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Problem
In order to decide if there is a risk of erosion of the banks it is necessary to determine the
length of channel which has a velocity in excess of 10% above the uniform flow velocity.
Note:- it is impractical for a channel of this type to terminate in a free outfall, it is being
used in this case to demonstrate the calculation of critical depth in a non-
rectangular section.
Solution
B (top width)
1 y
1
6m
Figure 1
A = y (6 + 1.5 y ) (1)
1
where y is the depth, the wetted perimeter, P, is given by
By Mannings formula
Am 2 / 3 i
v= (3)
n
and by continuity
Q = Av (4)
Combining the two equations yields
y n (6 + 1.5 y n ) y n2 / 3 (6 + 1.5 y n ) 2 / 3
Q= . . 0.001 = 25 (5)
0.025 (6 + 3.61 y n ) 2 / 3
y n (6 + 1.5 y n ) y n2 / 3 (6 + 1.5 y n ) 2 / 3
f ( yn ) = . . 0.001 25 = 0 (7 )
0.025 (6 + 3.61 y n ) 2 / 3
To start the bisector method we require two values of yn, one to make f(yn)
positive and a second to make it negative.
if f(yn) is continuous then there must be a root to the equation between these
two values.
(4.0 + 1.0)
f = f (2.5) = +17.54
2
(1.0 + 2.5)
f = f (1.75) = 3.15
2
(1.75 + 2.5)
f = f (2.13) = +6.30
2
take y n = 1.75 and 2.13
(1.75 + 2.13)
f = f (1.94 ) = +1.42
2
3
Continue in this way for three or four more iterations to yield a final value
for yn of 1.88 m.
We can now determine the area of flow for this depth hence the velocity of
flow.
25
A = 1.88(6 + 1.5*1.88) = 16.58 m 2 hence vn = = 1.51 m 2 / s
16.58
The backwater curve will have to be integrated upstream until the velocity
drops below this value.
Combining these two equations with the expression for the Froude No.
yields
25 2 (6 + 3 y c ) = g (6 + 1.5 y c ) y c3 (8)
3
1
As an exercise it is suggested that you try the method of Newton-Raphson to see if you can make the
solution work. It would be much faster to solve this way since the error would reduce exponentially with
each iteration and not merely halve as is the case with the bisector method.
4
i.e. we have obtained estimates of the root with opposite signs therefore the
solution can proceed in exactly the same manner as for the normal depth.
0 .5 + 1 .5
f = f (1) = 152
2
1 .0 + 1 .5
f = f (1.25) = +333
2
yc = 1.10 m
We are now in a position to integrate the backwater curve. The limiting velocity is
1.66 m/s, the curve will have to be integrated back until the velocity drops below this
value.
The value of y chosen is 0.075 m, this is a decision based on experience. The smaller
the value of y the more accurate the curve will be, however this accuracy is superficial
since the values of Q and Mannings n are based on subjective judgement. It should also
be noted that choosing too small a value of y may result in numerical error; also
choosing too large a value will result in appreciable error since the approximation of the
backwater curves as a series of short straight lines will be invalidated. The integration is
shown in Figure 2 as an Excel spreadsheet.
The velocity drops below the critical value of 1.66 m/s approximately 417 m from the
outfall therefore this length of channel will require protection against scour. In practice
probably about 450 m would be lined to give a margin of safety. The chainage at the
downstream end of the channel is set to zero for arithmetic convenience. In practice the
chainage would be measured from the upstream end and the chainage points in the table
would then appear as positive values.
As an exercise it is recommended that you set up this spreadsheet and experiment with
different values of Q, the bed slope i, Mannings n, bottom width and y.
I.M. Goodwill
2
It is strongly recommended that you carry out these few iterations as an exercise.
5
6
Depth (y) Mean Depth Mean Area Wetted Hydraulic Mean Chezy C jm=vm2/C2mm Mean Top Froude No. dy/dx=(i-jm)/ (1- Chainage
(ym) A(ym) Perimeter Mean Velocity (=mm1/6/n) Width (Bm) (FNm) FNm)
(Pm) Radius (vm)
(mm)
1.095 0.0
1.17 1.13 8.72 10.09 0.86 2.87 39.04 0.00624 9.40 0.903 -0.05423 -1.4
1.245 1.21 9.43 10.36 0.91 2.65 39.38 0.00498 9.62 0.731 -0.01476 -6.5
1.32 1.28 10.16 10.63 0.96 2.46 39.70 0.00402 9.85 0.598 -0.00750 -16.5
1.395 1.36 10.91 10.90 1.00 2.29 40.01 0.00328 10.07 0.494 -0.00451 -33.1
1.47 1.43 11.67 11.17 1.04 2.14 40.29 0.00270 10.30 0.412 -0.00290 -59.0
1.545 1.51 12.45 11.44 1.09 2.01 40.57 0.00225 10.52 0.347 -0.00191 -98.2
1.62 1.58 13.25 11.71 1.13 1.89 40.83 0.00189 10.75 0.294 -0.00126 -157.8
1.695 1.66 14.07 11.98 1.17 1.78 41.08 0.00159 10.97 0.251 -0.00079 -252.3
1.77 1.73 14.90 12.25 1.22 1.68 41.32 0.00136 11.20 0.216 -0.00045 -417.2
1.845 1.81 15.75 12.53 1.26 1.59 41.55 0.00116 11.42 0.186 -0.00020 -795.6
Flow 25 (m3/s)
Manning's n 0.025
y 0.075 (m)
6 Figure 2