1906

This article is about the year 1906. For other uses, see
1906 (disambiguation).

1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Mon-

day (dominical letter G) of the Gregorian calendar and
a common year starting on Sunday (dominical letter A)
of the Julian calendar, the 1906th year of the Common
Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 906th
year of the 2nd millennium, the 6th year of the 20th cen-
January 31: Ecuador earthquake (8.6).
tury, and the 7th year of the 1900s decade. As of the
start of 1906, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead
of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use 1.2 MarchApril
until 1923.
March 10 Courrires mine disaster: an explosion
in a coal mine in France kills 1,060.
1 Events March 18 In France, Romanian inventor Traian
Vuia becomes the rst person to achieve an
1.1 JanuaryFebruary unassisted takeo in a heavier-than-air powered
monoplane, but it is incapable of sustained ight.
January 12 Persian Constitutional Revolution: a
April 7 Mount Vesuvius erupts and devastates
nationalistic coalition of merchants, religious leaders
Naples.
and intellectuals in Persia forces the shah to grant a
constitution and establish a national assembly, the April 14 The Azusa Street Revival, the primary
Majlis. catalyst for the revival of Pentecostalism this cen-
tury, opens in Los Angeles.
January 16April 7 Algeciras Conference to re-
solve the First Moroccan Crisis between France and April 18 San Francisco earthquake (estimated
Germany. magnitude 7.8) on the San Andreas Fault destroys
much of San Francisco, California, USA, killing at
January 22 The SS Valencia strikes a reef o least 3,000, with 225,000300,000 left homeless,
Vancouver Island, Canada, killing over 100 (o- and $350 million in damages.
cially 136) in the ensuing disaster.
April 23 In Tsarist Russia, the Fundamental Laws
January 31 EcuadorColombia earthquake (8.8 are announced at the rst state Duma.
on the Moment magnitude scale) and associated
tsunami.

February 10 HMS Dreadnought is launched and 1.3 MayJune

sparks the naval race between Britain and Germany.
February 11 Pope Pius X publishes the encyclical
Vehementer Nos denouncing the 1905 French law on
the Separation of the Churches and the State.
February 11 Two British 1-per-head tax collec-
tors are killed near Richmond, Natal, sparking the
Bambatha Rebellion.[1]
May Jack London's novel White Fang begins seri-
alization in the American magazine Outing.
May 29 Karl Staa steps down as Prime Minister
of Sweden over the issue of expanded voting rights.
He is replaced by the right-wing naval ocer and
public ocial, Arvid Lindman .
June 7 Cunard liner RMS Lusitania is launched in
Glasgow as the worlds largest ship.

1
2 1 EVENTS
The ruins of San Francisco following the April 18 earthquake
and later res
1.4 JulyAugust
July 1 Sporting Lisbon, as well known football club
in Portugal, founded.
1.6
July 6 The Second Geneva Convention meets.
July 12 Alfred Dreyfus is exonerated. He is rein-
stalled in the French Army on July 21, thus ending
the Dreyfus aair.
August 4 The rst Imperial German Navy
submarine, U-1, is launched.
August 16 A magnitude 8.2 earthquake in
Valparaso, Chile leaves approximately 20,000
dead.
August 22 The rst Victor Victrola, a phono-
graphic record player, is manufactured.
August 23 Unable to control a rebellion Cuban
President Toms Estrada Palma requests United
States intervention. The subsequent provisional oc-
cupation administration lasts until 1909.
1.5 SeptemberOctober
September 11 Mahatma Gandhi coins the term
Satyagraha to characterize the Non-Violence move-
ment in South Africa.
September 18 A typhoon and tsunami kill an esti-
mated 10,000 in Hong Kong.[2]
September 30 The rst Gordon Bennett Cup in
ballooning is held, starting in Paris. The winning
team, piloting the balloon United States, lands in
Fylingdales, Yorkshire, England.
October 1 The Grand Duchy of Finland becomes
the rst nation to include the right of women to stand
as candidates when it adopts universal surage.
October 6 The Majlis of Iran convenes for the rst
time.
October 11 A United States diplomatic crisis
with Japan arises when the San Francisco public
school board orders Japanese students to be taught
in racially segregated schools.
October 16 Imposter Wilhelm Voigt imperson-
ates a Prussian ocer and takes over the city hall
in Kpenick for a short time.
October 23 An aeroplane of Alberto Santos-
Dumont takes o at Bagatelle in France and ies 60
meters (200 feet). This is the rst ocially recorded
powered ight in Europe.
October 28 The Union Minire du Haut Katanga,
a Belgian mining trust, is created in the Congo.
NovemberDecember
November 3 SOS becomes an international distress
signal.
November 22 Russian Prime Minister Pyotr
Stolypin introduces agrarian reforms aimed at cre-
ating a large class of land-owning peasants.
December 4 Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity forms
at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. The rst
Black Greek-lettered collegiate order of its kind.
December 24 Reginald Fessenden makes the rst
radio broadcast: a poetry reading, a violin solo, and
a speech.
December 26 The worlds rst feature lm, The
Story of the Kelly Gang, is released.
1.7 Date unknown
The Bacillus CalmetteGurin immunization for
tuberculosis is rst developed.
Richard Oldham argues that the Earth has a molten
interior.
Construction begins on the current Great Mosque of
Djenn.
The Simplo Filler Pen company is founded, later to
become the Montblanc company.
HaRishon Le Zion-Yafo Association sports club, of-
cially founded in Israel.(as predecessor of a famous
for multi professional sports club of Maccabi Tel
Aviv)
2.2 MarchApril 3

2 Births February 5 John Carradine, American actor (d.

1988)
2.1 JanuaryFebruary February 7

Puyi, Last Emperor of China (d. 1967)

Oleg Antonov, Soviet aircraft designer (d.
1984)

February 8 Chester Carlson, American physicist

and inventor (d. 1968)

February 10

Lon Chaney, Jr., American actor (d. 1973)

Erik Rhodes, American actor and singer (d.
1990)

February 17 Mary Brian, American actress (d.

2002)

February 18 Hans Asperger, Austrian pediatrician

(d. 1980)

February 22 Helge Kjrul-Schmidt, Danish ac-

tor (d. 1982)

February 26 Madeleine Carroll, British actress (d.

1987)

February 28 Bugsy Siegel, American gangster (d.

1947)
Puyi, Last Emperor of China
2.2 MarchApril
January 6 Walter Battiss, South African artist (d.
March 1 Phm Vn ng, Prime Minister of Viet-
1982)
nam (d. 2000)
January 11 Albert Hofmann, Swiss chemist (d. March 6 Lou Costello, American actor (d. 1959)
2008)
March 7 Elmar Lipping, Estonian statesman and
January 13 Zhou Youguang, Chinese linguist (d. soldier (d. 1994)
2017)
March 8 Victor Hasselblad, Swedish inventor and
January 14 William Bendix, American lm, radio, photographer (d. 1978)
and television actor (d. 1964)
March 12 Yin Shun, Chinese Buddhist master (d.
January 15 Aristotle Onassis, Greek shipping 2005)
magnate (d. 1975)
March 16 Francisco Ayala, Spanish writer (d.
January 21 Igor Moiseyev, Russian choreographer 2009)
(d. 2007)
March 17 Brigitte Helm, German lm actress (d.
January 22 Robert E. Howard, American author 1996)
(d. 1936) March 19
February 4 Adolf Eichmann, German war criminal (d.
1962)
Dietrich Bonhoeer, German religious leader
and resistance leader (d. 1945) Roy Roberts, American actor (d. 1975)

Clyde Tombaugh, American astronomer (d. March 21 Jim Thompson, American businessman
1997) (disappeared 1967)
4 2 BIRTHS
Samuel Beckett
March 25 A. J. P. Taylor, English historian (d.
1990)
March 26
Rafael Mndez, Mexican trumpet player (d.
1981)
Ronald Urquhart, British general (d. 1968)
March 31 Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Japanese physicist,
Nobel laureate (d. 1979)
April 1 Alexander Sergeyevich Yakovlev, Russian
engineer and airplane designer (d. 1989)
April 4 Bea Benaderet, American actress (d. Mary Astor
1968)
April 6 Luis Alberti, Dominican Republic musi-
cian (d. 1976)
April 9 Antal Dorti, Hungarian conductor (d.
1988)
April 13 Samuel Beckett, Irish writer, Nobel lau-
reate (d. 1989)
April 14 Broda Otto Barnes, American medical
researcher (d. 1988)
April 22 Eddie Albert, American actor (d. 2005)
April 24 William Joyce, Irish-American World
War II Nazi propaganda broadcaster (Lord Haw-
Haw) (d. 1946)
April 25
Joel Brand, Hungarian rescue worker (d.
1964)
William J. Brennan Jr., Associate Justice of
the Supreme Court of the United States (d.
1997)
A. W. Haydon, American inventor (d. 1982)
April 28
Kurt Gdel, Austrian logician, mathematician,
and philosopher of mathematics (d. 1978)
Paul Sacher, Swiss conductor (d. 1999)
2.3 MayJune
May 2 Philippe Halsman, Latvian-born American
photographer (d. 1979)
May 3 Mary Astor, American actress and writer
(d. 1987)
May 6 Andr Weil, French mathematician (d.
1998)
May 7 Jon Lormer, American actor (d. 1986)
May 8 Roberto Rossellini, Italian director (d.
1977)
2.3 MayJune 5

Roberto Rossellini

Josephine Baker

May 16 Arturo Uslar Pietri, Venezuelan writer (d.

Jimmy MacDonald
May 11
Jacqueline Cochran, American aviator (d.
1980)
Richard Arvine Overton, oldest surviving
American veteran (World War II)
Ethel Weed, American promoter of Japanese
womens rights (d. 1975)
May 15 Humberto Delgado, Portuguese general
and politician (d. 1965)
2001)
May 19
Bruce Bennett, American athlete and actor (d.
2007)
Jimmy MacDonald, Scottish-American sound
eects artist, voice actor (d. 1991)
May 20 Giuseppe Siri, Italilan Roman Catholic
cardinal (d. 1989)
May 23 Lucha Reyes, Mexican singer (d. 1944)
May 27 Buddhadasa, Buddhist monk (d. 1993)
May 29 T. H. White, British writer (d. 1964)
May 30 Bruno Grning, German faith healer (d.
1959)
June 3 Josephine Baker, American-born French
entertainer (d. 1975)
June 4 Ivan Knunyants, Soviet chemist (d. 1990)
June 6 Max August Zorn, German-born American
mathematician (d. 1993)
June 12 Sandro Penna, Italian poet (d. 1977)
6 2 BIRTHS

James H. Flatley, American admiral and avia-

tor (d. 1958)
Olli Ungvere, Estonian actress (d. 1991)

June 19 Ernst Boris Chain, German-born British

biochemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1979)

June 22

Anne Morrow Lindbergh, American author

and aviator (d. 2001)
Billy Wilder, Austrian-born American screen-
writer, lm director and producer (d. 2002)

June 24 Pierre Fournier, French cellist (d. 1986)

June 28

Mazie Ford, American supercentenarian

Maria Goeppert-Mayer, German physicist,
Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1972)

2.4 JulyAugust

Ernst Boris Chain

Hans Bethe

Maria Goeppert-Mayer July 2 Hans Bethe, German-born American physi-

cist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005)

June 15 Lon Degrelle, Belgian fascist (d. 1994) July 3 George Sanders, British actor (d. 1972)

June 17 July 4
2.5 September 7

Kiichi Inoue, Japanese supercentenarian

Vincent Schaefer, American chemist and me-
teorologist (d. 1993)

July 7

William Feller, Croatian-born mathematician

(d. 1970)
Satchel Paige, American baseball player (d.
1982)

July 11 Herbert Wehner, German politician (d.

1990)

July 12 Pietro Tordi, Italian actor (d. 1990)

July 14 Stanley Devenish Meares, Australian ob-

stetrician and gynaecologist (d. 1994)

July 16

Ernestine Garst, American supercentenarian

Vincent Sherman, American director and ac-
tor (d. 2006)

July 17 Dunc Gray, Australian track cyclist (d.

1996)

July 18 Speed Webb, American jazz drummer and Joaqun Balaguer

territory band leader (d. 1994)

July 23 Vladimir Prelog, Croatian chemist, Nobel 2.5 September

laureate (d. 1998)
August 5
Joan Hickson, British actress (d. 1998)
Wassily Leontief, Russian economist, Nobel
Prize laureate (d. 1999)
August 14 Horst P. Horst, German photographer
(d. 1999)
August 17 Marcelo Caetano, Prime Minister of
Portugal (d. 1980)
August 19 Philo Farnsworth, American inventor
(d. 1971)
August 21 Friz Freleng, American cartoon direc-
tor (d. 1995)
August 26 Albert Sabin, Polish-American medical
researcher (d. 1993)
August 27 Ed Gein, American serial killer (d.
1984)
August 28 John Betjeman, English poet (d. 1984)
August 30 Joan Blondell, American actress (d.
1979)
September 1
Joaqun Balaguer, Dominican politician and
writer (d. 2002)
Franz Biebl, German composer (d. 2001)
Eleanor Burford, English writer (d. 1993)
September 2 Barbara Jo Allen, American actress
(d. 1974)
September 4 Max Delbrck, German biologist,
Nobel laureate (d. 1981)
September 6 Luis Federico Leloir, French-born
Argentine chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1987)
September 8 Andrei Kirilenko, Soviet politician
(d. 1990)
September 12 Lee Erwin, television writer (d.
1972)
September 17 Junius Richard Jayewardene, Pres-
ident of Sri Lanka (d. 1996)
September 25
Jos Figueres Ferrer, President of Costa Rica
(d. 1990)
8 2 BIRTHS

Janet Gaynor

Max Delbrck

Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (d.

1975)

September 27 William Empson, English poet and

critic (d. 1984)

2.6 October
October 6 Janet Gaynor, American Academy
Award-winning actress (d. 1984)

October 9 Lopold Sdar Senghor, President of

Senegal (d. 2001)

October 10 Rasipuram Krishnaswamy Narayan, Lopold Sdar Senghor

Indian novelist (d. 2001)

October 14 October 24 Marie-Louise von Motesiczky, Aus-

trian painter (d. 1996)
Imam Hassan al-Banna, Egyptian founder of
the Muslim Brotherhood (d. 1949) October 26 Primo Carnera, Italian boxer (d. 1967)

Hannah Arendt, German political theorist (d. October 27 Kazuo Ohno, Japanese dancer (d.
1975) 2010)

October 23 Gertrude Ederle, American swimmer October 29 Fredric Brown, American writer (d.
(d. 2003) 1972)
2.7 NovemberDecember 9

2.7 NovemberDecember

Leonid Brezhnev
Luchino Visconti
November 4 Willie Love, American Delta blues
pianist (d. 1953)

November 5

George Philip Bradley Pip Roberts, British

general (d. 1997)
Fred Lawrence Whipple, American as-
tronomer (d. 2004)

November 9 Arthur Rudolph, German rocket en-

gineer (d. 1996)

November 10 Josef Kramer, German Nazi con-

centration camp commandant (d. 1945)

November 13 Hermione Baddeley, English char-

acter actress (d. 1986)

November 14 Louise Brooks, American actress (d.

1985)

November 15 Curtis LeMay, United States Air

Force general (d. 1990)

November 16 Henri Charrire, French author (d.

1973)
Louise Brooks
November 17 Soichiro Honda, Japanese industri-
alist (d. 1991)
November 2 Luchino Visconti, Italian theatre and
cinema director and writer (d. 1976) November 18
10 3 DEATHS

Alec Issigonis, Greek-born British automobile

designer (d. 1988)
Klaus Mann, German writer (d. 1949)
George Wald, American scientist, Nobel lau-
reate (d. 1997)

December 2 Peter Carl Goldmark, Hungarian-

born American engineer (d. 1977)

December 5 Ahn Eak-tai, Korean composer (d.

1965)

December 9 Grace Hopper, American computer

scientist and naval ocer (d. 1992)

December 13

Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (d.

1968)
Laurens van der Post, South African author
and journalist (d. 1996)

December 19 Leonid Brezhnev, Soviet leader (d.

1982)

December 24 James Hadley Chase, English writer

(d. 1985) Bartolome Mitre
December 25 Ernst Ruska, German physicist, No-
bel laureate (d. 1988)

December 26 Imperio Argentina, Argentinian

singer and actress (d. 2003)

December 27 Oscar Levant, American pianist,

composer, author, comedian, and actor (d. 1972)

3 Deaths

3.1 JanuaryJune
January 6 William Forbes Gatacre, British general
(b. 1843)

January 19 Bartolom Mitre, Argentine states-

man, military gure, and author, 6th President of
Argentina (b. 1821)

January 25 Joseph Wheeler, American general and

politician (b. 1836)

January 29 King Christian IX of Denmark (b.

1818)

February 13 Albert Gottschalk, Danish painter (b.

Pierre Curie
1866)

February 27 Samuel Pierpont Langley, American

astronomer, physicist, and aeronautics pioneer (b. March 1 Jos Mara de Pereda, Spanish writer (b.
1834) 1833)
3.2 JulyDecember 11

March 8 Henry Baker Tristram, English clergy-

man, and ornithologist (b. 1822)

March 12 Manuel Quintana, 15th President of the

Argentina (b. 1835)

March 13

Susan B. Anthony, American civil rights and

womens surage activist (b. 1820)
Joseph Monier, French gardener and inventor
(b. 1823)

March 19 Victor Fatio, Swiss zoologist (b. 1838)

March 23 Thomas Lake Harris, American poet (b.

1823)

March 29

Slava Rakaj, Croatian painter (b. 1877)

Albert Sorel, French historian (b. 1842)
King Christian IX of Denmark
April 6 Alexander Kielland, Norwegian author (b.
1849)

April 19

Pierre Curie, French physicist, Nobel Prize

laureate (b. 1859)
Spencer Gore, British tennis player and crick-
eter (b. 1850)

April 25 John Knowles Paine, American composer

(b. 1839)

May 14 Carl Schurz, German revolutionary and

American statesman (b. 1829)

May 23 Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian playwright (b.

1828)

May ? Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin, Sultan of

Brunei (b. 1825)

June 5 Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann, Ger-

man philosopher (b. 1842)

June 10 Richard Seddon, 15th Prime Minister of

New Zealand (b. 1845)

Manuel Quintana June 17 Harry Nelson Pillsbury, American chess

champion (b. 1872)

March 4 John Schoeld, American general (b. June 25 Stanford White, American architect (b.
1831) 1853)
12 3 DEATHS

Carlos Pellegrini Paul Czanne

Aniceto Arce Otto Franz of Austria

3.2 JulyDecember educator and vocal pedagogue (b. 1805)

July 1 Manuel Garca, Spanish opera singer, music July 17 Carlos Pellegrini, 11th President of Ar-
 13

(b. 1824)
September 1 Giuseppe Giacosa, Italian poet and
librettist (b. 1847)
September 5 Ludwig Boltzmann, Austrian physi-
cist (b. 1854)
September 23 August Bondeson, Swedish author
(b. 1844)
October 9 Adelaide Ristori, Italian actress (b.
1822)
October 16 Varina Davis, First Lady of the
Confederate States of America (b. 1826)
October 22 Paul Czanne, French painter (b.
1839)
October 23 Vladimir Stasov, Russian music critic
(b. 1824)
November 1 Archduke Otto Franz of Austria (b.
1865)
November 7 Todor Burmov, 1st Prime Minister
of Bulgaria (b. 1834)
Todor Burmov November 12 William R. Shafter, American gen-
eral (b. 1835)
November 16 Mother Veronica of the Passion,
Ottoman-born religious leader (b. 1823)
November 28 Jennie Yeamans, Australian born
American actress (b. 1862)
November 30 Edward James Reed, British naval
architect, author, politician, and railroad magnate
(b. 1830)
December 7 lie Ducommun, Swiss journalist and
activist, Nobel laureate (b. 1833)
December 8 Sylvia Gerrish, American musical
theatre star (b. 1860)
December 13 Jan Gerard Palm, Dutch composer
(b. 1831)
December 30 Josephine Butler, British feminist
and social reformer (b. 1828)

4 Nobel Prizes
Physics J. J. Thomson
Chemistry Henri Moissan
Blessed Veronica of the Passion Medicine Camillo Golgi and Santiago Ramn y
Cajal
gentina (b. 1846) Literature Giosu Carducci
August 14 Aniceto Arce, 27th President of Bolivia Peace Theodore Roosevelt
14 5 REFERENCES

5 References
[1] Stuart, J. (1913). History of the Zulu Rebellion 1906. Lon-
don: Macmillan and Co. pp. 548581.

[2] Papers Past Auckland Star 19 October 1906 Page 5

HONGKONG TYPHOON. Auckland Star. Auckland
Star. 19 October 1906. Retrieved 13 April 2013. Over
1000 bodies were recovered. but cabled statements are
veried that the number of lives lost totalled about 10,000.

The Annual Register of World Events: A Review of

the Year: 1906. Longmans, Green. 1907., compre-
hensive guide to political events worldwide; empha-
sis on Britain
 15

6 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

6.1 Text
1906 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906?oldid=768039699 Contributors: 0, Magnus Manske, Derek Ross, Mav, Jeronimo, Eclec-
ticology, Danny, Tsja, Deb, SimonP, Peterlin~enwiki, Daniel C. Boyer, Camembert, DW, Bernfarr, Ram-Man, Lorenzarius, Jazz77, Lir,
Infrogmation, Llywrch, Dan Koehl, Dominus, Liftarn, Zeno Gantner, Tomi, Skysmith, Eric119, Minesweeper, Docu, Ron Davis, Rland-
mann, John K, Hike395, Meredith~enwiki, Astarte, RodC, Jay, Zoicon5, Astrotrain, Itai, Cabuto~enwiki, Ed g2s, Cjrother, Warofdreams,
Optim, UninvitedCompany, RadicalBender, Hoss, Dimadick, MK~enwiki, Robbot, Ke4roh, NightCrawler, TMillerCA, RedWolf, Rholton,
Hemanshu, TMLutas, Auric, Roozbeh, Seth Ilys, Cyrius, Smjg, Ike~enwiki, ScudLee, Nichalp, Bkonrad, Jfdwol, BillyH, Iceberg3k, Jil-
landJack, MusiCitizen, Alexf, R. end, Jonel, Quadell, Bgbot, BozMo, Estel~enwiki, SimonArlott, Rdsmith4, Thincat, Ary29, Neutrality,
Trevor MacInnis, Fredlaiwl, Ta bu shi da yu, EugeneZelenko, Farkas2029, Rich Farmbrough, Guanabot, Kks862003, Guanabot2, Djord-
jes, Shanes, Brisis~enwiki, Lima, Art LaPella, Krin, Deicas, Bobo192, Zarateman, Jolomo, Of~enwiki, Juzeris, Man vyi, Slambo, SPUI,
A2Kar, Rye1967, Jumbuck, Brianboru, Great Scott, Scarecroe, Cdc, KKvistad, Malo, Ghirlandajo, Ceyockey, Woohookitty, Bellhalla,
Morning star, Brunnock, Je3000, Eleassar777, Canadian Paul, Huhsunqu, Billions, Matilda, Graham87, Island, Ketiltrout, Eoghanacht,
Tim!, Watcharakorn, FlaBot, Winhunter, AI, JYOuyang, Sstrader, Darlene4, Russavia, No Swan So Fine, Chobot, DTOx, Noble Skuld
the Legend Killer, YurikBot, RussBot, Shreshth91, ExRat, Rjensen, Scope creep, Lt-wiki-bot, David Justin, Phil Holmes, Holden dude
20, Thetriangleguy, GrinBot~enwiki, KnightRider~enwiki, SmackBot, Mbtozer, Jacek Kendysz, KocjoBot~enwiki, D C McJonathan, Ba-
nai, HalfShadow, Fisss, Chris the speller, Martin8721, Dahn, MalafayaBot, SchftyThree, Akanemoto, Colonies Chris, Skoglund, Sun-
darBot, DIDouglass, DMacks, Vina-iwbot~enwiki, Ugur Basak Bot~enwiki, MChiBro, FunkyFly, Zavreio, BrownHairedGirl, J 1982,
Jrothwell, Coredesat, Acumen76, Peteboro, MikeWazowski, Clarityend, KNM, Hammett66, Zarex, Scopper81, Myasuda, King Hilde-
brand, Metanoid, Achangeisasgoodasa, Sternie, John A. Bascom, Doug Weller, Omicronpersei8, Garej, EvocativeIntrigue, RandomOrca2,
Thijs!bot, Wikid77, Headbomb, Einbierbitte, BobCrowley, CharlotteWebb, D.H, Ludde23, Blathnaid, Dawnseeker2000, Escarbot, Histry-
dude, Bolotnikov, Mikenorton, JAnDbot, LonesomeMoon, VoABot II, Anbaric, Aa35te, SANJAYBAFNA, Tommieboi, MartinBot, Super-
MarioMan, CalendarWatcher, CommonsDelinker, Koplimek, J.delanoy, Sasajid, Themotor, Numbo3, Uncle Dick, Jer10 95, Juliancolton,
Roysouza, DorganBot, Paularblaster, Idioma-bot, VolkovBot, Kyle the bot, Aesopos, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Cosmic Latte, Broadbot,
Drappel, E-romance, Luuva, Peteritism, Synthebot, Ruedetocqueville, Chaweb, Italianlover07, SieBot, DerbyCountyinNZ, BotMultichill,
Purbo T, Benea, Doncsecz~enwiki, Hdxstunts1, Choogler, ImageRemovalBot, Mx. Granger, Sfan00 IMG, ClueBot, PipepBot, Hexmaster,
Alexbot, Aitias, DumZiBoT, Camboxer, PseudoBot, Addbot, DonQ1906, Jtyroler, Blue954, CarsracBot, Glane23, Weidenaar, Mdnavman,
20yearoldboyfromNY, Tassedethe, Numbo3-bot, Romanskolduns, Zorrobot, Jarble, DK4, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, KamikazeBot,
Thuvack, Cony, Rjanag, Jim1138, Tucoxn, JackieBot, Djgpenny, ArthurBot, MauritsBot, Xqbot, Timir2, Maestroso simplo, XZer-
oBot, Pizzamaniac09, GeoWorld2, GrouchoBot, GhalyBot, Nicolas Perrault III, Andre Kritzinger, Twinsdude, Augustseven, Information
yes, MrPanyGo, Rolandorios, Buddylucacharles, EmausBot, Yggdrasilius, 123giraf, Moswento, TuHan-Bot, Werieth, Inswoon, Smar-
tie2thaMaxXx, ChuispastonBot, ClueBot NG, LogX, Billhaydon, Xonelovex69, Movses-bot, Frietjes, Dre1914, Krin5292, Vagobot, Jah-
navisatyan, Argento Surfer, Shlancer, YamiFangirlQueen, JYBot, Makecat-bot, Lovkal, Dwcoleman, WhatEndsWhenTheSymbolsShatter?,
GeoreyT2000, Freds Last Man, Michael0986, Rhktesf, Srednuas Lenoroc, Toliuz, Marintosalla, Muztiop, Marokantino, Elephantpink,
Eans09, Bender the Bot, I2padams and Anonymous: 233

6.2 Images
File:Aisin-Gioro_Puyi_01.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Aisin-Gioro_Puyi_01.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Japanese magazine Historical Photograph, March 1934 issue published by Rekishi-Shasin Kai. Orig-
inal artist: Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20'
height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050'
data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Aniceto_Arce.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Aniceto_Arce.jpg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons by User:EH101 using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Original uploader was
Wowaconia at en.wikipedia
File:ArchdukeOttoof_Austria.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/69/ArchdukeOttoof_Austria.jpg License: PD-
US Contributors:
Scan of original photograph by User:Mariaflores1955 Original artist: ?
File:Baker_Banana.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Baker_Banana.jpg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: http://www.sheldonconcerthall.org/bakerpress.asp Original artist: Lucien Walry
File:BartolomeMitre.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/BartolomeMitre.jpg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: La Nacin newspaper Original artist: Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Christian_IX_af_Henrik_Olrik.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Christian_IX_af_Henrik_
Olrik.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Thorsen, Svend (1967). De danske ministerier 1848-1901 (in Danish). Kbenhavn: Pen-
sionsforsikringsanstalten, p. 279. Own scan. Original artist: Ole Henrik Benedictus Olrik (1830-1890)
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:EcuadorLocation.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/EcuadorLocation.png License: Public do-
main Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
16 6 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Ernst_Boris_Chain_1945.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Ernst_Boris_Chain_1945.jpg Li-

cense: Public domain Contributors: http://nobelprize.org/ Original artist: Nobel Foundation
File:Hans_Bethe.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Hans_Bethe.jpg License: Public domain Contribu-
tors: Los Alamos National Laboratory Original artist: Los Alamos National Laboratory
File:Janet_Gaynor_-_Sunrise_(1927).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Janet_Gaynor_-_Sunrise_
%281927%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original publication: Publicity photograph for the movie Sunrise (1927#
Immediate source: http://www.ha.com/c/search-results.zx?N=2286+1929 Original artist: Max Munn Autrey

1. Life time: 1891-1971)

File:Jimmy_MacDonald.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/33/Jimmy_MacDonald.jpg License: Fair use Contrib-
utors:
http://trevorbryant.com/images/macdonald0001.jpg Original artist: ?
File:Joaquin_Balaguer_1977.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Joaquin_Balaguer_1977.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Leonid_Brenv_(Bundesarchiv).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Leonid_Bre%C5%BEn%
C4%9Bv_%28Bundesarchiv%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-F0417-0001-011, Berlin, VII.
SED-Parteitag, Ernung.jpg, Deutsches Bundesarchiv (German Federal Archive), Bild 183-F0417-0001-011 Original artist: Kohls, Ul-
rich, extracted by Fredy.00
File:Louise_Brooks_-_1928.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Louise_Brooks_-_1928.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Original publication: 1928
Immediate source: https://fromthebygone.wordpress.com/2015/04/12/louise-brooks-by-eugene-robert-richee/ Original artist: Eugene
Robert Richee
(Life time: 1896 - 1972)
File:Luchino_Visconti_1972.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Luchino_
Visconti_1972.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/news-photo/
italian-director-luchino-visconti-smoking-a-cigarette-1972-news-photo/141554540 Original artist: Marisa Rastellini (Mondadori
Publisher)
File:Lopold_Sdar_Senghor.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_
Senghor.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:
Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F011981-0003,_Frankfurt-Main,_Staatsprsident_von_Senegal.jpg Original artist:
Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F011981-0003,_Frankfurt-Main,_Staatsprsident_von_Senegal.jpg: Steiner, Egon
File:Manuel_A_Quintana.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/33/Manuel_A_Quintana.jpg License: PD-US Con-
tributors:
Museo Histrico Nacional
Original artist:
Egidio Querciola (1871-1949)
File:Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1963/mayer-autobio.html Original artist: Nobel founda-
tion
File:Mary_Astor-1930s.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Mary_Astor-1930s.JPG License: Public
domain Contributors: eBay Original artist: Studio
File:Max_Delbruck.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Max_Delbruck.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: Jonathan Delbruck Original artist: Jonathan Delbruck
File:Nobel_medal.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6a/Nobel_medal.png License: PD-US Contributors:
Photographer: David Monniaux (2005, 2006, 2007)
Original artist:
Design of the medal: The Nobel Foundation. Sculptor and engraver: Erik Lindberg (1902).
File:Paul_cezanne_1861.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Paul_cezanne_1861.jpg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
File:Pierre_Curie_by_Dujardin_c1906.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Pierre_Curie_by_
Dujardin_c1906.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: (Please provide the title of the work)[1] , Trait de radioactivit. edition, Paris:
Gauthier, 1910 Original artist: Dujardin
File:Retrato_de_Carlos_Pellegrini.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Retrato_de_Carlos_Pellegrini.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: La fotografa en la historia argentina, Clarn. http://www.google.com.ar/images?hl=es&q=
Carlos%20Pellegrini&um=1&ie=UTF-8&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&biw=1024&bih=682 Original artist: Alejandro S. Witcomb.
File:Rossellini+gatta.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Rossellini%2Bgatta.jpg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: archivio cinema 1951 Original artist: Unknown<a href='https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590' /></a>
6.3 Content license 17

File:Samuel_Beckett,_Pic,_1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Samuel_Beckett%2C_Pic%2C_1.

jpg License: Public domain Contributors: <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/
btv1b9001650k/f1/'>Bibliothque nationale de France</a> Original artist: Roger Pic
File:San_francisco_1906_earthquake.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/San_francisco_
1906_earthquake.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: www.archives.gov Original artist: Unknown<a href='https:
//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718' title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https:
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='1050' data-le-height='590'
/></a>
File:Todor_Burmov.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Todor_Burmov.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: www.gabrovonews.bg Original artist:
File:Veronica_of_the_Passion_(1823-1906).png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Veronica_of_the_
Passion_%281823-1906%29.png License: CC0 Contributors: Unknown. Scanning of an old photograph Original artist: Grentidez

6.3 Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0