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Kilauea has been continuously erupting since 1983, often emitting lava flows. In contrast, other types of
volcanoes erupt quickly and violently, in huge explosions that can send up large columns of gas and ash,
rain down rocks, spew lava, and unleash pyroclastic flows large masses of hot rock fragments and gas
line(10) that speed down a volcanos slopes. These eruptions can destroy lives and property. In the continental
United States, the most recent and deadly volcanic eruption came on May 18, 1980, when Mt. St. Helens
blew its topand one whole side of the mountainkilling 60 people and leveling 600 square kilometers
(232 sq. miles) of forest.
The most powerful volcanic eruption observed in recent history was in 1815 at the Tambora volcano in
line(15) Indonesia, which produced huge pyroclastic flows and ejected large quantities of fine ash and gases into
the stratosphere. The eruption killed an estimated 60,000 people and the resulting volcanic cloud lowered
temperatures around the globe by as much as 3 degrees Celsius (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit). In parts of
Europe and North America, 1816 was known as the year without a summer, due to the cooler
temperatures.
http://qrius.si.edu/explore-science/jump/when-volcanoes-erupt
a. cylinder
b. cloud shape
c. acreage
d. shatter
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4. In what year did Mt. St. Helen blow up?
a. 1815
b. 1816
c. 1980
d. 1983
5. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the Tambora volcano?
a. The volcano produced enormous pyroclastic flows into the troposphere.
b. The eruption increase the globes temperature around 3 degrees celsius.
c. It was the strongest volcanic eruption in the year 1815.
d. It causes the year without summer in 1816.
8. It can be inferred from the passage that other types of volcanoes except Kilauea
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Why the Octopus Lost Its Shell
The ancestors of octopuses and squid once sported hard shells, but when did they lose their
"mobile homes" and become agile, soft-bodied swimmers? A new study finds that this change may have
occurred during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
line(5) Squishy creatures like squid and octopuses rarely leave behind well-preserved fossils. That has
left scientists perplexed over when in the creatures' evolutionary history these cephalopods lost their
shells. Researchers have now used a mix of fossil and genetic models to solve the puzzle.
The ancestors of some modern cephalopods began to lose their shells during the so-called
Mesozoic Marine Revolution. In this period, marine reptiles, certain fishes and other predators began to
line(10) appear in the oceans, prompting prey to evolve to be more heavily armored or have other avoidance
strategies to survive, the researchers said. Some cephalopods, like belemnites, sported internal shells, or
skeletons, for instance, the scientists said.
During the revolution, "we see the demise of a number of squid and octopus ancestors with more
heavy internal shells," said study senior researcher Jakob Vinther, a paleobiologist at the University of
line(15) Bristol in the United Kingdom. "They get replaced by these much more squishy forms that we have
today, [from] around 160 [million] to 100 million years ago."
The reason? The loss of shells made the ancient relatives of the modern-day octopus, squid and
cuttlefish nimbler, a feature that likely helped these animals catch prey and evade predators, Vinther said.
Cephalopods move by compressing their bodies and jetting water out of a funnel. "Reducing the
line(20) shell to this great extent gave them an even bigger advantage than their ancient counterparts with larger
shells inside [had]," Vinther said. "These old fellows would have struggled to jet themselves away in the
same ease."
http://www.livescience.com/58063-why-the-octopus-lost-its-shell.html
a. baffe
b. amaze
c. clear up
d. effect
3
2. The word evade in line 17 is closest in meaning to
a. follow
b. escape
c. fight against
d. confront
a. shells
b. scientists
c. cephalopods
d. ancestor
4. In what range did the scientist believe that there was a change in the octopus shell?
4
9. It can be inferred from the passage that the researchers research about