modes in deeply non-Newtonian regime are much higher than
the deeply non-Newtonian regime is obviously much those in the Newtonian fluid-saturated case at interme-
higher than those predicted by Biots model. This diate frequency, which also comes to our notice even in
means that the influence of non-Newtonian effects the general non-Newtonian regime (De = 10). These
on attenuation coefficients of the two types of guided results show that the influence of non-Newtonian
waves is obviously. effects on attenuations of guided waves is noticeable.
Figure 2 shows the dispersion and attenuation of Figure 4(a) shows the partial waves of the stone-
the flexural mode excited by a dipole point source for ley wave with 9 kHz source center frequency for
three cases as figure 1. The flexural waves (flex.) are three cases. The dot curves correspond to the Newto-
associated with a pure bending of the borehole. We nian limit when De = , while thin and thick solid
can find that the dispersion curves of flexural mode curves represent the non-Newtonian cases De = 10
have a little change only in the deeply non-Newtonian and De = 1, respectively. In the Figure 4 we find that
regime. However, the attenuation coefficients in the the arrival time of stoneley waves is nearly same for
deeply non-Newtonian regime are much higher than that based on non-Newtonian fluid-saturated case and
243
Copyright 2005 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK
1.6 (a) 0.4 (a)
screw De =
Sto De =
De = 10
Normalized velocity
1.4 0.2 De = 10
phase De = 1
De = 1
pressure
1.2 0.0
1.0 -0.2
group
0.8 -0.4
5 10 15 20 1 2 3
Frequency(KHZ) Time (ms)
0.14
screw (b) 1.5 De = (b)
0.12 De = 10
De =
Attenuation coefficients
1.0
De = 10 De = 1
0.10
De = 1 0.5
Pressure
0.08
0.0
0.06 PR1
-0.5
0.04 -1.0
0.02 -1.5
Figure 3. Dispersion curves (a) and attenuation coefficients Figure 4. The partial waveforms excited by monopole point
(b) of guided waves excited by quadrupole point sources. source. (a) the stoneley wave with 9 kHz source center fre-
Velocity is normalized by the velocity of borehole fluid. quency (b) the pseudo-Rayleigh wave with 10 kHz source
center frequency.
244
Copyright 2005 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK
5 influence of squirt flow on fundamental guided waves
4 De = (b) (Cui 2004). Therefore, this study shows that it may
3 De = 10 screw need to be considered the effects of non-Newtonian
De = 1 (Maxwell) in the interpretation of acoustic logging
2
data.
pressure
1
0
-1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
-2
-3 This work was supported by Doctoral Foundation of
-4 Ministry of Education of China (20030183052) and
-5 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
1 2 3 (40374043). The authors would like to thank Dr Ma
Time(ms)
Jun for his interesting suggestions.
Figure 6. The partial waveforms excited by a quadrupole
point source with 10 kHz source center frequency.
REFERENCES
(De = 10). These results show that the effect of non- Biot M. A. 1956. Theory of propagation of elastic waves in
Newtonian may be the other factor of the guided waves a fluid-saturated porous solid. II:Higher-frequency range,
attenuation. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 28: 179191.
Schmitt D.P.,Y. Zhu. & C.H. Cheng.1988. Shear wave logging
in semi-infinite saturated porous formation, J.Acoust. Soc.
Am. 84: 22302244.
4 CONCLUSIONS Schmitt D.P. 1988.Shear wave logging in elastic formations,
J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 84: 22152229.
In the present paper, based on the generalized Biot- Zhang B.X., Wang K.X. & Dong Q.D. 1995.Theory of acous-
Tsiklauri model with a no-slip boundary, we inves- tic multipole logging and analysis of waves components
tigated the influence of non-Newtonian effects on and calculation of fullwaveforms for two-phase medium
guided waves propagation of the fluid-filled bore- formation, Chin. J. Geophys 38(suppI): 178192.
hole. We investigated their acoustic partial waveforms Tsiklauri D. 2003. Properties of Elastic waves in a non-
Newtonian (Maxwell) fluid-saturated porous medium,
and the curves of velocity dispersion, and attenuation Transp. Porous Media, 53:3950.
coefficients of the fundamental guided waves due to Yamamtoto T & Turgut A.1988. Acoustic wave propagation
a monopole, a dipole and a quadrupole source. The through porous media with arbitrary pore size distribu-
results show that non-Newtonian fluid effect in the sat- tions, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 83(5): 17441751.
urated porous solid may be one other important factor Cui Z.W., Liu J.X. & Wang K.X. 2003. Elastic waves in
that influences on acoustic guided waves in borehole. non-Newtonian (Maxwell) fluidsaturated porous media,
In particular, the effect of non-Newtonian on attenu- Waves Random Media, 13(3):191203.
ation of guide waves is obvious even in the general Cui Z.W. & Wang K.X. 2003. Influence of the squirt flow on
non-Newtonian regime (De = 10). It is more signif- reflection and refraction of elastic waves at fluid/fluid-
saturated poroelastic solid interface, Int. J. Eng. Sci.
icant to narrow down the discrepancy between the 41(18): 21792191.
attenuation of theory prediction and the obtained data Cui Z.W. 2004. Theoretical and numerical study of modified
in field. Although the velocity dispersions have a little Biots models, acoustoelectric well logging and acous-
change only in the deeply non-Newtonian regime, their tic logging while drilling excited by multipole acoustic
changes are more distinct than those induced by the sources, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Jilin.
245
Copyright 2005 Taylor & Francis Group plc, London, UK